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Contour maps of chilling temperatures over Turkey for the months of October (a), November (b), December (c), January (d), February (e), and March (f)
Source publication
Air temperature, absolute humidity and wind speed are the most important meteorological parameters that affect human thermal comfort. Because of heat loss, the human body feels air temperatures different to actual temperatures. Wind speed is the most practical element for consideration in terms of human comfort. In winter, due to the strong wind sp...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... variation and trends of meteorological factors like temperature, precipitation etc. in Turkey have been investigated by many research- ers (Toros, 1993). In contrast, there are few stud- ies of the thermal comfort and wind chill in Turkey (Toros et al, 2003). ...
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... of the distributions of cooling temperatures for October shows that the differ- ence between actual and chilling temperatures (T À Te) is generally less than 4 C in all regions of Turkey (see Fig. 3a). The greatest difference ($4 C) is observed in the region of the north Aegean (C° anakkale) and west and middle Black Sea (S° ile and Sinop). These two regions are near the shore and located in the windy part of Turkey. These regions have much wind potential for energy production (S° en and S° ahin, 1998;S° ahin, 2002;Deniz and Erdo g ...
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... and northeast Anatolia due to high alti- tude and continental climate. In other regions of Turkey there are small differences between ac- tual and chilling temperatures. When compared the distribution of T À Te differences for the month of November are almost the same as in October, but T À Te is usually greater by 1 C in November than in October (Fig. 3b). T À Te has a value larger than 6 C in the regions of North Aegean (C° anakkale) and west and middle Black sea (S° ile and Sinop) for December (Fig. 3c). T À Te values are generally high in the regions of southeast Anatolia, Trakya, Marmara, Aegean and central Anatolia. The highest values of T À Te are about 8 C in January and February ...
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... temperatures. When compared the distribution of T À Te differences for the month of November are almost the same as in October, but T À Te is usually greater by 1 C in November than in October (Fig. 3b). T À Te has a value larger than 6 C in the regions of North Aegean (C° anakkale) and west and middle Black sea (S° ile and Sinop) for December (Fig. 3c). T À Te values are generally high in the regions of southeast Anatolia, Trakya, Marmara, Aegean and central Anatolia. The highest values of T À Te are about 8 C in January and February (Fig. 3d, e). T À Te and its distribution are almost the same in January and February. The difference is lower in March compared to January and February ...
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... (Fig. 3b). T À Te has a value larger than 6 C in the regions of North Aegean (C° anakkale) and west and middle Black sea (S° ile and Sinop) for December (Fig. 3c). T À Te values are generally high in the regions of southeast Anatolia, Trakya, Marmara, Aegean and central Anatolia. The highest values of T À Te are about 8 C in January and February (Fig. 3d, e). T À Te and its distribution are almost the same in January and February. The difference is lower in March compared to January and February (Fig. 3f). The highest difference is in the middle Black Sea (Sinop) in March. As a result we can see the same pattern for the actual and chilling temperature differences over Turkey for all ...
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... (Fig. 3c). T À Te values are generally high in the regions of southeast Anatolia, Trakya, Marmara, Aegean and central Anatolia. The highest values of T À Te are about 8 C in January and February (Fig. 3d, e). T À Te and its distribution are almost the same in January and February. The difference is lower in March compared to January and February (Fig. 3f). The highest difference is in the middle Black Sea (Sinop) in March. As a result we can see the same pattern for the actual and chilling temperature differences over Turkey for all months. T À Te values change from ascending to descending from January, February, December, March, November and ...
Citations
... Several studies about urban thermal comfort mapping were conducted in a number of cities in Turkey with the aim of improving city plans that are sensitive to the thermal environment and determining suitable regions for tourism and recreation (Altunkasa and Uslu 2020;Cetin 2015;Cetin et al. 2019;Gungor et al. 2021;Topay 2013;Toros et al. 2005). However, thermal comfort maps should be individually created for each city, because the cities have typical land use and climate characteristics. ...
