Fig 7 - uploaded by Michael Loizides
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Cortinarius leproleptopus, a pan-European yellowish Leprocybe. In situ photography of fresh basidiomata from: a -d. Germany; e. Cyprus. Note the green-olivaceous tinges on some German collections, absent from the original diagnosis describing Mediterranean collections. Reaction to KOH on the flesh and pileus is shown in c and d (from: a. GH20140907; b. FR2014332; c. GH20140911b; d. SSt12-039; e. ML21211CL). - Scale bars = 5 cm.- Photos by: a. G. Hensel; b. M. Huth; c. M. Huth & G. Hensel; d. G. Saar; e. M. Loizides.
Source publication
Molecular phylogenies in the past decade have demonstrated that the described diversity of Cortinarius
is still underestimated, especially outside continental and boreal ecoregions where the genus has been historically
investigated. We tackled this issue by revisiting the so far unresolved subgenus Leprocybe, and focused on
the largely unexplored M...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... illustrations - This study: Fig. 7; Bidaud et al. 2005: Pl. 574 (PML 5420, 5421), Pl. 575 (PML 2949, as C. psittacinus); Consiglio et al. 2004: B8;Favre & Moreau 2001: 19, 21 (as C. cepistipes) ...
Context 2
... is more polymorphic and displays a much broader distributional and ecological range. In particular, the stipe can be cylindrical to neatly bulbous and may be glabrous or covered by abundant yellow veil remnants. The dominant colour of basidiomata is yellow, but greenish hues may be present on the pileus and lamellae of some fresh collections (Fig. 7). Microscopically, the hyphae of the hypodermis are usually well differentiated and spores rarely exceed 8.5 × 7 μm. This species is indeed present in the western Mediterranean region (Spain, France, Italy), but also occurs considerably further east, in Cyprus and north, in the French Alps as well as Germany. The conspecificity of C. ...
Citations
... Thus, invertebrates, fungi and microbes display astonishing alpha diversity and high proportions of cryptic and semicryptic species (e.g. fungi: Fryssouli et al., 2020;Bidaud et al., 2021;eukaryotic plankton: de Vargas et al., 2015), that make morphologically-based description insufficient for species identification. This lack of morphological signature makes these organisms perfect candidates for using DNA barcoding to more accurately document their diversity (DeSalle and Goldstein, 2019; see also Richard et al., 2015 for a case study of emblematic fungi). ...
... With the accelerating production of molecular-based taxonomic information (Fig. 1) and the development of promising metabarcoding* NGS* tools (see e.g. Bidaud et al., 2021 for an example of using NGS for taxonomic assignment of old herbarium specimens) applied to a wide spectrum of biological material and environmental substrates, the generated data could feed large-scale biodiversity assessments, and thus contribute to effectively driving biological conservation strategies. However, this requires: 1) rethinking the vocation of these data; 2) considering their potential for developing taxonomically-enlarged biodiversity assessments, especially in hotspot areas; and 3) developing a way to combine the molecular corpus and the expert knowledge mobilised in Myers' initiative. ...
Three decades ago, worldwide biodiversity hotspots were founded on the distributions of continental plants and vertebrates. Here, we question the timeliness of refining the geography of hotspots by basing their definition on more taxa, thanks to the molecular data available for hyper-diverse organisms such as insects, fungi and marine biota.
To do so, we assess the temporal dynamic of molecular data acquisition and the geography of knowledge about lineages currently included or not into hotspot definition. Using the Mediterranean Basin hotspot as a case study, we examine the taxonomic and geographical facets of 175,828 DNA sequences distributed over 21,552 species, and 13,001 indexed biodiversity publications. We reveal a deeply fractured repartition of biodiversity research efforts within the hotspot regarding both barcoding efforts and publication activity, the northern side of the Mediterranean concentrating 84.16 % of the publications and 75.99 % of the public DNA sequences. In addition, 57.55 % of the sequences belong to lineages which were excluded from hotspots definition, with highly congruent geographical patterns among marine and continental lineages.
Based on this analysis, we suggest 1) using the uneven geography of knowledge to rebalance sampling efforts towards poorly known regions within the Mediterranean hotspot, 2) handling the molecular corpus of orphan lineages to feed forthcoming multi-taxa biodiversity assessment initiatives, in order to 3) refine the geography of conservation stakes within the hotspot by identifying sub-hotspots of global diversity and 4) fusing a broad range of marine and continental taxa in global biodiversity mapping.
