TABLE 2 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Three widely-used self-report anxiety scales, including the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the State Anxiety Inventory (S-AI), were used to simultaneously compare the psychometric properties via an item response theory (IRT) model with Chinese university students as the sample. Although these scales were prob...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... SAS and S-AI are of the same length, which means that when comparing the SAS with the S-AI, the S-AI provides more information for the students at the all different anxiety levels. Finally, we calculated the expected scores of the three scales with various degrees of anxiety by relying on estimated item parameters, the expected scores was calculated by transferring theta values, and then we created a conversion table (see Table 2). ...
Similar publications
Ambivalence has a prominent role in the historical formulations of schizotypy and schizophrenia, as well as borderline personality disorder. However, it has been overlooked by our current diagnostic nomenclature. The Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale (SAS) is a 19-item self-report scale developed to examine ambivalence relevant to schizotypy and schizo...
Citations
... The Chinese version of the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), a subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (S-TAI), was used to measure anxiety symptoms (Shek, 1988;Spielberger et al., 1983). The SAI has proven to be reliable and valid among Chinese adolescents (Cao & Liu, 2015;Pang et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2023). Prior studies have reported Cronbach's coefficient α estimates for the SAI ranging from 0.89 to 0.92 (Ao et al., 2020;Pang et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2023). ...
... The SAI has proven to be reliable and valid among Chinese adolescents (Cao & Liu, 2015;Pang et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2023). Prior studies have reported Cronbach's coefficient α estimates for the SAI ranging from 0.89 to 0.92 (Ao et al., 2020;Pang et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2023). The SAI consists of 20 items, with the rate on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). ...
... Each instrument exhibited good internal consistency, indicating that the items within each measure coherently assessed their respective constructs. Moreover, factor analysis confirmed the original structures of these instruments, consistent with previous studies (e.g., Ao et al., 2020;Pang et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2023). These results support the generalized feasibility of these measures for assessing friendship quality and internalizing symptoms among Chinese adolescents. ...
Depression and anxiety significantly impact adolescent well-being. Previous research shows that friendship can protect against these mental health issues. However, it is not entirely clear how different dimensions of friendship relate to diverse symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescents. In the present study, we used network analysis to explore the relationships between friendship quality and depression-anxiety symptoms. A total of 1528 adolescents participated in the study (46.80% boys, Mage = 15.64, SD = 1.60). The results found that anhedonia and regret were central in the depression and anxiety networks. The symptoms linking depression and anxiety are feelings of ineffectiveness in depression (a negative self-evaluation of one’s ability) and low self-confidence in anxiety. Critically, jitteriness, conflicts and betrayals, interpersonal problems (i.e., difficulty in interaction with people), and intimate exchanges emerged as key nodes linking friendship quality with the network of depression-anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that strengthening the friendship quality, especially in managing conflict and increasing intimacy, may effectively prevent and intervene against anxiety and depression in adolescents.
... The thresholds for identifying anxious symptoms were defined as: standard score < 50 no symptom, 50-59 mild, 60-69 moderate, and ≥ 70 severe (29). In the previous study, the Cronbach' α coefficient of Chinese version of this scale is 0.78 and the split-half reliability is 0.75 (30). SDS assesses the level of depressive symptoms. ...
Background
Health workers involved in the fight to prevent the COVID-19 outbreak were exposed to hazards. Detailed information on mental health problems in different medical occupations is crucial. To examined the prevalence of mental health issues in three medical occupations as well as the relationships between mental health problems and correlates in each occupation.
Methods
This study utilizing the Questionnaire Star program was conducted among medical workers working at medical institutions in China from February 17 to 24, 2020. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), the Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to assess mental health problems.
Results
The prevalence of any mental health problems in the three occupations was 43.6, 34.6, and 32.9% for nurses, paramedical workers (PMWs), and doctors, respectively. Three occupations shared some correlates, such as being overworked, not having enough time to rest, support from colleagues, and previous mental health status. There were specific factors for each occupation. For doctors, age, educational level, living status, support from family, and previous physical status were related factors in mental health problems. Working in a designated hospital for treating COVID-19, having COVID-19 event exposures, and receiving support from family were associated with the mental health problems of the nurses. PMWs’ mental health problems was linked to educational level and care from supervisors or heads of department.