Thermal indices and thermal comfort maps have great importance in developing health-minded climate action strategies and livable urban layouts. Especially in cities where vulnerability to heatwaves is high, it is necessary to detect the most appropriate indicators for the regional characteristics and action planning with respect to thermal comfort. The aim of the study is to examine thermal indices as indicators of regional climate characteristics by relating to meteorological parameters and spatial features. Atmospheric variables including air temperature, wind speed, cloud cover, and relative humidity data were obtained from 30 meteorological stations located in districts having different climatic features. Heat stress levels for apparent temperature (AT), heat index (HI), wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT), physiological equivalent temperature (PET), universal thermal climate index (UTCI), and perceived temperature (PT) indices were calculated and associated with meteorological parameters. Thermal comfort maps have been created with the daily mean and maximum values of all indices. As a result, the meteorological parameters with the strongest correlation with all thermal indices are air temperature (T a ) with r = 0.89 ± 0.01 and mean radiant temperature (T mrt ) with r = 0.75 ± 0.16. The differences in thermal stress levels over the city have been distinctively observed in the AT max , PET max , and PT max maps, which are generated by the daily maximum values of the indices. Çatalca, where forests cover large areas compared to highly urbanized districts, has the lowest heat stress defined by all indices.
... However, when humidity becomes excessive in hot regions, the body experiences a sweltering effect, whereas it undergoes a sensation of freezing in cold places. In humid and hot regions, this occurs because the body cannot cool itself efficiently by evaporation, and therefore its temperature rises progressively (Toros et al., 2005). In contrast, when greater air conduction leads to increased evaporation from the body in windy, cold and dry regions, people feel cooler (ibid). ...
... In contrast, when greater air conduction leads to increased evaporation from the body in windy, cold and dry regions, people feel cooler (ibid). Toros et al. (2005) further assert that velocity of the wind, allied to ambient temperature and absolute humidity, are the most significant meteorological factors influencing human comfort. ...
It is well known that the weather has an impact on human behaviours. Motivated by the extant literature concerning the positive linear relationship between temperature and investors' trading based on regional data (e.g., Schmittmann et al., 2015), we re-examine the temperature effect by utilizing a dataset that encompasses a large number of individual investors' accounts and a wider range of weather conditions, and construct a comprehensive measure of sensed temperature, Apparent Temperature, which incorporates atmospheric temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity. Our results demonstrate that the relationship between Apparent Temperature and individual investors' purchasing tendency displays an inverted U-shape. At a comfortable temperature, investors are more aggressive and tend to buy more stocks relative to selling. However, the relationship between Apparent Temperature and trading volumes displays a U-shape, suggesting that investors trade less on days when the temperature is comfortable, reducing non-financial opportunity costs. Further, Apparent Temperature displays greater external validity than the three weather conditions when they are examined individually. Our study provides original evidence of non-linearity, instead of the linearity documented by previous research, in the relationships between temperature and retail investors' trading behaviours. Our findings contribute to the literature regarding the weather-induced sentiment misattribution of a diversity of investors.
... Conversely, the perceived temperature varies with the wind speed and temperature in winter. Greater wind speeds promote convective heat transfer, causing the body to lose heat quickly [18]. ...
Two types of methods are used to evaluate pedestrian comfort: pedestrian wind comfort and outdoor thermal comfort. To accurately ascertain the outdoor wind environment, wind speed is the only parameter considered. However, pedestrians may still feel discomfort when the perceived temperature is low, even though the wind comfort criterion has been satisfactorily fulfilled. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to investigate pedestrian comfort when the perceived temperature is low, especially in winter conditions. To achieve this, a pedestrian survey was conducted, and 588 respondents completed a questionnaire. The results show that pedestrians feel discomfort when the WCET (Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature) is low, with almost 40 percent of respondents answering that they feel discomfort in these conditions. In conclusion, the threshold wind speed of the winter season could be determined to be lower than that of the existing comfort criteria by applying the WCET.
... Since then several formulations of the WCI and WCT have been used for studies at locations in the Arctic, Europe, Asia, South America, and North America. Although many are familiar with WCT from its use in operational meteorology to describe outdoor conditions in winter environments, only a small handful of studies have examined the spatial and temporal variations of WCToften focused on a specific region or location across varied time periods (e.g., Baldwin and Smithson 1979;Balafoutis 1989;Coronato 1995;Keimig and Bradley 2002;Toros et al. 2005;Rieck and Binau 2008;Lussenden et al. 2014;Mekis et al. 2015). ...