... These historical records, and their related herbarium materials, are of primary importance for science as valuable resource for a wide variety of requests [57]. First, they constitute high-value biological samples for taxonomic updating using next-generation sequencing tools (e.g., [58] for clarification of Cortinarius subgenus Leprocybe in Europe). They also provide deep temporal perspective for investigating the effect of climate deregulation on biodiversity patterns (e.g., [5,16,17]; see also [18] for a review). ...
Large datasets are highly valuable resources to investigate multi-scale patterns of organisms, and lay foundations for citizen science-based conservation strategies. Here, we used 1,043,262 records from 1708 to 2021 to explore the geography, taxonomy, ecology and distribution patterns of 11,556 fungal taxa in metropolitan France. Our analysis reveals a four-phase pattern of temporal recording, with a main contribution of post-1977 observations in relation with the structuration of associative mycology. The dataset shows an uneven geography of fungal recording. Four clusters of high-intensity sampling scattered across France contrast with poorly documented areas, including the Mediterranean. Basidiomycota and Agaricales highly dominate the dataset, accounting for 88.8 and 50.4% of records, respectively. The dataset is composed of many rare taxa, with 61.2% of them showing fewer than 100 records, and 20.5% recorded only once. The analysis of metadata brings to light a preponderance of the mycorrhizal guild (44.6%), followed by litter saprotrophs (31.6%) and wood saprotrophs (18.1%). Highly documented forests (76.3% of records) contrast with poorly investigated artificial (6.43%) and open habitats (10.1%). This work provides the first comprehensive overview of fungal diversity in France and identifies the Mediterranean area and open habitats as priorities to integrate into a global strategy for fungal conservation in France.
... Therefore, genetic characterization of early-described taxa through sequencing of original material and/or designation of sequenced epitypes remains the most cautious, widely accepted, and least disruptive method of solving complex taxonomic problems and stabilizing taxonomy and nomenclature within critical genera (Hyde and Zhang 2008;Ariyawansa et al. 2014;Liimatainen et al. 2014b;Vesterholt et al. 2014;Borovička et al. 2015;Olariaga et al. 2015;Vizzini et al. 2016Vizzini et al. , 2020Richard et al. 2015;Dima et al. 2016;Skrede et al. 2017;Moreau et al. 2018;Lombard et al. 2018;Turland et al.2018;Van Vooren et al. 2019;Loizides et al. 2020;Van Vooren 2020). Powerful new technologies such as next-generation sequencing, able to produce useful DNA sequences from old and contaminated material, are expected to be decisive in decrypting the genetic identity of early-described taxa in the years to come Bellanger et al. 2021;Bidaud et al. 2021). Against this backdrop, the persistence of Phanpadith et al. (2019), but also other recent studies (e.g., Petrželová and Sochor 2019; Lagrange and Vernoux 2020) to ignore, sideline, or dismiss phylogenetically resolved binomials in favor of a permanent Mel/Mes coding system is unfortunate, inexplicable, and perpetuates taxonomic and nomenclatural instability within the genus. ...
The genus Morchella has gone through turbulent taxonomic treatments. Although significant progress in Morchella systematics has been achieved in the past decade, several problems remain unresolved and taxonomy in the genus is still in flux. In late 2019, a paper published in the open-access journal Scientific Reports raised serious concerns about the taxonomic stability of the genus, but also about the future of academic publishing. The paper, entitled “High diversity of Morchella and a novel lineage of the esculenta clade from the north Qinling Mountains revealed by GCPSR-based study” by Phanpadith and colleagues, suffered from gross methodological errors, included false results and artifactual phylogenies, had misapplied citations throughout, and proposed a new species name invalidly. Although the paper was eventually retracted by Scientific Reports in 2021, the fact that such an overtly flawed and scientifically unsound paper was published in a high-ranked Q1 journal raises alarming questions about quality controls and safekeeping procedures in scholarly publishing. Using this paper as a case study, we provide a critical review on the pitfalls of Morchella systematics followed by a series of recommendations for the delimitation of species, description of taxa, and ultimately for a sustainable taxonomy in Morchella. Problems and loopholes in the academic publishing system are also identified and discussed, and additional quality controls in the pre- and post-publication stages are proposed.