Conclusion
Different medical occupations have distinct impacts on mental health issues. Policy makers and mental health professionals working to prepare for potential disease outbreaks should be aware of multiple factors in different occupations.
... The entire testing process will be filmed, and the results will be fed back to the coaching team. 20 , includes a total of 20 questions. The higher the score, the higher the degree of anxiety (Assessed by the 1-4 scale rating method). ...
To explores the effect and mechanism of quiet eye training on the accuracy of golfers´ putts in pressure situations and provides methods and basis for targeted attention training and control. 22 young golfers in China golf team aged from 13 to 18 were randomly assigned to the experimental group (quiet eye training group) and the control group (technical guidance group) according to gender. Both groups of participants underwent two consecutive weeks of push training (3 sets per day, 20 golf putts per set, rest for 3 min between sets) separately in accordance with the guidance of a professional psychological research group and an expert coach. Eye tracking technology, biofeedback technology, and subjective evaluation methods were used to test and analyze the push process of the two groups of participants before and after training under pressure situations (Eye movement behaviors and the heart rate were recorded by ASL Mobile Eye-XG and NeXus-2 biofeedback, pressure and state anxiety were evaluated by self-rating pressure scale and S-AI. Golf putting performance was recorded by a research graduate assistant). A higher hit ratio as well as lower pressure and SAI level was founded in quiet eye training group in the pressure situation, the quiet eye movement time and total fixation time was longer than technical group. The quiet eye training group has a better putting performance. Quiet eye training can improve the golf putting performance in pressure situations. After quiet eye training, the state anxiety decreased, the quiet eye movement time and the total fixation time increased in pressure situations.
... The BAI is a widely used 21-item self-report anxiety measure with adequate to strong psychometric properties, including moderate-high ratings of internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability (Bardhoshi et al., 2016;Beck et al., 1988;Pang et al., 2019). The 21 items are rated individually on a 0-3 Likert scale, resulting in a total ranging from 0-63, with high scores indicating greater levels of anxiety-related symptomatology. ...
... Total scores correspond to one of four categories indicating varying severities: 0-7 indicates minimal anxiety, 8-15 indicates mild anxiety, 16-25 indicates moderate anxiety, and 26-63 indicates severe anxiety (Beck et al., 1988;Rector & Arnold, 2006). Previous research has successfully used the BAI in various clinical and research settings as a valid and reliable measure of anxiety (Bardhoshi et al., 2016;Pang et al., 2019). ...
BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress injury (PTSI) is a term used to describe a range of psychiatric difficulties which arise following exposure to a psychologically traumatic event. The impact of being diagnosed with multiple psychiatric conditions on the return-to-work (RTW) outcomes of individuals with PTSI has not been adequately researched. OBJECTIVE: The current study examined whether the presence of two or more psychiatric conditions occurring simultaneously is predictive of RTW outcomes in workers with PTSI. METHOD: A population-based cohort design was conducted using archival data from injured workers admitted to a PTSI rehabilitation program. Differences in RTW outcomes and demographic, administrative, and clinical variables were compared between individuals with single and multiple psychiatric diagnoses. A range of variables were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model predicting RTW. RESULTS: The final logistic regression model indicated workers had higher odds of RTW if they had a single psychiatric diagnosis (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 2.20), non-elevated scores on a measure of traumatic stress (AOR 1.85), and reported higher self-perceived readiness to RTW (AOR 1.24). CONCLUSION: Being diagnosed with multiple psychiatric conditions appears to be associated with more negative RTW outcomes following PTSI rehabilitation.
... The SAS consists of 20 self-report items (4-point Likert-type scale), and higher total scores indicate a greater inclination toward anxiety. The Chinese version of the SAS has been validated across many studies (Liu et al., 1997;Pang et al., 2019). The Cronbach's α for SAS in the firefighters was .83. ...
