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Het wettelijk beoordelings-instrumentarium, een overzicht Longer version of the presentation on the changes in the Assessment of Flood Defenses in the Netherlands
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... We regard structured organizations as the consequence of stakeholders' selection process in a political or financial arena. Stakeholders with strong powers are more likely to be invited to join a decision-making process and result to more likely be in a dominant position, which is referred to as holding an organizational monopoly [30,31]. Weaker stakeholders are often left out and selected exclusively. ...
... They have come with a dominant position in flood governance. A kind of "organizational monopoly", a concept mentioned by governance scholars [30,31], seemed to be gradually emerging. This superiority is strengthened by stable and generous financial support, which ensures that the water management sector continues to have strong incentives to work on flood issues. ...
Researchers and policymakers have long called for a collaborative governance process for climate adaptation and flood resilience. However, this is usually challenging when urban planning is supposed to be integrated with water management. Using the Chinese city of Guangzhou as a case study, this study explores the long-term disadvantaged conditions of urban planning in flood governance and how this situation is shaped. The findings show that, in comparison to the increasingly dominant position of water management in flood affairs, the urban planning system has had weak powers, limited legitimate opportunities, and insufficient fiscal incentives from the 2000s to the late 2010s. Those conditions have been shaped by organizational structures, institutional rules, and financial allocation in urban governance, whose changes did not bring benefits to urban planning. The emergence of the Sponge City Program in China in 2017 and its implementation at the municipal level is deemed to be a new start for urban planning, considering the encouragement of nature-based solutions and regulatory tools in land use for flood resilience. Even so, the future of this program is still full of challenges and more efforts are needed.
... The first reaction during the event was the securitization of the system, which resulted in minimizing the potential damage and improving the emergency systems (van Stokkom, Smits, & Leuven, 2005). The government also immediately adopted emergency legislation and initiated the Delta Plan for Large Rivers (Olsthoorn & Tol, 2001), determining the urgency for all river dikes to meet the safety standards. Dike alternatives delivering flood safety were also increasingly gaining attention. ...
This article synthesizes the literature on Dutch flood risk governance to analyze how external conditions shaped past and present dynamics of cross-sector collaboration for integrated flood risk management in the Netherlands. It traces the extent to which policy and legal frameworks, socio-economic circumstances, political realities, power relations and conflict situations have influenced attempts at collaboration between flood safety, spatial planning, environmental protection and other sectors. Despite the growing interdependences, existing power relations between the sectors are characterized by the dominance of the water sector. Hence, cross-sector collaboration can develop as long as it does not compromise flood safety.
... New legislation to reduce flood risks (Delta Act, 1956) was the start of new large-scale infrastructural projects. New, upgraded safety standards were introduced based on yearly flood probabilities and the design discharge for the Rhine, which defines the height of the dikes (Olsthoorn, 2001). ...
An appropriate institutional set up is essential for efficient transboundary flood management in the Rhine basin, particularly in view of future uncertainties like climate change. Flood management factors are identified based on a historical comparison in the Netherlands and Germany. They include differences in the perception of the problem and how to solve it; in the understanding of key items and how to address them; in administrative responsibilities and the political will to act. Suggestions are made to improve cooperation, in particular to generate a common problem perception and problem analysis, to develop a common vision for future flood strategies and to create a network of discussion platforms to promote social learning and to prepare, decide and implement flood management issues.
... In this manner, studies show that more stress will be put on existing flood control systems and thereby increases flood risk131415. As a result, integrated flood management that aims at reducing vulnerability, preserving ecosystem and maximizing benefits has drawn more and more attention in the battle against climate change [16,17]. Taiwan, having 2/3 of total area occupied by steep mountains, struck by 3 ~ 4 typhoons annually, is extremely vulnerable to the flooding induced by runoff extremes. ...
