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Correlation analysis between altitude and the number of rare alleles in five Q. aquifolioides populations.
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Genetic variation and differentiation were investigated among five natural populations of Quercus aquifolioides occurring along an altitudinal gradient that varied from 2000 to 3600 m above sea level in the Wolong Natural Reserve of China, by analyzing variation at six microsatellite loci. The results showed that the populations were characterized...
Citations
... Southeast Tibet is one of the largest primitive forest regions in China, and is the key research area of plateau ecosystem in China. Quercus aquifoliodes is a unique tree species in northwestern Yunnan, southeastern Tibet and western Sichuan, which irreplaceable in water conservation, soil and water conservation and biodiversity protection [10][11][12][13]. In particular, after the "two barriers and three belts" (the Qinghai-Tibet plateau ecological barrier, the loess plateau-Sichuan-Yunnan ecological barrier and the northeast forest belt, the northern sand prevention belt and the southern hilly mountain belt form an overall green development ecological contour) as the main body of China's ecological security strategic pattern was put forward, the ecological barrier function and position of Quercus aquifoliodes in Tibet area have become increasingly prominent [14]. ...
... In particular, after the "two barriers and three belts" (the Qinghai-Tibet plateau ecological barrier, the loess plateau-Sichuan-Yunnan ecological barrier and the northeast forest belt, the northern sand prevention belt and the southern hilly mountain belt form an overall green development ecological contour) as the main body of China's ecological security strategic pattern was put forward, the ecological barrier function and position of Quercus aquifoliodes in Tibet area have become increasingly prominent [14]. At present, the research on this species mainly focuses on litter decomposition characteristics, soil respiration, genetic diversity, population spatial pattern characteristics, etc. [9][10][11][12][13]15]. However, there is still a large gap in the research on spectral characteristics of Quercus aquifoliodes leaves at different altitudes. ...
Quercus aquifolioides is one of the most representative broad-leaved plants in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with important ecological status. So far, understanding how to quickly estimate the chlorophyll content of plants in plateau areas is still an urgent problem. Field Spec 3 spectrometer was used to measure hyperspectral reflectance data of Quercus aquifolioides leaves at different altitudes, and CCI (chlorophyll relative content) of corresponding leaves was measured by a chlorophyll meter. The correlation and univariate linear fitting analysis techniques were used to establish their relationship models. The results showed that: (1) Chlorophyll relative content of Quercus aquifolioides, under different altitude gradients, were significantly different. From 2905 m to 3500 m, chlorophyll relative content increased first and then decreased. Altitude 3300 m was the most suitable growth area. (2) In 350~550 nm, the spectral reflectance was 3500 m > 3300 m > 2905 m. In 750~1100 nm, the spectral reflectivity was 2905 m > 3500 m > 3300 m. (3) There were 4 main reflection peaks and 5 main absorption valleys in the leaf surface spectral reflection curve. While, 750~1400 nm was the sensitive range of leaf spectral response of Quercus aquifolioides. (4) The red edge position and red valley position moved to short wave direction with the increase of altitude, while the yellow edge position and green peak position moved to long wave direction first and then to short wave direction. (5) The correlation curve between the original spectrum and the CCI value was the best between the wavelengths 509~650 nm. The correlation between the first derivative spectrum and CCI value was the best and most stable at 450~500 nm. The green peak reflectance was most sensitive to the relative chlorophyll content of Quercus aquifolioides. The estimation model R2 of green peak reflectance was the highest (y = 206.98e−10.85x, R2 = 0.8523), and the prediction accuracy was 95.85%. The research results can provide some technical and theoretical support for the protection of natural Quercus aquifolioides forests in Tibet.
... This finding is not novel, as there are examples in the literature where variation in trees is reduced with altitude, as in Nothofagus pumilio populations (Premoli, 2003) and Cryptomeria japonica (Taira, Tsumura, Tomaru, & Ohba, 1997). However, other trees like Populus szechuanica var tibetica (Shen et al., 2014), Euptelea pleiospermum (Wei, Meng, & Jiang, 2013) and Quercus aquifolioides (Zhang, Korpelainen, & Li, 2006) The relatively low genetic differentiation among Bolivian populations is compatible with the occurrence of some gene flow among valleys and/or short divergence times (in terms of number of generations). In P. alba seeds are dispersed endozoically by mammals (Campos et al., 2012;Mares, Enders, Kingsolver, Neff, & Simpson, 1977;Reynolds, 1954), and pollen is dispersed by insects (Genisse et al., 1990), both conditions usually associated with limited dispersal. ...
