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![Corporate tax rate trends for the three host nations (Fig. 1 is developed by extracting the data from the given sources). [Source: https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/services/tax/taxtools-and-resources/tax-rates-online/corporate-tax-rates-table.html; https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLE_II1]; last accessed on June 19, 2022](profile/Naveed-Yasin/publication/362300059/figure/fig1/AS:11431281125719643@1678417784572/Corporate-tax-rate-trends-for-the-three-host-nations-Fig1-is-developed-by-extracting.png)
Corporate tax rate trends for the three host nations (Fig. 1 is developed by extracting the data from the given sources). [Source: https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/services/tax/taxtools-and-resources/tax-rates-online/corporate-tax-rates-table.html; https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLE_II1]; last accessed on June 19, 2022
Source publication
This paper makes a seminal contribution to the ethnic entrepreneurship literature by analyzing the journeys of a single migrant community across three ethnic enclaves in three host-nation contexts. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 52 immigrant Punjabi-Pakistani entrepreneurs who started businesses in immigrant enclaves in the UK, Denmark,...
Citations
... Another explanation for the variance in migrant entrepreneurs' performance is their strategy adapted to overcome discrimination and uncertainty (Mulholland, 1997;Ram et al., 2017). For instance, Ndofor and Priem (2011) argue that generations of immigrant entrepreneurs' capital endowments and social capital affect their choice of business strategy to be either focused on the ethnic enclave or the dominant market outside the enclave (Yasin and Hafeez, 2023). Similarly, Chaganti et al. (2008) suggested that new businesses of EMEs were more likely to adopt aggressive prospector strategies (Miles et al., 1978). ...
Purpose
This study aims to synthesize and conceptualize the highly fragmented yet important literature on racial discrimination in entrepreneurship.
Design/methodology/approach
A bibliometric analysis and literature review were performed that involved 523 articles containing 26,926 references.
Findings
The bibliometric analysis identified three dominant research themes that comprehensively illustrate the state of research in this domain: strategic, sociocultural and individual-level perspectives. The synthesis of extant literature helped in formulating a holistic conceptual model that portrays the genuineness of racial discrimination in entrepreneurship. The sources, factors and impact of racial discrimination faced by entrepreneurs were identified. Based on the review and analysis of keywords, certain fruitful future research directions were formulated that will take the field forward.
Originality/value
This work is the first attempt to review the literature that narrows down the focus to racial discrimination in entrepreneurship (from other discriminations such as gender, cultural and religious discrimination) as one form of discrimination due to its unique origins and consequences.
... However, there remain employment penalties faced, sometimes associated with their religion, particularly those who are Muslims (Khattab and Modood, 2015). This was also found to be applicable to relatively recent arrivals with high levels of education (Yasin and Hafeez, 2023). There are regional differences for particular ethnic groups depending on the availability of co-ethnic populations in the area, enclave entrepreneurship to serve larger co-ethnic populations or middle men activities serving the majority population (McEvoy and Hafeez, 2009). ...
... There are regional differences for particular ethnic groups depending on the availability of co-ethnic populations in the area, enclave entrepreneurship to serve larger co-ethnic populations or middle men activities serving the majority population (McEvoy and Hafeez, 2009). Yasin and Hafeez (2023) identify that the ethnic enclave approach still remains relevant for recent highly educated migrants of Pakistani origin arriving in the UK. ...
... Although business failures are limited and, therefore, employment created, it explains why much of this employment and entrepreneurship is regarded as marginal (Carter et al., 2015). Yasin and Hafeez (2023) highlight the discrimination Muslims in the UK still experience and this implies that such approaches remain the least worst option for some. An alternative perspective notes the low neuroticism and manner that entrepreneurial endeavours are attuned to the religious and other institutions created (Korunka et al., 2003). ...
Purpose
Previous studies have shown how the nature of businesses and the strategies pursued by their owners are affected by the personality traits of their owners. These personality traits can be formed in the early stages of life due to experiences and the surrounding context, where religion is a particularly important aspect of this context. This study aims to explore how religion affects entrepreneurial activities through the personality traits created.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses interviews with 43 Muslim entrepreneurs in Scotland to examine the role played by religion. This ensures that the national institutional context is kept consistent but also allows an in-depth examination of relationships, which are likely to be interlinked and recursive.