Objective: Firefighters are prone to mental disorders such as anxiety and depression because they are frequently exposed to trauma, including injury and death. Network analysis is an approach used to depict a holistic view of mental disorders, which is a symptom-oriented method, and argues that the mental structure is likely to arise from the interaction among observable symptoms. Hence, the present study aims to reveal the characteristics of depressive and anxiety symptoms for Chinese firefighters via a network approach.
Method: We recruited 715 male firefighters (Mean Age = 26.29, SD Age = 5.93) and asked them to complete the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) to measure their levels of anxiety and depression.
Results: Faintness had the highest symptom strength in the anxiety network, while irritability had the highest symptom strength in the depression network. The strongest edge (i.e., the connection among symptoms) in the anxiety network was apprehension-restlessness, and in the depression network was confusion-psychomotor retardation. In the bridge network, which contained both anxiety and depression, the strongest edge was confusion- psychomotor retardation, and the highest centrality symptoms (Z score above 1) were panic, easy fatiguability, palpitations, crying spells, and tachycardia. Bayesian network analysis revealed that fear was the most influential trigger symptom in the anxiety-depression network structure of firefighters.
Conclusions: Clinicians could focus on treating the related bridge and trigger symptoms, such as panic, easy fatiguability, palpitations, crying spells, tachycardia, and fear, to alleviate the comorbidity of anxiety and depression in firefighters.
... The Self-rating Anxiety Scale, Chinese Version (SAS-C) [15][16][17][18], was employed to assess anxiety status. The Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency of SAS was previously determined to be 0.867 [19]. ...
Objective
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic, and mental health of children and parents are affected by confinement in home. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 is still global pandemic currently, it is important to examine how the changes of children’s behaviors and parent–child relationship affect parental anxiety during this difficult time.
Methods
A cross-sectional online investigation was conducted with snowball sampling to collect the information about the behavioral changes of children and the anxiety of parents from February 23 to March 3, 2020. 642 participants who had children aged 3–17 years included in this study. Information about behavioral change of children was reported by parents with a questionnaire, parental anxiety was assessed with Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS, Chinese Version).
Results
Among children’s behaviors, decreased time of outdoor activity was associated with a lower odds of parental anxiety, with an adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 0.31 (95% CI, 0.11–0.87). Parents’ satisfaction with children's behaviors was associated with a lower odds of parental anxiety (ORs, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.05–0.35). In addition, we observed a significant association of worse behavioral performance and worse family relationship with anxiety among parents with the adjusted ORs of 2.78 (95% CI, 1.35–5.73), and 2.67 (95% CI, 1.13–6.32), respectively.
Conclusion
Under COVID-19 outbreak in China, changes in children’s behavioral and family relationship were associated with parental anxiety. Our finding suggested that family mental health support and promotion should consider the children’s behavioral regulation and parent–child relationship as essential components.
... Based on the total score, participants are categorized as having mild anxiety, 50-59; moderate anxiety, 60-69; and severe anxiety, ³70 [11]. The SDS, also developed by Zung, is a self-rating scale used to assess the subjective feelings of participants' depression status and comprises 20 questions [12]. The scores of the 20 items are summed and multiplied by 1.25, with a full score of 100 points. ...
Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological status of anxiety and depression of hospital staff in the designated hospital in the city of Shannan during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to provide a theoretical basis for effective psychological intervention.
Material/Methods
A cross-sectional survey was performed from September 10 to 16, 2022, by administering an online questionnaire to the hospital staff on duty in the hospital. We collected participants’ demographic and general information. The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to investigate the anxiety and depression of hospital staff.
Results
Among 267 hospital staff, anxiety was found in 98 individuals, with a prevalence of 36.70%. Depression was found in 170 individuals, with a prevalence of 63.67%. Anxiety combined with depression was found in 84 individuals, with a prevalence of 31.46%. The prevalence of depression was higher in women, Tibetan personnel, hospital staff with primary or lower titles, staff without career establishment, and non-aid Tibetan personnel, and the differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05). The SDS scores of depression in Tibetan hospital staff, nurses, hospital staff with primary or lower titles, and staff without career establishment were higher, and the differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusions
The prevalence of depression among hospital staff in the designated hospital in the city of Shannan was relatively high during the COVID-19 pandemic. Continuous attention and positive mental health intervention are of great importance for specific at-risk populations.
