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Correlations between the liquid versus dried measurements for select urine organic acids. The remainder are available in Additional file 1: Figure S2. Reported correlation coefficients are Spearman correlations. Cr: creatinine, Hiv: β-Hydroxyisovaleric
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Background
Mass spectrometry allows for analysis of multiple hormone and organic acid metabolites from small urine volumes; however, to assess the full extent of daily hormone production, 24-h urine collections are usually required. The aims of this study were, first, to confirm that mass spectrometric analysis of an array of hormones and organic a...
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Citations
... Research comparing urine samples desiccated on filter paper and analyzed by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry with serum samples analyzed by conventional radioimmunoassay, has shown high degree of reliability [57]. By analyzing small volume samples of urine using mass spectrometry, it was possible to obtain a comprehensive hormone profile, allowing for an expanded view of both hormone production and clearance [58]. A highly validated ultra-performanceLC-MS/MS analytical method, characterized by its rapidity and sensitivity, was employed for the quantification of 13 estrogens in human urine. ...
... To assess the absolute concentrations of endogenous estrogens and their metabolites, 0.5 mL of urine was needed for the procedure [59]. The results obtained from dried urine were strongly coherent with those obtained from liquid urine [58]. This noninvasive method could be used for early detection of endometrial cancer. ...
Background
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy found in developed countries. Because therapy can be curative at first, early detection and diagnosis are crucial for successful treatment. Early diagnosis allows patients to avoid radical therapies and offers conservative management options. There are currently no proven biomarkers that predict the risk of disease occurrence, enable early identification or support prognostic evaluation. Consequently, there is increasing interest in discovering sensitive and specific biomarkers for the detection of endometrial cancer using noninvasive approaches.
Content
Hormonal imbalance caused by unopposed estrogen affects the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, which can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and carcinogenesis. In addition, due to their ability to cause oxidative stress, estradiol metabolites have both carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties. Catechol estrogens are converted to reactive quinones, resulting in oxidative DNA damage that can initiate the carcinogenic process. The molecular anticancer mechanisms are still not fully understood, but it has been established that some estradiol metabolites generate reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, resulting in nitro-oxidative stress that causes cancer cell cycle arrest or cell death. Therefore, identifying biomarkers that reflect this hormonal imbalance and the presence of endometrial cancer in minimally invasive or noninvasive samples such as blood or urine could significantly improve early detection and treatment outcomes.
... In clinical settings, urine is used as a diagnostic tool for steroid profiling for adrenal disorders [29], like postoperative recurrence detection for adrenocortical carcinoma [37], and for monitoring adrenal disorders such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia [38]. Coupled with the ease of sample handling and noninvasive and convenient collection of repeat specimens, Newman et al found that liquid and dried urine were good representatives for serum testing for hormones such as estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol [11,39,40]. In line with previous observations [41], we found that our summed urinary metabolite measures were more highly correlated with serum androstenedione and free and total testosterone than individual urinary metabolite measures since the summed urinary metabolite measures comprise metabolized and excreted products of the serum androgens. ...
Context
Androgen levels are generally measured in serum samples, but urine may be a more feasible option, especially in children, as it is a noninvasive alternative.
Objective
To assess the correlations of 10 urinary androgen metabolites with 4 serum androgens [dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione, and total and free testosterone] and assess if their correlations differ by participant characteristics.
Methods
Our study consisted of 44 girls, ages 6-13, who participated in the New York site of the LEGACY Girls Study and had both serum and urine samples collected at the same visit. We performed Pearson's correlation coefficient tests between 4 serum and 10 individual urinary metabolite measures and their sum. We examined the influence of participant characteristics on the magnitude and direction of the correlations.
Results
The summed urinary metabolite measures had the highest correlation with free testosterone in serum (global sum, r = 0.83) and correlated least with DHEA-S in serum (global sum, r = 0.64). The correlation between individual urinary metabolites and serum androgens ranged from 0.08 to 0.84.Two 11-oxygenated urinary metabolites (5α-androstane-3α-ol-11,17-dione5β-androstane-3α,11β-diol-17-one) were weakly correlated with all serum androgens. Participant age, weight, height, waist:hip ratio, and pubic hair growth stage changed the correlations between urinary and serum androgens measures between 10% and 213%.
Conclusion
The sum of urinary androgen metabolites was a good marker of circulating androstenedione, testosterone, and free testosterone. Individual urinary metabolites provide additional information about the metabolic processes of disease development compared to the antecedent serum androgens.
... After drying, the client should place the filter paper in a ziploc bag with desiccant and bring it to the laboratory in person or by mail. These methods are commonly used for clients who require 24hour urine collection and are typically performed at the client's home (27,28). The third method involves providing a client with a urine container in which the urine is collected and delivered to the laboratory or expert personnel in the field. ...