... Studies have examined WCI or WCT in several locations around the world, but these studies provide a fairly limited scope for understanding widespread geographic variations of WCT and the influence of spatial and temporal differences in both temperatures and wind speeds on WCT. For example, WCT has been investigated in Greece (Balafoutis 1989), Patagonia (Coronato 1993(Coronato , 1995, the United Kingdom (Smithson and Baldwin 1978;Baldwin and Smithson 1979), Turkey (Toros et al. 2005), and China (Yan 2009). ...
Wind chill temperature (WCT) is a measure of the human sensation of cold and also is a parameter used to represent the severity of winter weather. This study provides a unique investigation to quantify the spatial patterns of monthly mean, extreme, and severe WCTs across Canada and the United States. WCT was examined across 45 winters (December-February) spanning 1969/70-2013/14 using 156 surface locations reporting hourly meteorological conditions. Intraseasonal analyses of WCT showed that January had 1) the coldest mean WCTs, 2) the most extreme WCTs as statistically represented by the coldest 1% of the monthly WCT frequency distribution at each surface location, and 3) the greatest frequency of severe WCT hours that were ≤ -32°C. The most extreme WCTs were most often located in the Hudson Bay region of Canada, and north-central and northeastern North America experienced the largest monthly changes in WCT during the winter season. Results suggest that intraseasonal changes of air temperature are the primary influence on variations of WCT and that changes of wind speed are a secondary factor.
... While Cunningham (1979) and Howarth and Hoffman (1984) reported a positive relationship, Griffitt and Veitch (1971) and Goldstein (1972) reported a negative one. Finally, Troros, Deniz, Saylan, Sen and Baloglu (2005) and Denissen, Butalid, Penke, and van Aken (2008) found that wind deteriorated moods. ...
The incorrect fixed-effect assumption, missing-data problem, omitted-variable problem, and errors-in-variables (EIV) problem are estimation problems that are generally found in studies on weather effects on asset returns. This study proposes an approach that can address these problems simultaneously. The approach is demonstrated by revisiting the effects on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. The sample shows daily data from 2 January 1991 to 30 December 2015. Artificial Hausman instrumental-variable regressions successfully improve the quality of the analyses for ordinary least squares regressions when significant EIV problems are identified and the regression results in a conflict. The study finds significant air pressure and rainfall effects and empirically shows that the temperature effects reported by previous studies were induced by the fixed-effect assumption and are therefore incorrect. © Asian Academy of Management and Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2017.
... The present study intends to examine the impact of weather conditions on European stock market by exploring whether there is a relationship between the European stock returns and two environmental proxy variables, namely, humidity and wind levels. Humidity and wind are among the most significant weather variables of human comfort (Toros et al., 2005). Also, a number of economic variables are used as control variables, namely, crude oil, gold, ten-year US bond value and the US dollar/Yen exchange rate. ...
Purpose: This study intends to ascertain whether weather variables can explain the stock return reaction on the Dow Jones Sustainability Europe Index (DJSI Europe) by employing a number of macroeconomic indicators as control variables.
Methodology: The authors incorporate the Generalized Autogressive Conditional Heteroskeasticity (GARCH) model in methodology for the period 26th August 2009 to 30th May 2014 using daily data.
Findings: The empirical results indicate that not only do changes in humidity and wind levels seem to affect positively the European stock market but changes in returns oil and gold prices as well. However, the results show that the volatility of the United States (US) of Dollar/Yen exchange rate and 10 year bond value exerts significant negative impact on companies’ stock returns.
Originality/value: This study adds to the international literature by documenting the impact of weather variables on socially responsible companies.
... We denoted this variable as BAROPRESS t . Troros, Deniz, Saylan, Sen, and Baloglu (2005) and Denissen et al. (2008) found that wind deteriorated the mood. In line with this, Keef and Roush (2005) and Shu and Hung (2009) found an impact of wind on asset prices. ...