Under climate change, extreme conditions of precipitation and river runoff are more likely to occur. By means of GCM (Global Climate Model) downscaling and runoff simulation, this study evaluates the changes of precipitation and runoff peak under 21 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) climate change scenarios for five basins in Taiwan. The simulations show that, by the end of the century, runoff peaks will be over 30% larger than the design capacity of current flood control systems. The change of runoff peak is much larger than that of precipitation, implying that runoff-induced flooding will be more easily triggered by precipitation increase in the future. A "Special Act for Flood Management", aimed to systematically harness all county/city rivers in the country by both structural and non-structural measures, was enforced in 2006. Though the project is still undergoing, it has preliminarily succeeded in reducing flood disasters triggered by extreme weather conditions in recent years. The methodology provided in this study can be served for further simulation on assessing project effectiveness against climate change.
... On the other hand, the scientific tools to work with, for example, seasonal flood and climate forecasts, are too complex for practical use (Kabat et al., 2003b). In The Netherlands, disaster planning, disaster management and disaster response are outlined in the Disaster Act (Rampenwet) of 1985 (Olsthoorn & Tol, 2001) and are characterized by different levels of government being involved (Rosenthal & Hart, 1998). In principle, evacuation decisions are made by the mayor, but the Minister of Interior Affairs may take over the competence to evacuate , if deemed necessary (Olsthoorn & Tol, 2001); these types of stakeholders were not part of the survey. ...
... In The Netherlands, disaster planning, disaster management and disaster response are outlined in the Disaster Act (Rampenwet) of 1985 (Olsthoorn & Tol, 2001) and are characterized by different levels of government being involved (Rosenthal & Hart, 1998). In principle, evacuation decisions are made by the mayor, but the Minister of Interior Affairs may take over the competence to evacuate , if deemed necessary (Olsthoorn & Tol, 2001); these types of stakeholders were not part of the survey. ...
This paper presents the results of a survey of stakeholder and scientific expert judgments regarding the impacts of climate change on water management in The Netherlands in 2001. The main methodological findings were put into broader perspective by discussing the role of stakeholder and scientific expert judgment in the context of the Dutch national research programme ‘Climate changes Spatial Planning’ (CcSP) in the period 2001–2007. We focus on flood risks, and impacts on freshwater resources because they were mentioned most in the 2001 survey. For the flood risks, a high degree of consensus amongst stakeholders and scientific experts was discovered about knowledge, values and aims involved. This was not the case for the impacts of climate change on freshwater resources. The approach, chosen in 2001, enabled the researchers to explore the different opinions regarding the impacts of climate change. It appeared, however, very difficult to prioritize available adaptation options and to formulate cross-sectoral adaptation strategies. Within the CcSP programme, initiated after the 2001 survey, it can be observed that stakeholders become more involved in expert judgements about climate change impacts and adaptation strategies. The interaction between scientists and stakeholders is gradually shifting from a collaborative/consultative approach towards a real participatory approach in the research and design process of combined regional and sectoral adaptation strategies.
... Diakses pada 2007-10-10. Olsthoorn, A.A.; Richard S.J. Tol (February 2001). "Floods, flood management and climate change in The Netherlands". ...
Kota – kota besar di Indonesia yang rata – rata terletak di tepi air (“waterfront cities”) menampung sekitar 43% penduduk Indonesia. Laju urbanisasi yang cepat menyebabkan terjadinya kesenjangan antara kebutuhan perumahan yang besar terhadap keterbatasan supplai lahan dan penyediaan infrastruktur, terutama tata air. Kesenjangan dan praktek spekulasi lahan yang berlebihan akhirnya menyebabkan “urban sprawling” dan berbagai masalah keberlanjutan di kota - kota tsb seperti banjir. Surabaya merupakan kota terbesar kedua di Indonesia sekaligus kawasan strategis nasional yang juga merupakan “waterfront city”. Tetapi di sisi lain masalah banjir Surabaya makin parah karena kondisi topografi, sifat tanah, tingginya curah hujan, meningkatnya pasang naik dan perubahan tata guna lahan yang ekstrim. Karena itulah masalah banjir patut diperhatikan dengan serius karena sangat mempengaruhi keberlanjutan Kota Surabaya. Pemerintah Kota Surabaya sebenarnya telah melakukan upaya – upaya untuk mengurangi banjir ini di antaranya dengan Surabaya Drainage Master Plan (SDMP). Tetapi hasilnya diduga belum optimal karena keterbatasan dalam pendekatan maupun implementasinya. Kami memandang bahwa strategi Integrasi Tata Ruang dan Tata Air yang komprehensif tetap dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi dampak dari banjir ini. Strategi ini dapat dilakukan dengan menerapkan Perencanaan Tata Ruang Komprehensif yang Berbasis Ekologis; menerapkan Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) dan Low Impact Development (LID); serta menerapkan sistem Polder di Kawasan Utara dan Timur Surabaya. Sehingga diharapkan maka visi berkurangnya banjir Surabaya dan Surabaya sebagai Kota yang Berkelanjutan dapat tercapai. Kata kunci: Integrasi Tata Ruang dan Tata Air, Integrated Water Resource Management, IWRM, Low Impact Development, LID, Sistem Polder Berkelanjutan, Visi berkurangnya banjir di Surabaya
