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This research examines the effects of government funding on the service and advocacy roles of nonprofit organizations in China through a cross-regional comparison. Based on a nationwide survey of 2,058 nonprofits and in-depth interviews with 65 nonprofit executives from the same sample in 2013–2017, we find that a higher level of central government...
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Context 1
... applied bivariate tests to examine the relationship between the major variables. As outlined in Table 3, the results show that the relationships between central government ...Context 2
... example, one nonprofit staff from Chengdu City of the western region said, after the nonprofit achieved the central government funding of 250,000 Yuan, both the Civil Affairs Bureau and the Disabled Persons' Federation in the Chengdu city asked us to start the cooperation project of delivering disabled children services and write policy proposals of improving the services for disabled children. (Interview A3) Another nonprofit interviewee from Kunming City of the western region said, the central government funding project did attract several leaders from the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China, the United Front Work Department, and the Association of Chinese Voluntary Services to visit our nonprofit, and our communications with leaders of the central government seem to be successful to significantly affect the youth policy change in the Kunming city. (Interview A27) However, the central government funding becomes less significant in nonwestern regions because the institution environment in nonwestern regions have already provided nonprofits institutional accesses to engage in public discussion and policy making with government. ...Context 3
... applied bivariate tests to examine the relationship between the major variables. As outlined in Table 3, the results show that the relationships between central government ...Context 4
... example, one nonprofit staff from Chengdu City of the western region said, after the nonprofit achieved the central government funding of 250,000 Yuan, both the Civil Affairs Bureau and the Disabled Persons' Federation in the Chengdu city asked us to start the cooperation project of delivering disabled children services and write policy proposals of improving the services for disabled children. (Interview A3) Another nonprofit interviewee from Kunming City of the western region said, the central government funding project did attract several leaders from the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China, the United Front Work Department, and the Association of Chinese Voluntary Services to visit our nonprofit, and our communications with leaders of the central government seem to be successful to significantly affect the youth policy change in the Kunming city. (Interview A27) However, the central government funding becomes less significant in nonwestern regions because the institution environment in nonwestern regions have already provided nonprofits institutional accesses to engage in public discussion and policy making with government. ...Similar publications
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... This study addresses these gaps using a case study in China. Given the dominant role of the Chinese state, most social organizations rely on the authority and resources of the government to engage in public affairs (Dong & Lu, 2020;Hasmath & Hsu, 2015;Yu et al., 2021). Recently, governments have increasingly partnered with nonprofits in service contracts (Jing & Hu, 2017). ...
Although co-production between the government and society can improve service outcomes, the two parties may lack the willingness and the capacity to cooperate. Can nonprofit organizations play an active role in facilitating government–citizen co-production? If so, how? The role of nonprofits in social services co-production has received increasing attention, but studies on developing countries are limited. Therefore, this study conducts an in-depth case study of a rural social work institute in Z village, Beijing, China. Using on-site observations, semi-structured interviews, and secondhand materials, we found that social workers adopted four strategies to engage community officials and rural residents in service co-production. They established trustworthy relationships, facilitated effective communication, fostered shared motivation, and built co-productive capacity. The results showed that nonprofit organizations use third-party roles and professional skills to shape government-citizen interactions through service co-production. These findings can improve rural service provision in developing countries.
... These may include providing direct grant support from the government and fostering alliances among nonprofit organizations in China. Such initiatives are essential for reducing JD and promoting positive work outcomes in the resource-constrained nonprofit agencies (Dong et al., 2019;Yu et al., 2021;Zhang and Guo, 2021). ...
Despite the rapid growth of the Chinese nonprofit sector within the last 20 years, research shows Chinese nonprofit employees experience high rates of burnout and turnover. This has led to an increase in organizational instability and a decrease in service quality. This study examines the effect of mindfulness on job performance and whether positive and negative affect (PANA) and work engagement mediated this relationship in a sample of 233 Chinese nonprofit employees. The SEM results indicate mindfulness significantly increases job performance and that PANA and work engagement partially mediates the association between mindfulness and job performance. Mindfulness had a total effect of 0.52 on job performance, while its indirect effect on the performance was 0.16. These findings underscore the importance of mindfulness on job performance, as well as its effects on PANA and work engagement of nonprofit employees in China.