We investigate the relationship between weather or seasonal affective disorder and the financial market, using a wide variety of financial market data as well as several weather variables and a seasonal affective disorder proxy. We distinguish between a model with a direct effect of the weather and seasonal affective disorder on the financial market and one with an indirect effect via a latent variable mood. Whereas only the latter model is justified by psychological literature, the former model is often used as an approximation. One major innovation of this paper is a consistent econometric implementation of the indirect effects model. We demonstrate that the approximation by direct effects yields inconsistent estimates. Our study supports some weather related, but no seasonal affective disorder related effects on the financial market. We show that, instead of focusing on single market segments, an analysis of various financial market segments is required. We also show that the analysis of individual stock returns or bond spreads reveals additional information, compared to the analysis of aggregate stock or bond indexes.
... Coastal areas are historically and traditionally operated places containing a dense population due to their variety of rich resources (Mikhaylichenko 2006). Turkey is surrounded by sea on all three sides and is rich in both natural and human resources with its 77x 10 6 km 2 area and a population of about 70 million and about 50% of the population live in coastal regions (Toros et al. 2005). Black Sea region with its 141.156 km 2 area cover 18% of Turkey. ...
The objective of this study is to put forth the relationship between 3S (sand-sea-sun) tourism in Samsun and climate conditions. That is why observations were made during the summer of 2008 (July, august) at the beaches selected by sampling method. The meteorological data about the time of day during which observations were made were taken from the internet site of the general directorate of meteorology. Also biometeorological thermal comfort indexes of Samsun were created. According to the data obtained, the months of July and august form the period during which tourism and recreational activities are at the highest level in the beaches of Samsun. During the sea season (July and august) the total number of days during which the wind speed was greater than or equal to 21.6 km/h limiting the usage of the beach and the sea was 17; the total number of days during which the sky was “mostly cloudy” was 20 (July 10 days, august 10 days). When all the other variables are considered (rain, condition of the sea...) the foremost ones being wind and cloud cover, it was determined that the total duration of 3S tourism in the area studied was intermittently 35 ±5 days. According to the thermal comfort index 94% of July and august are composed of “hot” days. According to humidity index 29 % of July and 13 % of august are composed of mild-calm days. As a result the most important natural factors negatively affecting 3S tourism in Samsun are Samsun’s general location, its position in the general atmospheric circulation system and as a result of these the climate conditions and daily weather conditions. In this sense, it will be suitable that in order for Samsun to obtain a “tourism city” identity, it should be evaluated with the other alternative tourism appeals of 3S tourism.
... In this model a target skin temperature of Ϫ4.8°C is used for a 5% risk of frostbite. Based on this new methodology, Toros et al. (2005) recently calculated wind chill data for various regions in Turkey. ...
A transient analysis of the human-environment thermal interaction in cold and windy environments is presented. The site selected to represent this interaction is the head-face, which is depicted as a hollow cylinder wherein heat is conducted in the radial direction. Environmental radiation effects, which are small relative to the wind-driven convection effects, as well as metabolic heat and blood perfusion effects, are not accounted for at this stage. The model is solved analytically by an integral transform. Results are used to calculate the wind chill equivalent temperatures (WCETs) for different environmental temperatures and wind speeds. The temporal variations of the calculated WCETs are contrasted against the steady-state values that are published by the weather services in North America. The inherently transient nature of this parameter is clearly demonstrated. This observation should form a basis for modifying the heretofore employed steady-state calculation method of this useful weather predictor.
Purpose
This paper investigates whether weather affects stock market returns in Fiji's stock market.
Design/methodology/approach
The author employed an exponential general autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (EGARCH) modeling framework to examine the effect of weather changes on stock market returns over the sample period 9/02/2000–31/12/2020.
Findings
The results show that weather (temperature, rain, humidity and sunshine duration) have robust but heterogenous effects on stock market returns in Fiji.
Research limitations/implications
It is useful for scholars to modify asset pricing models to include weather-related variables (temperature, rain, humidity and sunshine duration) to better understand Fiji's stock market dynamics (even though they are often viewed as economically neutral variables).
Practical implications
Investors and traders should consider their mood while making stock market decisions to lessen mood-induced errors.
Originality/value
This is the first attempt to examine the effect of weather (temperature, rain, humidity and sunshine duration) on stock market returns in Fiji's stock market.