The fast expansion of human population around La Paz, Bolivia (3,200–4,100 m.a.s.l.) triggered new suburban settlements in nearby areas in valleys and mountain feet. The white mesquite, Prosopis alba Griseb. (Leguminosae), is a resource (originally used by native communities) that is strongly affected by changes in land use. A gradient in the level of disturbance is found moving away from the La Paz city toward less altitude areas. The main objective of this study was to characterize genetically three P. alba populations with different levels of human disturbance located at different altitudes in Bolivia, in order to provide some guidelines for management and conservation of these species. Based on 10 SSR loci, the populations showed high level of genetic diversity in comparison with other forest species. The population less disturbed and situated at the lowest altitude was the most variable (He = 0.51–0.42), whereas the less variable was the most disturbed and situated at the highest altitude. Heterozygote excess was observed in all populations. Most of genetic diversity (99%) is contained within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations is low (1%), suggesting low gene flow among populations. No evidence of recent bottlenecks events was detected. The estimates of the effective population size were low in all populations. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that genetic diversity is reduced by the impact of anthropic disturbance in the population located at higher altitude in comparison with the lightly disturbed situated at lower altitude and farther from urban settlements.
... This finding is not novel, as there are examples in the literature where variation in trees is reduced with altitude, as in Nothofagus pumilio populations (Premoli, 2003) and Cryptomeria japonica (Taira, Tsumura, Tomaru, & Ohba, 1997). However, other trees like Populus szechuanica var tibetica (Shen et al., 2014), Euptelea pleiospermum (Wei, Meng, & Jiang, 2013) and Quercus aquifolioides (Zhang, Korpelainen, & Li, 2006) The relatively low genetic differentiation among Bolivian populations is compatible with the occurrence of some gene flow among valleys and/or short divergence times (in terms of number of generations). In P. alba seeds are dispersed endozoically by mammals (Campos et al., 2012;Mares, Enders, Kingsolver, Neff, & Simpson, 1977;Reynolds, 1954), and pollen is dispersed by insects (Genisse et al., 1990), both conditions usually associated with limited dispersal. ...
The fast expansion of human population around La Paz, Bolivia (3200-4100 m.a.s.l.) triggered new suburban settlements in nearby areas in valleys and mountain foots. The white mesquite, Prosopis alba Griseb. (Leguminosae), is a resource (originally used by native communities) that is strongly affected by changes in land use. A gradient in the level of disturbance is found moving away from the La Paz city towards less altitude areas. The main objective of this study was to characterize genetically three P. alba populations with different levels of human disturbance located at different altitudes in Bolivia, in order to provide some guidelines for management and conservation of these species. Based on 10 SSR loci, the populations showed high level of genetic diversity in comparison with other forest species. The population less disturbed and situated at the lowest altitude was the most variable (He= 0.51 to 0.42), whereas the less variable was the most disturbed and situated at the highest altitude. Heterozygote excess was observed in all populations. Most of genetic diversity (99%) is contained within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations is low (1%), suggesting low gene flow among populations. No evidence of recent bottlenecks events was detected. The estimates of the effective population size were low in all populations. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that genetic diversity is reduced by the impact of anthropic disturbance in the population located at higher altitude in comparison with the lightly disturbed situated at lower altitude and farther from urban settlements.
... This finding is not novel, as there are examples in the literature where variation in trees is reduced with altitude, as in Nothofagus pumilio populations (Premoli, 2003) and Cryptomeria japonica (Taira, Tsumura, Tomaru, & Ohba, 1997). However, other trees like Populus szechuanica var tibetica (Shen et al., 2014), Euptelea pleiospermum (Wei, Meng, & Jiang, 2013) and Quercus aquifolioides (Zhang, Korpelainen, & Li, 2006) do The relatively low genetic differentiation among Bolivian populations is compatible with the occurrence of some gene flow among valleys and/or short divergence times (in terms of number of generations). In P. alba seeds are dispersed endozoically by mammals (Campos et al., 2012;Mares, Enders, Kingsolver, Neff, & Simpson, 1977;Reynolds, 1954), and pollen is dispersed by insects (Genisse et al., 1990), both conditions usually associated with limited dispersal. ...