Findings
The traits created influence the nature of the entrepreneurial activities undertaken with the potential to harm and support the entrepreneurial endeavours. It is the combination of personality traits that are formed which have the greatest effect. As such, it is found that Muslim entrepreneurs display less openness and creativity associated with new ideas, but this does not reflect risk aversion rather hard work in itself is valued, and patience combined with an external locus of control mean entrepreneurial behaviours are not altered to boost poorly performing business activities.
Originality/value
For Muslim entrepreneurs in Scotland, their traits explain why growth may not be a foremost consideration of these entrepreneurs rather they may value hard work and meeting the ideals of formal and informal institutions associated with religion. For those seeking to support minority groups through the promotion of entrepreneurship, either they must seek to overcome these ingrained traits or alter support to complement the different objectives held by Muslim entrepreneurs.
... The fourth specificity refers to the geographical setting of the business, either located in the USA or Palestine. As many non-Westerners are on the move due to war, economic trauma and climate change, we also performed a more complete assessment of the comparative advantages and disadvantages of cross-cultural history and experiences to understand the growth potential of present-day family-owned businesses (Basu, 1998;Shinnar and Nayir, 2019;Yasin and Hafeez, 2023). Thus, we independently examined the interactive effects of physical geography on each EO dimension and firm growth potential. ...
Purpose
This article explores the effect of entrepreneurial orientation (EO), governance and geographic location on the performance of Palestinian family-owned businesses.
Design/methodology/approach
This quantitative study uses data collected in the fall of 2022 from 180 Palestinian-owned family companies – 90 were located in Palestine and the other 90 were located in the USA. Using R software, multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the relationships between the constructs that formed the study's conceptual framework.
Findings
The results indicate that (1) the risk-taking, innovation and proactiveness dimensions of EO have a significant positive impact on the performance of Palestinian family-owned businesses; (2) Governance moderates the EO dimensions of risk-taking and proactiveness on the performance of Palestinian family-owned companies and (3) geographic location does not moderate the relationship between the EO and performance of Palestinian-owned family businesses.
Originality/value
The current intensified conflict in Palestine warrants exploring the role Palestinian family-owned businesses worldwide can play in rebuilding the local economies of Gaza and the West Bank. The following years will be crucial in determining how proactive risk-taking and innovation will support regional recovery and augment the entrepreneurial and reinvestment capacity of diasporic and home country-based Palestinian family-owned firms. Thus, our study into factors that might enhance these businesses' performance and growth potential is pertinent. A further contribution of this study is new insight into the particularities of Palestinian family-owned businesses, augmenting general theories associated with ethnic and diasporic entrepreneurship.
... This can include initiatives such as supplier diversity programs, which aim to increase the participation of ethnic entrepreneurs in government contracting and procurement. These policies may also include initiatives that support the development of diverse and inclusive business networks, training programs, mentorship opportunities, and financial support (Yasin & Hafeez, 2023). 2. Access to capital: Access to capital is a key factor for any entrepreneur, and ethnic entrepreneurs often face additional barriers in securing funding. ...
Entrepreneurship is an important route out of poverty for ethnic minority individuals, particularly for foreign-born migrants and recent arrivals in developed countries. Early-stage entrepreneurial activity among ethnic minority individuals is twice that of the local population in many countries. Ethnic minority entrepreneurs (EMEs) in countries have been responsible for innovative businesses; but they usually face significant challenges, including the lack of financial and social capital, an unfamiliarity with regulations and the host country’s labour market, poor management and communication skills, and the liability of outsidership. Thus, while ethnic minority individuals are already a socioeconomically disadvantaged group, ethnic entrepreneurs are in an even more precarious situation. EMEs are traditionally associated with low-skilled, lower growth, and hence low-return sectors such as retailing, restaurants, fast-food provision, and personal services. This chapter will examine the challenges faced by ethnic minority individuals who want to go into entrepreneurship and how those challenges can be overcome.
... Consistent with the purpose of theoretical and practicebased development, this study adopts a qualitative research design, namely semi-structured interviews that were used to formulate a series of multiple cases (Yin, 2013). These were thematically organized under multiple geographic samples per nation (See, Yasin and Hafeez, 2022). The guidelines provided by Yin (2013) were adopted for the development and comparison of cases as illustrated in Figure 2. ...
... This allowed the researchers to develop multiple case studies under five-nation-based data sets for cross-country comparison that illuminated the diverse motives, challenges, and opportunities as well as the effective practices for UIC. Due to the cross-national nature of this study (Yasin, 2014;Yasin and Hafeez, 2022), the template formed the basis for comparison across each case from within the group sample, followed by a nation-based sample of cases to search for similarities and patterns. To conduct the interviews, an interview guide was formulated using the Template Analysis (TA) approach, which was informed by the review of the literature. ...