... Since the pioneering work of Salamon, the literature on government-nonprofit relations has evolved with additional frameworks explaining these sectoral relations (Salamon 2002;Salamon and Toepler 2015;Smith and Lipsky 1993;Young 2000) and with a more robust understanding of the reasons that these sectors collaborate (Gazley 2010), the process that they undertake to make partnerships work well Gash 2008, 2018), and the conditions that drive collaborations to positive and effective outcomes . Other work using Salamon's perspectives has also explored the funding relationship between government and nonprofits, particularly the effects that government support has on nonprofit growth and density (Kim 2015), governance (Guo 2007), advocacy and the use of specific tactics (Lu 2018), and the effects of government funding in international contexts such as China (Yu, Shen, and Li 2021). Cheng (2019), in his study of park nonprofit's engagement in funding decision, found that nonprofit organizations also impact government funding decisions, and the government and nonprofit relationship is a two-way dynamic. ...
This paper examines government and nonprofit relations in the context of federal homeless policy with specific attention to Continuum of Care (CoC) homeless networks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying Salamon’s voluntary failure theory, we conduct a qualitative study answering the following question: How, during the COVID-19 pandemic, did government address the voluntary failures of the nonprofit sector? Results expand Salamon’s work by offering a more robust picture of what happens after federal funds are allocated to support the failures of the nonprofit sector. Government funds both help and generate their own limitations, which are further alleviated by nonprofit solutions.
... Consulting roles of legally registered nonprofits are largely accepted and government consultations regularly include them. Government funding has been found to have a profound and differentiated impact on different kinds of advocacy, for example, it is found to enhance "administrative" (direct or insider) advocacy but discourage "media" (indirect) advocacy (Yu et al., 2021). The Charity Law itself is an example for such a consultation mechanism as nonprofits were involved in its legislative process (Zhong & Yang, 2015). ...
This article takes a fresh look at nonprofit/government relations in the context of both the partnership literature on collaboration and the closing space literature on repression. Following the Weberian ideal-type approach, we develop a heuristic tool for nuanced analyses of relations between the sectors in comparative research that is applicable in diverse political regime settings. We integrate foundational conceptions of Salamon, Young, and Najam to develop our framework, which we then illustrate with the cases of Russia and China. While repression is not necessarily the predominant characteristic of nonprofit–government relations in authoritarian regime settings, the reduction of intersectoral relations to collaboration strategies common in Western contexts also falls short of capturing the full complexity of the relationship. Rather than trying to establish national patterns, researchers need to remain sensitive to the coexistence of multiple government/nonprofit relationship types, affecting various parts of the nonprofit sector differently.
... We argue that the signaling effect could be even stronger in an authoritarian Chinese context where the government plays a decisive role in shaping nonprofits' operations and legitimacy (Lu & Dong, 2018;Ni & Zhan, 2017;Teets, 2014). Indeed, Yu et al. (2021) found that a higher level of central government funding leads to a stronger organizational capacity for service provision through leveraging matching funds (including local government funding, private donations, and market revenue) in China. Following this line of reasoning, we hypothesize that: ...
The increasing reliance on commercial income in the nonprofit sector (“nonprofit commercialization”) in various countries has become a highly contested topic. In recent years, Chinese nonprofits have also paid growing attention to commercial activities and revenue. However, empirical studies on the commercialization of Chinese nonprofits are limited. This study conducts the first empirical research to examine the scope and antecedents of nonprofit commercialization in China. Through a nationwide survey of 336 service‐delivery nonprofits (private nonenterprise organizations), the study finds that Chinese nonprofits' overall level of commercialization is modest, but the level varies substantially by organization. Further, informed by resource dependence theory, institutional theory, and organizational ecology theory, the study finds that Chinese nonprofit commercialization is driven by resource insufficiency, government connections, and environmental munificence. These findings extend the literature on nonprofit commercialization with new empirical evidence from a non‐Western, authoritarian context.
