Cortical responses to feedback cues and WCST target cards. Grand-averaged ERPs time-locked to feedback cues (shaded rectangle) and target cards (wide arrow) are displayed for first negative feedback (NFb) trials and last positive feedback (PFb) trials in a card sorting series, at mid-frontal (Fz) and mid-parietal (Pz) regions. Voltages are in microvolts (µV). Scalp potential maps are shown for mean P3a and P3b responses to first NFb cues, and for mean target P3b responses to the last correct target card in the series. The color scale is in normalized units. Early NFb trials foster perceptual inference, whereas late PFb trials foster context learning. Adapted by permission from Barceló, Periáñez and Knight (2002).

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... any case, he or she must wait to hear the informative first negative feedback to update his or her belief and discard (inhibit) "number" as a hypothesis. In doing so, his or her brain computes a posterior probability, p(h|e), in response to ascending prediction errors sufficiently precise to engage pFCs ( Stuss & Picton, 1978; see Figure 3, left). Now, the posterior of this first card sort becomes the prior for the next trial, and the perceptionaction cycle starts again. ...

Context 2

... personal communication, 2020). The parietal P3b responses associated with this type of long-term belief updating reflect evidence accumulation evolving over slower time scales of seconds or longer ( Friston, 2005) and engage posterior multimodal association cortices ( ; Figure 3, right), as part of a widely distributed neural network ( Parr et al., 2019;Friston et al., 2017). Critically, the same imperative of minimizing surprise also applies to this second stage of learning. ...

Context 3

... the foregoing description, one might be tempted to associate the first stage of inference to the negative feedback early in the card sorting series and the second stage of learning to the target cards later on in the series (Figures 3 and 4). However, this is another aspect where active inference departs from conventional theories of frontal lobe function. ...

Context 4

... correct sorting category was initially unknown to the participants and changed randomly from one series to the next, so participants were forced into a perceptual inference stage, and they had to rely on the negative and positive feedback to disambiguate the hidden sorting category. Our findings revealed two broad classes of P3-like responses (Figures 3 and 4): A frontal-central P3a and a posterior P3b that were time-locked to negative feedback stimuli early in the card sorting series, during perceptual inference, and showed rapid repetition suppression (Figure 3, left). Then, a posterior P3b time-locked to the target cards that showed repetition enhancement during context learning later on in the card sorting series, whenever the context remained stable for a sufficient number of trials (Figure 3, right). ...

Context 5

... correct sorting category was initially unknown to the participants and changed randomly from one series to the next, so participants were forced into a perceptual inference stage, and they had to rely on the negative and positive feedback to disambiguate the hidden sorting category. Our findings revealed two broad classes of P3-like responses (Figures 3 and 4): A frontal-central P3a and a posterior P3b that were time-locked to negative feedback stimuli early in the card sorting series, during perceptual inference, and showed rapid repetition suppression (Figure 3, left). Then, a posterior P3b time-locked to the target cards that showed repetition enhancement during context learning later on in the card sorting series, whenever the context remained stable for a sufficient number of trials (Figure 3, right). ...

Context 6

... findings revealed two broad classes of P3-like responses (Figures 3 and 4): A frontal-central P3a and a posterior P3b that were time-locked to negative feedback stimuli early in the card sorting series, during perceptual inference, and showed rapid repetition suppression (Figure 3, left). Then, a posterior P3b time-locked to the target cards that showed repetition enhancement during context learning later on in the card sorting series, whenever the context remained stable for a sufficient number of trials (Figure 3, right). Despite major differences in testing materials and procedures, similar findings have been consistently reported by many authors using WCST analogues ( Li et al., 2018;Lange, Seer, Muller-Vahl, et al., 2017;Lange et al., 2016;Vila-Ballo et al., 2015;Kopp et al., 2014;Kopp & Lange, 2013;Cunillera et al., 2012;Adrover-Roig & Barceló, 2010;Kopp, Tabeling, Moschner, & Wessel, 2006). ...