... The scale uses a 4-point scale to rate the extent to which the participant has been disturbed by multiple anxiety symptoms in the previous week. The scores of the 21 items were summed to obtain a crude score, which was then converted to a standard score (Pang et al., 2019). The BAI scale has good validity and reliability and is commonly used for assessing psychotherapy progress (Ke et al., 2017;Zhou et al., 2018). ...
Objective:
To compare the personalities, social avoidance and distress, and anxiety status of Chinese patients with and without objective halitosis, and investigate the association among these psychological disorders.
Methods:
Patients who complained of bad breath and diagnosed with objective halitosis were enrolled into the halitosis group, while patients without objective halitosis were enrolled into the control group. The questionnaires included the socio-demographic profile of the participants, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
Results:
A total of 280 patients were assigned into objective halitosis group (n=146) and control group (n=134). The extraversion subscales (E) score of the EPQ in the halitosis group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P=0.001). The total SAD score and proportion of patients with anxiety symptoms in the BAI scale in the objective halitosis was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the Extraversion subscale and the total SAD score, Social Avoidance and Social Distress subscales (P<0.001).
Conclusion:
Patients with objective halitosis have more introverted personality traits and are more likely to have social avoidance and distress than the non-halitosis population.
... However, few studies focus solely on anxiety hence why this study is unique. Slightly different from depression (Renner et al., 2018), anxiety is caused by the excessive worry of a potentially miserable situation (Pang et al., 2019), which can include lower-income, work impairment, decreased quality of life and negative effects on family relationships (Roemer et al., 2013). ...
Mindfulness-based interventions are found to have a positive effect on an individual’s mental health. Using a meta-analysis method, this study examined the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on alleviating anxiety among Chinese college students. Using six international and two Chinese electronic databases, we comprehensively researched literature published between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2021. The literature was then carefully selected and classified. The literature selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were all independently conducted by two members of the research team; any disagreements were resolved through consultation with a third researcher. A total of 11 original articles met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that mindfulness-based interventions have a positive effect on the remission of anxiety among Chinese college students. This confirms the need to generalize mindfulness-based interventions as a form of treatment and prevention for anxiety among Chinese college students.
... The index score range of 20-44, 45-59, 60-74 and ≥75 indicated normal, mild to moderate anxiety, severe anxiety, and extreme anxiety respectively (33). A previous study revealed that the Chinese version of SAS had strong internal consistency (a = 0.92) with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.78 and a split-half reliability of 0.75 (34). ...
Objective
Psychological distress such as depression and anxiety resulted from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have attracted increasing attention. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effects and safety of auricular acupressure on depression and anxiety in isolated COVID-19 patients.
Methods
68 participants diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia (18–80 years old, SDS ≥ 50, SAS ≥ 45) were recruited and randomly allocated to the auricular acupressure group and the sham auricular acupressure group by a computer-generated random number sequence from 9th June to 30th June 2022. The group allocation was only blinded to the participants. Those in the auricular acupressure group were attached magnetic beads against 4 auricular points Shenmen, Subcortex, Liver and Endocrine, while sham group used four irrelevant auricular points. Outcomes were measured by Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SAS) before and after treatment in both groups through electronic questionnaire in mobile phones.
Results
After treatment, statistically significant differences were found in scores of SAS in both groups (P < 0.001 in auricular acupressure group; P = 0.003 in sham group), and SDS scores reduced significantly in the auricular acupressure group (P = 0.002). Significant reduced SAS and SDS scores were achieved in the auricular acupressure group than that in the sham group (F = 4.008, P = 0.049, MD −7.70 95% CI: −9.00, −6.40, SMD −2.79 95% CI: −3.47, −2.11 in SDS; F = 10.186, P = 0.002, MD −14.00 95% CI: −15.47, −12.53, SMD −4.46 95% CI: −5.37, −3.56 in SAS). No adverse events were found in either group during the whole study.
Conclusion
Auricular acupressure is an effective and safe treatment for alleviating symptoms of depressive and anxiety in patients with COVID-19.
Clinical trial registration
https://www.chictr.org.cn//, identifier ChiCTR2200061351.