El algarrobo blanco, Prosopis alba, es un arbol muy importante desde el punto de vista economico y ecologico en regiones semiaridas; y es utilizado por las comunidades para diversos propositos: fabricación de muebles, herramientas, lena y carbon. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la diversidad y la estructuracion genetica de 3 poblaciones (Tahuapalca, Mecapaca y Huajchilla) ubicadas en los valles secos del centro norte de Bolivia (Departamento de La Paz) para aportar informacion util que permita la conservación y el manejo de este recurso. Se analizaron 61 individuos coleccionados en un gradiente altitudinal (2100-3050 msnm) utilizando 10 microsatelites. Para las 3 poblaciones el nivel de variabilidad genética fue alto (Ho= 0,44-0,51; Ar= 2,99-3,99), aunque menor que el registrado en otras poblaciones de P. alba. Se observo exceso de heterocigotas (Fis= -0,01; -0,03 y -0,21 respectivamente), aunque solo fue significativo para la poblacion de mayor altitud. Aproximadamente el 100% de la diferenciación entre individuos ocurrio entre poblaciones con un FST (0,04) altamente significativo (P<0,01). El analisis discriminante separo con claridad a las tres poblaciones. La diferenciacion detectada entre estas poblaciones podria atribuirse a que las mismas son relativamente pequenas y se ubican en valles entre los cuales el flujo genico estaria interrumpido. El FIS negativo es tambien consistente con un tamaño efectivo reducido en las poblaciones. Estos resultados contribuyen a optimizar programas de uso racional y mejoramiento de caracteres beneficiosos heredables.
... In some cases, increased levels of linkage disequilibrium (Mattioni et al. 2008) and fixation indexes (Cottrell et al. 2003) were shown, but no reports regarding significant differences in heterozygosity levels (He) were provided. In this study, high and comparable levels of genetic diversity (He, A, A R ) were found between Cs and OPs, which were among the ranges typically reported in other natural stands of Quercus species assessed by common nuclear microsatellites (Mariette et al. 2002;Dutech et al. 2005;Zhang et al. 2006). Like in most of the previous studies, no evidence of reduced genetic diversity by coppicing was observed in Q. pyrenaica. ...
Studies disentangling the anthropogenic influences of traditional forest uses are crucial to assess the current conservation value of cultural landscapes. By promoting asexual regeneration, centenary coppicing in the predominantly root resprouter Quercus pyrenaica is assumed to have reduced genetic diversity levels contributing to the decline of abandoned coppices and the common lack of acorn production. This work aims to test the widespread assumption that historical coppicing in Q. pyrenaica has caused depleted levels of genetic diversity. Seven microsatellite markers were used to assess clonal structure and population genetic diversity levels in six abandoned coppices of Q. pyrenaica, which were compared to three open woodlands in national parks in Spain. Asexual regeneration was higher in coppices, leading to more frequent and larger clonal assemblies. Clonal diversity parameters (genotypic richness and proportion of unique genotypes) were significantly lower in coppices, although density of genotypes per surface area and levels of population genetic diversity were comparable to those observed in open parklands. Heterogenic clonal structures were found both within and among stands, hindering the inference of concrete anthropogenic disturbances. Despite promoting asexual reproduction, coppicing maintains high levels of genotypic and genetic diversity and allows the incorporation of new genotypes by seed recruitment. The natural resprouting capacity of Q. pyrenaica preserved the species in face of long-lasting anthropogenic disturbances, fostering ecosystem resilience and harbouring high conservation values.
... With changing altitude, habitats change due to the changing climate, terrain, and vegetation (Romero and Tapia-Olivares, 2003; Sáenz-Romero et al., 2006), and the genetic pattern of a single species may differ with altitude. The genetic differentiation of populations at different altitudes has been detected in some species (Bellusci et al., 2005; Zhang, 2006); however, some studies have reported little or no genetic variation between populations at different altitudes (Aradhya et al., 1993; Oyama et al., 1993; Gehring and Delph, 1999). In this study, SSR markers, combined with population genetic theory, were used to study the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of C. eyrei with changing altitude. ...
... The low mean F st value (0.0645) between the populations indicates that there is low genetic differentiation between them, and the AMOVA showed that 93% of the molecular variation was between all of the individuals while only 7% was attributable to variation between individuals from different locations. We found that the medium-altitude population had the highest genetic diversity; a similar result was obtained for Quercus aquifolioides in Wolong Nature Reserve (Zhang, 2006). The high genetic diversity observed in the medium-altitude population may be attributable to the better habitat there. ...
Castanopsis eyrei (Fagaceae) is one of the dominant tree species in mid-subtropical, evergreen, broad-leaved forests. We obtained 14 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers from previous studies, which were used to analyze 90 C. eyrei individuals from three populations at different altitudes. Low heterozygosity was detected (Fis = 0.6124), and the observed heterozygosity was lower than the expected heterozygosity, possibly because of inbreeding and/or the population substructure. The genetic differentiation between populations was relatively low (Fst = 0.0645); only 7% of the total genetic variation occurred between populations. The medium-altitude population had higher genetic diversity than the low-altitude or high-altitude populations.