Background
Among the challenges in schistosomiasis surveillance and mapping surveys is the lack of a sensitive diagnostic method especially in low transmission setting. Currently, the WHO recommends the use point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (Schisto POC-CCA) tests for surveillance and mapping of intestinal schistosomiasis. However, Schisto POC-CCA test has its drawbacks, one of which is the timely availability of test kits. One approach to overcoming this challenge is to develop a low-cost sampling method that allows for the collection and transport of urine specimens even in resource-limited settings.
Objective
To develop a simple and efficient method for the collection and detection of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) CCA using urine spotted onto filter paper.
Methodology
To develop a dried urine spot (DUS) method, various dried matrix extraction parameters were tested and optimized using predesigned steps. The parameters include the size of filter paper (determined by the number of punches), volume of solvents, and type of solvent. Moreover, we optimized the incubation conditions (time and temperature). Urine and stool specimens to conduct the experiments were collected from volunteer fishermen in Mwanza and this project staff. Data were entered into the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20 for analysis.
Results
The optimal results were obtained when the procedure was run under the following conditions: Five punches of filter paper containing DUS were dissolved in 150 µl of distilled water and incubated at room temperature for 24 hours in an Eppendorf tube. More than 93% of the assays performed under these conditions produced results that were either comparable to or significantly better than the standard method.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates the feasibility of collecting urine specimen (DUS) using filter paper and detecting Schistosoma CCA from DUS specimen using the Schisto POC-CCA cassette test.
... В ряде работ приводятся сведения о наличии статистически значимой (p<0,001) корреляционной связи уровней нейромедиаторов и их метаболитов в образцах посуточного и точечного сбора мочи [28,31,32,33]. В этом аспекте для определения концентрации биогенных аминов указывается на возможность исследования разовой порции мочи, собранной идентичным методом у всех респондентов во время утреннего мочеиспускания, для проведения сравнительного межгруппового анализа показателей точечного забора [34,35]. В ряде международных исследований для определения активности нейромедиаторных систем также использовались образцы разовой порции мочи [28,36,37,38], что указывает на допустимость применения указанного способа. ...
... As a primary goal, we have also demonstrated that bottom culture is feasible and the number of colonies formed is comparable to that of a standard top streak. Recently, many tests have been based on analysing dried urine samples, where the samples can be transported on a filter card [27]. One of our future aims is to study the efficacy of this system with dried urine samples on a filter card. ...
Diagnosing a urinary tract infection (UTI) is typically a clinical procedure involving multiple steps. The need to perform a test depends on the presence of relevant symptoms. Given the current pandemic situation, visiting a clinic may not be a preferable choice for many users. Many vulnerable groups of patients, namely, males with certain predispositions and pregnant women, may not present with symptoms of UTI and may go undiagnosed, which could give rise to a more complicated situation. So far, microbial cultures have been used as the gold standard for the diagnosis of an infection. However, performing microbial cultures currently requires trained professionals and laboratory grade equipment. Therefore, there is a need for a home-use culture kit that can serve this purpose. To our knowledge, no such kit exists. Here, we present a feasibility study of an affordable and easy-to-use home-based setup for quantifying bacterial load in a urine. We believe that such a system can be used by people at home to monitor recurrent UTI infections and also by physicians to remotely monitor and prescribe narrow-spectrum antibiotics for more effective treatment.
... As a primary goal, we have also demonstrated that bottom culture is feasible and the number of colonies formed is comparable to that of a standard top streak. Recently, many tests have been based on analysing dried urine samples, where the samples can be transported on a lter card (16). One of our future aims is to study the e cacy of this system with dried urine samples on a lter card. ...
Diagnosing a urinary tract infection (UTI) is typically a clinical procedure involving multiple steps. The need to perform a test depends on the presence of relevant symptoms. Given the current pandemic situation, visiting a clinic may not be a preferable choice for many users. Many vulnerable groups of patients, namely, males with certain predispositions and pregnant women, may not present with symptoms of UTI, which could give rise to a more complicated situation. Microbial culture provides a definitive diagnosis for the presence of an infection. A home-use culture kit can serve this purpose; however, to our knowledge, no such kit exists. Here, we present a feasibility study of an affordable and easy-to-use home-based setup for quantifying bacterial load in a urine.
Teaser
A home-use system for monitoring progression and management of UTIs.
... Likewise, a collection of four samples during the day (4-place method) can be substituted for a 24-hour collection. Urine analysis from a dry sample is equivalent to a liquid urine sample (Newman & Curran, 2021). Urine sample testing is superior to saliva because it loses a significant portion of the patient's HPA Axis function with saliva testing when measuring cortisol metabolites (Shackleton, 2010). ...
... The hormones assessed and analyzed at DUTCH are as follows: Estrogen, in three essential forms: 2-OH Estrone, 4-OH Estrone, and 16-OH Estrone. These three hormones have their respective functions and can describe abnormalities in estrogen metabolism (Newman & Curran, 2021). ...
... The production of 2-OH in the first phase of metabolism from the samples taken was relatively high. Thus, protecting them from EDS symptoms (Newman & Curran, 2021). ...