... Major flood events have occurred in the last two decades and indicate an important variation in the river regime, which is possibly due to changes of soil use in the catchment area and to climatic changes. The floods, which occurred in 1993 and 1995, caused considerable social and economic damage and led to the development of a new river management strategy with the aim of protecting the inhabitants against floods and simultaneously increasing the ecological value of the river (Olsthoorn and Tol, 2001). This new strategy resulted in the Common Meuse project, consisting of main channel widening and deepening as well as floodplain lowering ( Figure 2) at given locations, to increase both the conveyance capacity of the river during floods and the potential for the development of a natural ecological environment (Klaassen et al., 1998). ...
The current river management policy in the Netherlands is to give rivers more space, mainly by main channel widening and floodplain lowering. The aim is to reduce flood water levels and to create more favourable conditions for river ecology. However, the effect on water levels gradually disappears due to sedimentation and vegetation growth on floodplains. The key questions are how effective these measures are and how long the desired effect remains. A two-dimensional, depthaveraged, morphological model was applied to the Meers pilot project on the Common Meuse River. The project consisted of channel widening by floodplain excavation, carried out over a short reach. Spatially varying floodplain vegetation was included. The results showed that the pilot project would be effective in lowering local water levels during a period of 20 years for floods having a return period of 1-4 years but not for floods having a return period of 100 years. In the latter case, water levels would be dominated by a restriction in floodplain width, causing backwater effects. Floodplain vegetation was found to shorten the lifetime of the project by enhancing sedimentation.
... Nevertheless, not much is known about the institutional structures set up specifically for IRBs, let alone whether this institutional capacity is exclusively or JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION partly designed for transboundary flood events. Previous studies have focused on water or flood management in specific countries (Arnell, 1998; Olsthoorn and Tol, 2001; Dixit, 2003; Enserink et al., 2003; van Steen and Pellenbarg, 2004 ; among others), and integrated water resource management (Biswas, 2004; Blomquist and Schlager, 2005) or water institutions in general (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2005). It is only recently, that researchers have begun to look at the phenomenon of shared or transboundary floods (Marsalek et al., 2006) or water treaties concentrated on flooding in a sample of global basins (Drieschova et al., 2008). ...
While transboundary flood events have become more frequent on a global scale the past two decades,
they appear to be overlooked in the international river basin (IRB) cooperation and management arena.
The present study therefore combined geopolitical measures with biophysical and socioeconomic variables in an attempt to identify the IRBs with adequate institutional capacity for management of transboundary floods. It
also classified basins that would possibly benefit from enlarging the institutional capacity related to transboundary floods. Of the 279 known IRBs, only 78 were represented by a transboundary rivers institution. A mere eight of the 153 identified institutions had transboundary flooding listed as an issue in their mandate. Overall, 43 basins, where transboundary floods were frequent during the period 1985-2005, had no institutional capacity for IRBs. The average death and displacement tolls were found to be lower in the 37 basins with institutional capacity, even though these basins experienced twice as much transboundary floods with significant higher magnitudes than those in basins without institutional capacity. Overall, the results suggested that institutional capacity plays a role in the reduction of flood-related casualties and affected individuals. River basins such as the Juba-Shibeli, Han, Kura-Araks, Ma, Maritsa, Po, Coco ⁄ Segovia, Grijalva, Artibonite, Changuinola, Coatan Achute, and Orinoco experienced more than one transboundary river flood, but have not yet set up any institutions for such events, or signed any appropriate treaties focused on floods. These basins were therefore recommended to consider focusing attention on this apparent lack of institutional capacity when it comes to managing transboundary flood events.