... It was previously reported that microsatellite is enriched in the 5′UTR of plant nuclear DNA and some of these noncoding microsatellites have been shown to be conserved among different plants. Previous analysis of microsatellite located on nuclear genome indicated that they may help in coordinating the environmental stimulus and may be associated with various stresses (Zhang et al. 2006). Similarly, dinucleotide GAGA repeats are known to be involved in regulating numerous developmental genes in animal (Bevilacqua et al. 2000;Busturia et al. 2001) and probably in plants as well (Sangwan and Brian 2002;Arhuello-Astorga and Herrera-Estrella 1996). ...
Microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), contain repetitive DNA sequence where tandem repeats of one to six base pairs are present number of times. Chloroplast genome sequences have been shown to possess extensive variations in the length, number and distribution of SSRs. However, a comparative analysis of chloroplast microsatellites is not available. Considering their potential importance in generating genomic diversity, we have systematically analysed the abundance and distribution of simple and compound microsatellites in 164 sequenced chloroplast genomes from wide range of plants. The key findings of these studies are (1) a large number of mononucleotide repeats as compared to SSR(2-6)(di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexanucleotide repeats) are present in all chloroplast genomes investigated, (2) lower plants such as algae show wide variation in relative abundance, density and distribution of microsatellite repeats as compared to flowering plants, (3) longer SSRs are excluded from coding regions of most chloroplast genomes, (4) GC content has a weak influence on number, relative abundance and relative density of mononucleotide as well as SSR(2-6). However, GC content strongly showed negative correlation with relative density (R (2) = 0.5, P < 0.05) and relative abundance (R (2) = 0.6, P < 0.05) of cSSRs. In summary, our comparative studies of chloroplast genomes illustrate the variable distribution of microsatellites and revealed that chloroplast genome of smaller plants possesses relatively more genomic diversity compared to higher plants.
... Chen et al., 2008), while only little or no differences with respect to altitude have also been reported (e.g. Zhang et al., 2006;see also, Ohsawa & Ide, 2008). Effective dispersal is a key factor that prevents the development of altitudinal structuring in genetic variation patterns. ...
... This would be the case in our study for the potential outlier loci, which without being adaptive markers, could be used for the identification of selection effects. Similar selection effects have been reported in genetic studies of different oak species by using nuclear microsatellites (Neophytou et al., 2010;Ramirez-Valiente et al., 2010;Zhang et al., 2006). Further, large changes in allele frequencies at eight microsatellite loci observed in Drosophila populations indicated selectively-driven changes and provided evidence about genomewide selective sweeps that affect not only fitness but also linked neutral loci (Montgomery et al., 2010). ...
Due to its drought sensitivity, the performance and competitiveness of beech as a favoured species of forest management in Central Europe is likely to be negatively affected by the prognosticated climate change, leading to major impacts on the vulnerability of managed forest ecosystems. We studied the genetic differentiation between two populations from a relatively cold and wet northeast (representing the current climate of the majority of beech forests in Central Europe) and a relatively warm and dry southwest facing slope (representing the future climate of an increasing area covered by beech forests in Central Europe) at the same forest site to investigate the adaptation processes in these two populations under different microclimatic conditions. For this purpose, two different techniques, i.e., nuclear microsatellites (neutral) and isozyme markers (adaptive), were applied to adult trees and natural regeneration at both slopes. Although microsatellites are considered to be neutral markers, they have been shown in several studies to give signals of selectivity-driven changes. In our study, two of the five microsatellites behaved as "outlier loci", exhibiting directional selection. Our results show independent of the technique applied that natural regeneration of the southwest slope and the natural regeneration and adult trees of the northeast slope were genetically closer than the adult trees from the southwest slope. Thus, we conclude that natural selection and potential adaptation account for genetic changes and different genetic structures among the two adult populations in this case study.
... In the case of the oaks (Quercus spp.), many amalgamation (linkage) rules and distances were used for cluster analysis. The most frequent linkage rules were: i) Complete Linkage [3], [10]; ii) Single Linkage or the Nearest Neighbour [11]; iii) Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean [6], [24] and iv) Ward's Method [19], [23], while the usual distances used were: i) the Euclidean [6], [7], [10], [15]; ii) the Square Euclidean [17]; iii) the Manhattan [1] and iv) the Mahalanobis [13] ones. ...
The main purpose of this study was to compare the different clustering techniques in order to identify the one with the best discriminating power among oak species. By using two groups of trees, one corresponding to pedunculate oak and the other one to pubescent oak, Ward's Method with Manhattan distances provided the best separation between the two oak species. By contrast, different results were obtained for the two taxa from series Lanuginosae pubescent oak and Italian oak, due mainly to their similarities in leaf and fruit traits. In conclusion, by using a wide variety of clustering combinations within STATISTICA software, no separation between pubescent oak and Italian oak was achieved.