... Although Cortinarius is known to be the largest basidiomycete genus with more than 3000 species worldwide [4], there are many new species described every year [5][6][7]. This could be due to the application of a polyphasic approach that combines phylogenetic and morphological methods [8][9][10]. ...
Five new Cortinarius species, C. neobalaustinus, C. pseudocamphoratus, C. subnymphatus, C. wuliangshanensis and C. yanjiensis spp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Cortinarius neobalaustinus is characterized by a very weakly hygrophanous and yellowish-brown to brown pileus and small and weakly verrucose basidiospores. Cortinarius pseudocamphoratus can be characterized by a viscid pileus, a strongly unpleasant smell, amygdaloid to somewhat ellipsoid basidiospores and lageniform to subfusiform cheilocystidia. Cortinarius subnymphatus is identified by a strongly hygrophanous pileus that is reddish-brown with a black-brown umbo, a yellowish universal veil and ellipsoid to subamygdaloid basidiospores. Cortinarius wuliangshanensis is characterized by a moderately to strongly hygrophanous, translucently striated and yellowish to reddish-brown pileus and rather weakly and moderately verrucose basidiospores. Cortinarius yanjiensis is distinguished by a weakly to moderately hygrophanous and yellowish to brown pileus and moderately to rather strongly verrucose basidiospores. The phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods based on the data set of nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), D1–D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA (28S) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and the results show that C. neobalaustinus, C. wulianghsanensis and C. yanjiensis cluster in sect. Illumini, C. pseudocamporatus belongs to sect. Camphorati and C. subnymphatus belongs to sect. Laeti. In addition, a study of basidiospores under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was conducted. An identification key for the five new species and related species from China is also provided.
... Gray is an ectomycorrhizal fungal genus, associated with a wide host range of plants, such as Betulaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Cistaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Myrtaceae, Pinaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae and some herbaceous plants (Frøslev, Brandrud & Jeppesen, 2006;Niskanen, 2008). The genus is distributed worldwide with nearly 3,000 species (Niskanen et al., 2018;Ammirati et al., 2021;Bidaud et al., 2021). Even though it is the largest genus among macrofungi, its species diversity is still unclear. ...
Cortinarius subsalor and C. tibeticisalor, belonging to the section Delibuti, are described from China as new to science. Cortinarius subsalor has been found to be associated with Lithocarpus trees in subtropical China and resembling C. salor, but it differs from the later by having slender basidiomata and the narrower basidiospores. Cortinarius tibeticisalor was collected from eastern Tibetan Plateau, associated with Abies. It differs from other species within sect. Delibuti by having olive tinge of mature or dried basidiomata and bigger basidiospores. The molecular data also support C. subsalor and C. tibeticisalor as new species. The phylogenetic analyses and biogeography of sect. Delibuti are discussed and a key to the species of this section currently known in the world is provided.
... Leprocybe were studied, and neo-or epitypes designated for early European names to stabilize the nomenclature. A morphogenetic update on the nine Leprocybe species restricted to Europe: C. cotoneus, C. jimenezianus, C. leproleptopus, C. melanotus, C. pescolanensis, C. selinolens, C. subcotoneus, C. venetus and C. viridans is proposed in the companion paper (Bidaud et al. 2021). ...
... Within Leprocybe four clades received BS > 90 % support; /Fuscotomentosi (BS 93 %), /Leprocybe (BS 100 %), /Squamiveneti (BS 100 %) and /Veneti (BS 96 %) and they are recognized as sections below. In addition, /Melanoti that is shown to include C. jimenezianus, C. melanotus and C. viridans and is well-supported in the phylogenetic analysis by Bidaud et al. (2021) is also described as a new section. The sections are delimited based on being the largest monophyletic unit in the phylogenetic tree that is supported by morphological characters and morphological differences from the adjacent group(s Brandrud et al. 2018) it is obvious that the Northern Hemispheric Leprocybe is more diverse than any of the sections that have gone through a molecular revision. ...
... Currently including -C. cotoneus, C. aff. cotoneus, C. hughe siae and C. subcotoneus, and based on Bidaud et al. (2021) also C. selinolens. ...
The focus of this paper is the North American species of Cortinarius in subg. Leprocybe. Eighteen species, including twelve new ones, and two tentative (aff.) species, are delimited based on morphological and molecular data (DNA ITS-LSU sequences). Existing type specimens of species in subg. Leprocybe were also studied, and neo- or epitypes designated for C. cotoneus, C. melanotus, C. phrygianus and C. venetus to stabilize the nomenclature. In addition, to improve the infrasubgeneric classification of Leprocybe three new sections are proposed: sect. Fuscotomentosi, sect. Melanoti and sect. Squamiveneti. This study adds substantial information to the knowledge of subg. Leprocybe in North America against a background of European species. To date only two species, C. phrygianus and C. squamivenetus have been reported from both continents.