摘要
在许多国家，非营利部门对商业收入的日益依赖已经成为一个备受争议的话题。近年来，中国的非营利组织也开始重视商业活动以及随之带来的服务收入。然而，关于中国非营利组织商业化的实证研究并不多见。本研究首次实证分析了中国非营利组织商业化的规模和驱动因素。根据对全国336家服务性非营利组织(民办非企业单位)的定量分析，本研究发现中国非营利组织的商业化水平总体上是适中的，但是不同组织间的商业化水平存在较大的差异。此外，结合资源依赖理论、制度理论和组织生态学理论，本研究发现，组织内部资源匮乏、一定程度的政治关联和丰沛的外部资源环境是中国非营利组织商业化主要的驱动因素。这些基于非西方、威权国家情境的经验证据拓展了非营利组织商业化的相关文献
... In this study, we followed Pekkanen and Smith's (2014) suggestion to measure advocacy using specific policy activities, rather than promoting positions on policy issues generally. Based on previous literature as well as the Chinese context (e.g., Guo & Saxton, 2010;Li et al., 2017;Reid, 1999;Yu et al., 2021), we operationalized policy advocacy as nine policy activities: (1) meeting with government officials to present problems or propose solutions, (2) submitting reports to administrative agencies to present problems or propose solutions, (3) presenting problems or proposing solutions through the People's Congress or the People's Political Consultative Conference, (4) participating in policy formulation and revision, (5) joining government task forces or advisory committees for policy formulation and revision, (6) using media to disseminate opinions to the general public, (7) educating the public about proposed or new policies, (8) helping citizens to attend public hearings or meetings, and (9) collecting public opinions and sharing them with government agencies. 5 These nine activities involve both direct/insider and indirect/outsider advocacy activities (Li et al., 2017;Mosley, 2011). ...
... First, given the impact of government funding on advocacy activities identified by previous studies (Lu, 2018;Mosley, 2012), we controlled for government funding, measured by the proportion of total revenue from all government sources. Second, since government leaders are more receptive to nonprofits with stronger government connections and those nonprofits have more channels through which to participate in the policy process (Yu et al., 2021;Zhan & Tang, 2013), we included government connection as a control. Similar to previous studies (e.g., Sun et al., 2016;Zhang et al., 2016), we measured this variable as the percentage of governing board members who have current or former working experience in the party-state government apparatus. ...
Nonprofits' growing reliance on commercial income has aroused wide concern that commercialization discourages nonprofit engagement in policy advocacy to promote positive social changes. Despite this concern, empirical studies on this relationship are lacking and existing evidence is mixed. This research note proposes that the relationship between commercial income and advocacy engagement is curvilinear, following an inverted U‐shaped pattern. Specifically, as a nonprofit's proportion of commercial income increases, its advocacy engagement will initially increase, but after a tipping point, further increases in the nonprofit's commercial income will reduce its advocacy engagement. An analysis of survey data from 336 service‐delivery nonprofits in mainland China supports the curvilinear relationship. The finding adds new knowledge from a non‐Western, authoritarian context to the literature and has implications for nonprofits in addressing the mission‐market tension.
... Therefore, Chinese NGOs have been considered ''tools for implementing policy'' (Mok et al., 2020: 11), or ''foot soldiers'' of local governments with little or no autonomy and protection (Chan & Lei, 2017). The shortcoming of such valuable research on government contracting is that contracting effects on NGOs are neither addressed as the primary research objective (with the exception of Yu et al., 2019;Zhao et al., 2016), nor are they sufficiently explained in reference to the contracting logic common to liberal democratic contexts, that is, we argue, neoliberalism. ...
... This is branded as ''local state corporatism'' (Hsu & Hasmath, 2014); ''pragmatic instrumentalism'' (Mok et al., 2020); or a strategy of ''welfarist incorporation'' (Howell, 2015). Some argue, however, that NGOs are not powerless, as through contracting, they gain access to policy-making, involve themselves in stronger administrative and media advocacy (Yu et al., 2019), or ''service activism'' (Yuen, 2018). ...
The government of the Communist Party of China (CPC) rolled out a national policy to contract out social and welfare services to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in 2013. This study explores how government contracting of services affects NGOs. We examine three areas: marketization, financial dependency, and autonomy. We find significant convergence of the effects of contracting on NGOs in China with NGOs’ experiences in liberal democratic countries, despite divergent political regimes. Found effects are explained by the combination of the authoritarian government of the CPC with the neoliberal governance structures introduced by contracting. Convergence with international experience despite divergent political regimes is attributed to the neoliberal essence of the policy of contracting of services.
