Convection currents in the Earth’s mantle and their role in nitrogen formation and discharge. Nitrogen formation can be interpreted as the result of endothermic nuclear transmutation of carbon and oxygen atom pairs in aragonite lattice carried by subduction of lithosphere, by physical catalytic help of excited electrons e* generated by stick slipping of aragonite rocks and geoneutrinos produced in deep in Earth’s mantle by radioactive decay of elements. 

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... the region with this temperature–pressure profile corresponds to the zone of diamond formation in mantle [43], the relationship in Equation (12) is shown in Figure 2 , along with the diamond formation lines, the actual temperature-pressure profile of the Earth [44], and estimated P-T phase boundary line between aragonite and disordered calcite [40]. The critical temperature and pressure, which correspond to the critical radius for the dynamic reaction is 2510 K and 58 GPa, leading to man- tle depth of 1290 km [4]. Therefore, it is possible that the dynamic reaction occurs in an upper portion of the lower mantle. The conditions required for the formation of nitrogen are more stringent than those for diamonds. Even if in case (CaCO 3 ) of deuteron free, highly active tectonic plate movement accompanied by convection currents in the Earth’s mantle (asthenosphere) would enhance the nitrogen reaction via dynamic collision-induced fracto- nuclear transmutation [45] in Equation (7). Furthermore, the subduction of lithosphere due to plate tectonics would deliver high quantities of fresh calcium carbonates to the upper mantle that serve as a raw material for large amounts of nitrogen production. Schematic figure for nitrogen for mation and discharge by convection currents of asthenosphere is presented at Figure 3 . In collision zone of the convection currents, nitrogen would be formed in lattices of aragonite carried by subduction of lithosphere by physical catalytic help of excited electrons e* generated by stick slipping of aragonite rocks and geoneutrinos produced in deep in Earth’s mantle by radioactive decay of elements. The nitrogen and helium gases discharge by volcanic and hydrothermal activities into the atmosphere. Indeed, Craig et al . [46] have observed high (~16 times) helium isotope concentration ratio ( 3 He/ 4 He) at the volcano area. The volatile helium gases would be released from the Earth’s atmosphere to the universe. Even if the convection current in the upper mantle is viscous fluid, the nuclear reaction could be promoted. In fact, fusion reaction 6 Li (d, ) 4 He and 2 H(d, p) H with ~6.83 × 10 K were measured in liquid Li acous- tic (ultrasonic) cavitation [47]. Here, we describe the natural conditions for diamond formation. It is well known that natural diamonds crys- tallize directly from kimberlite rock melts that are rich in calcite and found at depths of 1500 km or more inside the Earth. The melts are essentially saturated in carbon dioxide gas at high pressures over 30 GPa and temperatures ≥763 K in deep in the Earth ’s mantle, since the 12 C/ 13 C ratio of a diamond shows that it arises from carbon dioxide [46]. Furthermore we note that platesets of poly- cyanogen (C 3 N) are dispersed in kimberlite rocks [48]. The type Ia diamond contains maximally 2%-mil nitrogen [49]. Thus, the nitrogen impurities in diamonds may be the result of nuclear transmutation of CO 2 in the melt. Furthermore, it is known that nitrogen is distributed ex- tensively throughout the silicate phase of the Earth’s crust and mantle [50]. The scheme for nitrogen transmutation of (Ca, D) CO 3 or CaCO 3 resembles that observed for the Pd/complexes, which are composed of Pd and CaO thin films, and the Pd substrate, after the Pd complexes are subjected to D 2 gas permeation [51]. Although they have not described directly the transmutation effect brought about by the Ca element, they could not obtain a similar result using MgO in place of CaO [52]. Therefore, we believe that Ca is the common driving element for nuclear transmutation. In particular, the possibility exists that the electrons are derived from calcium elements with many electrons, such as 3s 2 , 3p 6 and 4s 2 [53]. The emission of charged particles and acceleration of the electrical charge may enhance nuclear transmutation, such as a fractofusion. If nitrogen was derived from carbon and oxygen, geologi- cally active planets with abundant both atoms would have generated nitrogen. This is a very interesting possibility, since carbon and nitrogen are the two major elements in all life systems [54]. We have calculated the relationship between the critical temperature T and the critical pressure P for the endothermic nuclear transmutation of carbon and oxygen atom pairs in (Ca, D)CO 3 or CaCO 3 aragonite lattice of Earth’s mantle (asthenosphere) from the Archean era to the present time, by physical catalytic help of excited electrons generated by stick slipping due to tectonics and geoneutrinos by the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium and thorium in Earth’s mantle. The critical temperature and pressure for the nitrogen formation be- long to the diamond formation region. In subsequent pa- per, we will address experimental problem whether formation of nitrogen occurs from a calcite specimen with and without D in diamond-anvil high-pressure cell under temperature over 2500 K and pressure over 60 GPa or not; attention will be given to the generation of physical catalysis of excited electrons and ...