This paper explores the nexus between University-Industry Collaborations (UIC) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region informed by a multiple-country-case study design. This study aims to explore the motives, opportunities and challenges, and propose effective practices in the MENA region context. Based on qualitative data retrieved through a series of 72 semi-structured interviews with university stakeholders (i.e., faculty, directors of corporate training, administrative staff, gatekeepers, company representatives and liaisons) conducted from March 2021 to September 2022. The sample was determined by a criterion sampling approach that enabled the development of cases from five countries in the MENA region (United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco) with each country sample comprising five university cases on average. This study was designed on a Multiple Case Study Research Design Approach (Yin, 2013) and this was supplemented by Template Analysis (a form of thematic analysis), and to incorporate the cross-national comparative dimension, Yasin and Hafeez (2022) approaches were adopted. The findings illustrate a wide range of motives, challenges, opportunities, and effective factors that are linked to varying objectives such as (1) the vision and ownership structures, (2) the stakeholder connections of universities (3) the brand reputation of the university provider (4) the perception and ranking of universities as well as (5) approaches undertaken by the University representative to negotiate the expectations of live projects. As a result, a contextualized framework is proposed in this study as the “five [essential] keys” for successful collaborations for the nexus between university and industry collaborations. The originality of this study is inherent in the qualitative cases and contextualized influences in non-westernized countries that are empirically under-explored, as well as the five keys framework that is useful from a theoretical and practical standpoint for academics, policymakers, and university leadership.
... The thematic data analysis process (TA) is presented in Figure 1. The Template Analysis (TA) involves generating codes to identify and classify the data into themes and patterns [43]. In this study, the TA approach was implemented (See Figure 1), which created themes around the research question, literature, challenges, and the strategies of the heritage tourism provider in response to the effects of the pandemic. ...
... The reliability and validity of data analysis were maintained by applying the crosscase investigation to the data collected from experts, arranged individually and mapped with statements collected from online platforms [45]. The investigator triangulation was conducted when each researcher separately analyzed the information gathered from various primary and secondary sources, triangulating the emerging themes to be classified as findings of this research [30,43]. ...
This exploratory study investigates the challenges for the heritage tourism industries in the UAE by focusing on the strategies and policies adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify the business strategies, analyze the contextual challenges for service providers, and explore how providers managed these challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. A multi-case study approach is adopted with 12 renowned and leading heritage tourism providers (CEOc, managers, and relationship managers) Additionally, four tourism academics interviewed through qualitative semi-structured interviews. The data were obtained during the post-COVID-19 economic recovery period from January 2022 to November 2022. The protocols of the Delphi technique and the Template Analysis (TA) approach were combined to develop richer insights. Initially, the challenges discovered were thematically categorized under two levels, which were (i) Inconsistencies for Heritage Tourism and (ii) Appreciation for Heritage Tourism. As a result, subsequently, four multi-tiered themes (macro, meso, and micro level) emerged as a response to the current challenges: (i) Repackaging heritage tourism, (ii) Long-term safety measures for tourists, (iii) Organizational adaptation and innovation, and (iv) Creative recommendations. The novelty of this study is inherent in its contextualization of an under-explored area, concurrent analysis of a dynamic and lucrative sector, and methodological advancement through the embellishment of techniques. Based on the findings of this research, a contextualized framework is proposed that complements tourism theory and delivers credible implications for researchers, government planners, and tourism providers.
... Traditional small retail exists in different countries and evolves with the economy and community culture of the place they operate (Ikadeh -Cloete, 2020;Yasin -Hafeez, 2022). Traditional small retail is also a livelihood for a large percentage of a country's population (Ikadeh -Cloete, 2020). ...
This study aims to understand how traditional small retail businesses in Italy compete with large modern retail businesses. This study is a qualitative case study and utilized direct observation for 145 hours in three regions in Italy-Pescara, Chieti, and the factory area-and then conducted a thematic analysis of their survival strategy. The study find that the main factor that determines the sustainability of tabaccai (a traditional small retail in Italy) is the support of the local government, which is strengthened by the local society and the ability of the owners to adapt to the environment. Government support in the form of providing access to limited public goods is an important element in the survival of traditional small retail. These empirical findings provide a new recommendation for traditional small retail businesses in developed countries on how to survive amid the growth of large modern retail businesses.