Context 7

... we thought the reason for his interest was that the study was coauthored by his friend and colleague Bob Knight (Stuss & Knight, 2013). Then, pointing to the figure with the P3-like responses elicited by the negative feedback (Figure 3, left), he asked this rather cryptic question with his warm and friendly smile: ...

Context 8

... is rather low. In any case, she must wait to hear the informative first negative feedback to update her belief and discard (inhibit) 'number' as a hypothesis. In doing so, her brain computes a posterior probability, p(h|e), in response to ascending prediction errors sufficiently precise to engage prefrontal cortices ( ; Stuss & Picton, 1978; see Fig. 3, left panel). Now the posterior of this first card sort becomes the prior for the next trial, and the perception-action cycle starts ...

Context 9

... parietal P3b responses associated with this type of long-term belief updating reflect evidence accumulation evolving over slower time scales of seconds or longer (Friston, 2005), and engage posterior multimodal association cortices ( ; Fig. 3, right panel), as part of a widely distributed neural network ( Friston et al., 2017;Parr et al., 2019). Critically, the same imperative of minimizing surprise also applies to this second stage of learning. Let us examine how this type of uncertainty resolution entails the accumulation of evidence through iterative perception-action ...

Context 10

... the foregoing description, one might be tempted to associate the first stage of inference to the negative feedback early in the card sorting series, and the second stage of learning to the target cards later on in the series (Figs. 3 and 4). However, this is another aspect where active inference departs from conventional theories of frontal lobe function. Crucially, in active inference the dynamic balance between inference (information exploration) and learning (information exploitation) does not depend solely on the type of stimulus or task condition as defined by the ...

Context 11

... rates. The correct sorting category was initially unknown to the subject, and changed randomly from one series to the next, so subjects were forced into a perceptual inference stage, and they had to rely on the negative and positive feedback to disambiguate the hidden sorting category. Our findings revealed two broad classes of P3-like responses (Figs. 3 and 4): A frontal-central P3a and a posterior P3b that were timelocked to negative feedback stimuli early in the card sorting series, during perceptual inference, and showed rapid repetition suppression (Fig. 3, left panel). Then, a posterior P3b time-locked to the target cards that showed repetition enhancement during context learning later ...

Context 12

... negative and positive feedback to disambiguate the hidden sorting category. Our findings revealed two broad classes of P3-like responses (Figs. 3 and 4): A frontal-central P3a and a posterior P3b that were timelocked to negative feedback stimuli early in the card sorting series, during perceptual inference, and showed rapid repetition suppression (Fig. 3, left panel). Then, a posterior P3b time-locked to the target cards that showed repetition enhancement during context learning later on in the card sorting series, whenever the context remained stable for a sufficient number of trials (Fig. 3, right panel). In spite of major differences in testing materials and procedures, similar findings have ...

Context 13

... early in the card sorting series, during perceptual inference, and showed rapid repetition suppression (Fig. 3, left panel). Then, a posterior P3b time-locked to the target cards that showed repetition enhancement during context learning later on in the card sorting series, whenever the context remained stable for a sufficient number of trials (Fig. 3, right panel). In spite of major differences in testing materials and procedures, similar findings have been consistently reported by many authors using WCST analogues (Adrover-Roig & Barceló, 2010;Cunillera et al., 2012;Kopp & Lange, 2013;Kopp et al., 2014;Kopp, Tabeling, Moschner, & Wessel, 2006;Lange et al., 2016;Lange, Seer, Muller-Vahl, et al., ...

Context 14

... the poster session after the conference, Don showed a special interest in one of our ERP studies on the WCST. Initially, we thought the reason for his interest was that the study was co-authored by his friend and colleague Bob Knight (Stuss & Knight, 2013). Then, pointing to the figure with the P3-like responses elicited by the negative feedback (Fig. 3, left panel), he asked this rather cryptic question with his warm and friendly ...