... Nevertheless, not much is known about the institutional structures set up specifically for IRBs, let alone whether this institutional capacity is exclusively or 1 partly designed for transboundary flood events. Previous studies have focused on water or flood management in specific countries (Arnell, 1998;Olsthoorn and Tol, 2001;Dixit, 2003;Enserink et al., 2003;van Steen and Pellenbarg, 2004;among others), and integrated water resource management (Biswas, 2004;Blomquist and Schlager, 2005) or water institutions in general (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2005). It is only recently, that researchers have begun to look at the phenomenon of shared or transboundary floods (Marsalek et al., 2006) or water treaties concentrated on flooding in a sample of global basins (Drieschova et al., 2008). ...
While transboundary flood events have become more frequent on a global scale the past two decades, they appear to be overlooked in the international river basin (IRB) cooperation and management arena. The present study therefore combined geopolitical measures with biophysical and socioeconomic variables in an attempt to identify the IRBs with adequate institutional capacity for management of transboundary floods. It also classified basins that would possibly benefit from enlarging the institutional capacity related to transboundary floods. Of the 279 known IRBs, only 78 were represented by a transboundary rivers institution. A mere eight of the 153 identified institutions had transboundary flooding listed as an issue in their mandate. Overall, 43 basins, where transboundary floods were frequent during the period 1985-2005, had no institutional capacity for IRBs. The average death and displacement tolls were found to be lower in the 37 basins with institutional capacity, even though these basins experienced twice as much transboundary floods with significant higher magnitudes than those in basins without institutional capacity. Overall, the results suggested that institutional capacity plays a role in the reduction of flood-related casualties and affected individuals. River basins such as the Juba-Shibeli, Han, Kura-Araks, Ma, Maritsa, Po, Coco/Segovia, Grijalva, Artibonite, Changuinola, Coatan Achute, and Orinoco experienced more than one transboundary river flood, but have not yet set up any institutions for such events, or signed any appropriate treaties focused on floods. These basins were therefore recommended to consider focusing attention on this apparent lack of institutional capacity when it comes to managing transboundary flood events.
... Floods account for a significant portion of natural disasters worldwide. A country that is in almost constant threat of floods is The Netherlands (Olsthoorn & Tol 2001). As almost half of the country is situated below sea level or below high levels in rivers and lakes, there has been a ongoing struggle against the water for centuries (Wesselink 2007). ...
... As almost half of the country is situated below sea level or below high levels in rivers and lakes, there has been a ongoing struggle against the water for centuries (Wesselink 2007). The necessity of structured action against water in the Netherlands was shown by the flood of February 1953, when the dikes in the southwest of the Netherlands breached due to an unfortunate combination of a weak condition of the dikes, a strong hurricane and spring tide, and more than 1800 people drowned (Olsthoorn & Tol 2001). After this drama, the Dutch government decided to start building the Delta-works that were finished in the late 1990s (Wesselink 2007). ...
... The management of flood risks is a task of several government parties that include the national and local government. The so-called Water Boards play a key role (Olsthoorn & Tol 2001). In total, there are 28 of these Water Boards in the Netherlands, of which 6 are located next to the sea. ...
Purpose : This paper aims to develop and verify a framework of logistics aspects for flood emergency planning. Design/methodology/approach : Provides a topical review of academic literature, illustrative case study and structured interviews in practice. Findings : Creates and details a framework for logistics flood emergency planning on four aspects: demand management, supply management, inventory management and resource management. Research limitations/implications : The paper is empirical in nature and based on an investigation within one country (the Netherlands) that is considered an expert in this area; the framework requires international testing. Practical implications : The framework presented provides practitioners with a tool for logistics flood emergency planning and highlights essential elements of these plans. Originality/value :The field of humanitarian logistics so far has received limited attention by logistics academics and there is a strong need for empirical research in this area. This paper provides the results of an empirical investigation into a highly