... Furthermore, growing concern has been addressed about how nonprofit organizations can play an important role in producing public services and to what extent. According to the statistics, the number of registered nonprofit organizations increased from 4,544 in 1989 to 842,350 in October 2019 (Yu et al. 2019). Because of the societal change, the attitude of the Chinese government toward nonprofit organizations, indicated by prior research, has also changed, manifested in guiding and empowering them in the provision of public services. ...
... Revealed from interviews, a nonprofit's capacity to partner with the government depends not only on its capability to produce quality services but also on its loyalty to the government. This notion is shared by similar findings with evidence produced in the existing literature; in particular, as long as they are committed to providing social services without possessing any political influence (Yu et al. 2019), nonprofit organizations can always hold their own. ...
... The case has revealed that the specific roles of nonprofit organizations in the provision of social services vary in different stages of development. In terms of the prospects of nonprofits, ample evidence has discussed the importance of government funding to the survival of nonprofit organizations (Jing 2015;Yu et al. 2019). However, in this case, this account may not be an urgent concern for organization A since it has already been involved in some of the key dimensions of social service delivery. ...
This article examines the role of nonprofit organizations in government-nonprofit collaboration in the provision of social services in China. A single case study design is implemented to explore how and why the government engages nonprofit organizations in providing social services. A theoretical framework for government-nonprofit collaboration is articulated by analyzing the case of organization A. The role of nonprofit organizations has been found to mainly be manifested in service delivery and capacity building. The case further reveals that nonprofit organizations that establish close ties with the government demonstrate strong capacities for delivering services, in which government support is critical to the survival of nonprofit organizations. On the one hand, whether a nonprofit organization can survive depends not only on its capacity to provide services but also on the capacity to partner with the government in a sustainable manner. On the other hand, the provision of social services is largely government guided, in contrast to the citizen-initiated approach practiced in some European countries. These findings also suggest the necessity of government-nonprofit collaboration for long-term social service delivery.
... Consulting roles of legally registered nonprofits are largely accepted and government consultations regularly include them. Government funding has been found to have a profound and differentiated impact on different kinds of advocacy, for example, it is found to enhance "administrative" (direct or insider) advocacy but discourage "media" (indirect) advocacy (Yu et al., 2021). The Charity Law itself is an example for such a consultation mechanism as nonprofits were involved in its legislative process (Zhong & Yang, 2015). ...
This paper takes a fresh look at nonprofit/government relations, attempting to bridge the narrow foci of the partnership literature on collaboration and the closing space literature on repression. Following the Weberian ideal-type approach, we develop a heuristic tool for nuanced analyses of relations between the sectors in comparative research that is applicable in almost any political regime setting whether democratic, hybrid or authoritarian. We review and integrate foundational conceptions of Salamon (1987; 1995), Young (2000) and Najam (2000) to develop our framework, which we then apply to the cases of Russia and China. Our analysis suggests that while repression is not necessarily the only or even predominant characteristic of nonprofit-government relations in authoritarian regime settings, the reduction of intersectoral relations to collaboration strategies common in Western democratic contexts also falls short of capturing the full complexity of the relationship.
... Government-funded nonprofits tend to engage in more advocacy aimed at growing or maintaining funding (Mosley, 2012). Dependence on government funding may lead to different levels of service and advocacy (Yu et al., 2019), levels that may relate to particular organizational structures. For example, if nonprofits reliant on government funding fear losing their funding due to advocacy activities (Schmid et al., 2008), they might be less likely to incorporate advocacy inside their organizations. ...
Facilitating political engagement is a vital function of the nonprofit sector. While some public charities engage in political activities like policy advocacy, many focus exclusively on their core service mission. Current nonprofit research does not adequately theorize the inherent tension between service and advocacy activities. We conceptualize nonprofits engaging in service and advocacy as hybrid organizations that incorporate two distinct logics. Using the organizational hybridity literature, and empirical data from a survey of Massachusetts nonprofits, we examine how the logics of service provision and political advocacy are combined and managed across a sample of nonprofits. We find that nonprofit service–advocacy hybrids adopt an array of organizational structures to accommodate these logics, including decoupled, segregated, outsourced, and blended structures. Our results suggest that compartmentalization may be a common strategy and that certain organizational structures are related to the presence of mission integration, funding reliance, competition, and advocacy objectives.