Hormones released and absorbed by the human body in a balanced state will help create balance and health, while changes in hormone levels can cause various severe and chronic health problems. Hormone test is a method of measuring hormone levels in the body that can be used to diagnose and treat diseases, monitor patient health as a whole, or prevent the growth of certain health problems. This research might be the information about. the functional hormone test (DUTCH). This study presented a case of a 47 years old woman with history of chronic dysmenorrhea. The functional hormone testing was carried out on days 19-22 of the menstrual cycle in women with a regular period of 28 days. The result of DUTCH test in this patient were dominant 2-OH that she safe from the symptoms of estrogen dominance and low production of 4-OH, the methylation process was fluent so that the risk of cancer-related to estrogen dominance syndrome was low. Hormone examination through urine is intended to see metabolites (metabolic waste) hormones released through urine. By witnessing the estrogen & progesterone metabolites, it can be seen how much risk a person has Estrogen Dominance Syndrome.
Background
3, 3’-diindolylmethane (DIM) is a phytonutrient derived from cruciferous vegetables that is an often used supplement in the complementary and alternative medicine space. The most common goal for providers when recommending DIM to their patients is to alter estrogen metabolism, yet research into DIM’s effect on the estrogen profile is lacking in the published literature. The objective of this study was to comprehensively evaluate DIM’s effect on the urinary estrogen profile.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from a clinical laboratory, including urinary estrogen and estrogen metabolite concentrations. Analyte concentrations were determined from dried urine samples using a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. Individuals were separated into 2 groups, either reporting taking DIM (N = 909) or reporting not taking DIM (N = 18,385). Comparisons between individuals in these two groups were made using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Additionally, we were also able to explore a subset of women who had laboratory results in the database before and after initiating DIM treatment (N = 53). In this subset, differences were assessed with Wilcoxon signed rank tests.
Results
In the larger group, significant differences were observed in the concentrations of almost every urinary estrogen and estrogen metabolite (with the only exception being 2-methoxyestrone) in the urinary estrogen profiles of those taking DIM compared to those not taking DIM (all P values < 0.001). In the smaller subset of individuals with before and after measurements, differences were only seen in 4 of the urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites (P < 0.001 for estrone, estradiol, estriol, and 16-hydroxyestrone). Differences in total estrogens were significant in both the larger group and the smaller subset (both with P < 0.001). Additionally, observed differences in the ratios of metabolites followed a similar trend with more significant differences observed in the larger group. Notably, the 2-hydroxyestrone:16-hydroxyestrone ratio increased significantly in both the larger and the before and after group.
Conclusions
The results of this study provide the most comprehensive evaluation to date of DIM’s effect on the urinary estrogen profile. Additionally, the results demonstrate that the dried urine collection and accompanying assay used captures changes that are similar in direction, but not necessarily magnitude, to previous reports in the literature. Considered together, these two things highlight the clinical validity and utility of this approach to the evaluation of DIM supplementation and suggest the need for additional studies using this approach to fully understand the potential clinical utility of DIM.
Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of estrogen exposure associated with the use of compounded transdermal estradiol (E2) creams and compare it with estrogen exposure associated with the use of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved transdermal E2 patches and gels.
Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study that used clinical laboratory data collected from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. Participants were first divided into three groups: postmenopausal women on no menopausal hormone therapy (n = 8,720); postmenopausal women using either a transdermal E2 patch, gel, or cream (n = 1,062); and premenopausal women on no hormonal therapy (n = 16,308). The postmenopausal menopausal hormone therapy group was further subdivided by formulation (patch [n = 777], gel [n = 132], or cream [n = 153]) and dose range (low, mid, or high). The Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test was used to determine if there was a dose-dependent trend in urinary E2 with increasing dose of compounded E2 cream (dose categories for E2 cream subanalysis, <0.5 mg [n = 49], ≥0.5-≤1.0 mg [n = 50], ≥1.0-≤1.5 mg [n = 58], and >1.5-≤3.0 mg [n = 46]). Urinary E2 and other characteristics were compared across formulations (within each dose range) using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance.
Results
A dose-dependent, ordered trend existed for urinary E2 with increasing doses of compounded E2 cream (urinary E2 medians [ng/mg-Cr], 0.80 for <0.5 mg, 0.73 for ≥0.5-≤1.0 mg, 1.39 for ≥1.0-≤1.5 mg, and 1.74 for >1.5-≤3.0 mg; Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test, P < 0.001). Significant differences in urinary E2 concentrations were observed in all three dose ranges (Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, P = 0.013 for low dose, P < 0.001 for mid dose, P = 0.009 for high dose). Comparison of E2 concentrations of compounded creams to E2 concentrations obtained with similar doses of FDA-approved patches and gels showed that the creams had significantly lower values than the patches and gels.
Conclusions
Estrogen exposure from compounded transdermal E2 creams increases in a dose-dependent manner; however, the amount of estrogen exposure associated with compounded creams is significantly lower than estrogen exposure associated with FDA-approved transdermal E2 patches and gels. Clinicians should be aware of the direction and magnitude of these potential differences in estrogen exposure when encountering women who have either previously used or are currently using compounded E2 creams.