Citation: Ammirati J, Liimatainen K, Bojantchev D, et al. 2021. Cortinarius subgenus Leprocybe, unexpected diversity and significant differences in species compositions between western and eastern North America. Persoonia 46: 216–239. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.08.
... Therefore, genetic characterization of early-described taxa through sequencing of original material and/or designation of sequenced epitypes remains the most cautious, widely accepted, and least disruptive method of solving complex taxonomic problems and stabilizing taxonomy and nomenclature within critical genera (Hyde and Zhang 2008;Ariyawansa et al. 2014;Liimatainen et al. 2014b;Vesterholt et al. 2014;Borovička et al. 2015;Olariaga et al. 2015;Vizzini et al. 2016Vizzini et al. , 2020Richard et al. 2015;Dima et al. 2016;Skrede et al. 2017;Moreau et al. 2018;Lombard et al. 2018;Turland et al.2018;Van Vooren et al. 2019;Loizides et al. 2020;Van Vooren 2020). Powerful new technologies such as next-generation sequencing, able to produce useful DNA sequences from old and contaminated material, are expected to be decisive in decrypting the genetic identity of early-described taxa in the years to come Bellanger et al. 2021;Bidaud et al. 2021). Against this backdrop, the persistence of Phanpadith et al. (2019), but also other recent studies (e.g., Petrželová and Sochor 2019; Lagrange and Vernoux 2020) to ignore, sideline, or dismiss phylogenetically resolved binomials in favor of a permanent Mel/Mes coding system is unfortunate, inexplicable, and perpetuates taxonomic and nomenclatural instability within the genus. ...
Cortinarius s.l. is a globally distributed agaricoid genus that has been well studied in Europe with over 1000 described species. However, the information about their taxonomy and diversity in eastern Central Europe is still limited. Only 124 species have been reported so far from Romania, based solely on morphological observations. The aim of this study was to re-examine the diversity of the genus Cortinarius s.l. in the Romanian Carpathian area, employing molecular phylogenetic and morphological methods. During intensive field work in the period 2017–2020, a total of 234 Cortinarius s.l. specimens were collected and studied with integrative taxonomic methods. For all the samples, we amplified and sequenced the nrDNA ITS region, which is the widely used official barcode marker of fungi. These sequences were compared to the data found in public databases (GenBank, UNITE, BOLD). Based on phylogenetic analyses, we identified 109 Cortinarius s.l. species, which represent 40 sections and 3 clades. Out of these species, 43 have previously been documented from Romania based on morphological identification methods, while 66 species are reported as new to the country.
The authors describe Cortinarius cistocastaneus, a new Cortinarius species from section Castanei, collected under Cistus ladanifer in the Despeñaperros natural Park, Sierra Morena, Andalusia (Spain). A discussion on genetically and morphologically similar taxa is proposed. Collections of Cortinarius bombycinus Mahiques & Burguet and C. subturibulosus Kizlik & Trescol are illustrated and compared.
Cortinarius is the largest genus of Agaricales (mushrooms) in the world with a cosmopolitan distribution. All species are ectomycorrhizal. Cortinariaceae is a very diverse fungal family, recently split into ten genera, one of which is Cortinarius. The former genus Cortinarius s. lato, in its turn, was traditionally divided into 4–7 subgenera, of which one of the later additions is the subgenus Leprocybe. Here we review the diversity of Leprocybe in the Southern Hemisphere. Using a 4-locus molecular phylogeny, it is shown that all but one of M. Moser’s original sections are represented in the South Pacific region, many of them in New Zealand. Several species sharing a morphology that may be designated ‘leprocyboid’ are found in the country. These are discussed, their taxonomy is analysed, and a key is provided. Three new species (Aureonarius ruficollybianus, Cortinarius stenophryx, and Cystinarius pseudoeutactus) are proposed. The leprocyboid Cortinarius sect. Incensi, present in New Zealand, appears not to nest in any of the studied genera, but an analysis with more genes and a wider taxon sampling is required to clarify its position within the phylogeny of the family.
