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1 Continuous Glass Fiber manufacturing process. (From Agy, Advanced Glass Fiber Yarn Co. Inc. High Strength Glass Fibers, TECHNICAL PAPER) [3]
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![Figure 3.1 Viscosity of boron free and boron containing E-glass [8,11]](profile/Aref-Cevahir/publication/317336963/figure/fig2/AS:843386969919488@1578090531261/Viscosity-of-boron-free-and-boron-containing-E-glass-8-11_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 5.1 Chemical structure of maleic anhydride grafted PP (PPgMAH)[9]](profile/Aref-Cevahir/publication/317336963/figure/fig4/AS:843386969935873@1578090531405/Chemical-structure-of-maleic-anhydride-grafted-PP-PPgMAH9_Q320.jpg)
Glass fibers are formed from melts and manufactured in various compositions by changing the amount of raw materials like sand for silica, clay for alumina, calcite for calcium oxide, and colemanite for boron oxide. Therefore, different types of glass fibers show different performances like alkali resistance or high mechanical properties using vario...
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Citations
... Furthermore, limited knowledge of the aging and structural integrity of GFRP composites in civil engineering applications and the prediction of their service life remain challenges. [17,18]. Table 9.2 Physical properties of glass fibers (GFs) [16,18]. ...
... There are other types of GFs: D, ECR, and AR (alkali resistant); R, S-2, M, T, and Z; and ultra-pure silica fibers. Tables 9.1 and 9.2 present the different types of GFs with their chemical compositions and physicomechanical properties [16][17][18]. In general, E-GFs are the most commonly used. ...
... Glass fiberÀbased composites are gaining attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties. These low-density fibers are used in aerospace, electronics, automobile, marine, medical and energy sectors [42]. Approximately, 50%À 60% of glass fibers are silica-based, having oxide forms of calcium, sodium, iron, aluminum, and boron. ...
... E-Glass Fiber mengalami evolusi yang awal komposisinya tanpa kandungan boron (B2O3) namun tahun 1943 ditambahkan boron 26 . Kandungan B2O3 saat bereaksi dengan saliva dapat menginduksi efek korosi sehingga menurunkan kekuatan E-Glass fiber 11 .Tantangan E glass fiber adalah menghasilkan energi yang rendah dan ramah lingkungan tanpa B2O3, namun kombinasi dengan B2O3 dapat mengurangi biaya dan pemrosesan lebih cepat 26 . ...
... E-Glass Fiber mengalami evolusi yang awal komposisinya tanpa kandungan boron (B2O3) namun tahun 1943 ditambahkan boron 26 . Kandungan B2O3 saat bereaksi dengan saliva dapat menginduksi efek korosi sehingga menurunkan kekuatan E-Glass fiber 11 .Tantangan E glass fiber adalah menghasilkan energi yang rendah dan ramah lingkungan tanpa B2O3, namun kombinasi dengan B2O3 dapat mengurangi biaya dan pemrosesan lebih cepat 26 . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan E-glass fiber non dental tanpa kandungan B2O3 sehingga diharapkan ramah lingkungan dan saat bereaksi dengan saliva tidak menimbulkan efek korosi. ...
Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) merupakan material sintetik yang banyak diaplikasikan secara klinis di kedokteran gigi seperti pada bidang prostodonti, konservasi gigi, implantologi, periodonti, ortodonti dan kedokteran gigi anak. E-glass fiber merupakan tipe fiber yang sering digunakan di Kedokteran Gigi. Penggunaaannya lebih dari 50% dibandingkan tipe lain. Ketersediaan E glass fiber dental di Indonesia cukup terbatas dengan harga relatif mahal namun tersedia glass fiber non dental dalam jumlah yang banyak dengan harga terjangkau. Salah satu tipe yang banyak digunakan adalah tipe E glass. E glass fiber non dental telah banyak digunakan sebagai material substitusi pada otomotif dan aplikasi kedirgantaraan karena karakteristiknya ringan dan sifat mekanik yang lebih baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis komposisi dari E-glass Fiber Non Dental menggunakan teknik XRF. Sampel terdiri dari 10 gram E glass fiber non dental. Sampel dipotong dan dihaluskan dengan cara ditumbuk dan diayak. Selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF). Selanjutnya hasil analisis ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel deskriptif. Hasil analisis menunjukkan kandungan oksida terbesar SiO2 (39,53%), CaO (46,31%), Al2O3 (8,17%) dan K2O (0,64%) tanpa kandungan B2O3. Berdasarkan analisis XRF disimpulkan bahwa E-glass fiber non dental memiliki komposisi dan konsentrasi yang hampir sama dengan E-glass fiber dental, dan diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif material di Kedokteran Gigi. Kata Kunci: Glass fiber, E glass fiber dental, E glass fiber non dental, X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF)
... After the starting of the mass production process, the use of glass fiber has become increasingly widespread. Glass fibers can be used in many applications, which can be divided into four basic categories: (a) filtration media, (b) insulations, (c) optical fibers, and (d) reinforcement for composite materials [2]. ...
... In the neat PPA GF15 reference EDX micrograph, the orientation of the fibres is not entirely in one direction, but is mostly aligned parallel to the running surface. The detected elements, such as aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg) and oxygen (O), are typical for glass fibres [31][32][33][34]. For all EDX micrographs (see Figure 8), the colour pattern of the fibres depicts worn glass fibres that accumulate in the area of the matrixincorporated fibres [15,17,35]. ...
... In the neat PPA GF15 reference EDX micrograph, the orientation of the fibres is not entirely in one direction, but is mostly aligned parallel to the running surface. The detected elements, such as aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg) and oxygen (O), are typical for glass fibres [31][32][33][34]. For all EDX micrographs (see Figure 8), the colour pattern of the fibres depicts worn glass fibres that accumulate in the area of the matrix-incorporated fibres [15,17,35]. ...
Technical thermoplastic materials (e.g., PEEK, PPA and POM) are widely used for tribological applications combined with different filler systems (e.g., glass- or carbon fibres) because of their excellent mechanical properties. The friction and wear behaviour of thermoplastics can be specifically improved by solid lubrication systems such as graphite, PTFE and MoS2. Besides these systems, others such as WoS2 and MnS are becoming scientifically interesting. This work investigates the influence of different solid lubricants—alternative metal sulphides and polymer-based—in combination with different glass fibre contents on the tribological behaviour of unfilled PEEK and glass fibre-filled PPA. For this purpose, compounds were produced and injection-moulded into tribological test specimens that were subsequently tested. It is particularly evident for both matrix materials that the solid lubricant SLS 22 shows a 25% wear rate reduction when compared to MoS2 and, in addition, the proportion of fibre content in PPA shows an additional wear rate reduction by a factor of 10. The friction level could be kept at a similar level compared to the usually utilised solid lubricants. The investigations showed the potential use of metal sulphide filler systems in high-performance thermoplastic with enhanced tribological properties as alternatives to the well-established solid lubricants.
... [29] Glass fibers have a stiffness lower than other reinforcement fibers, but they possess the benefit of combining high strength and low density at a very reasonable cost. [30] Sheets in polypropylene and glass fibers' fabric were cut in a rectangular shape of 100 mm x 150 mm. Each composite laminate was produced through a compression molding technique by superimposing different matrix and reinforcement sheets: a sheet of polypropylene was alternated with a sheet of reinforcement, as shown in Fig. 1. ...
Cold spray deposition of aluminum powders on polyethylene reinforced with glass fibers has been studied. Different processing conditions, including different stratifications of the fiber-reinforced polymer used as a substrate, have been investigated to better understand the deposition mechanism. The experimental campaign has been conceived and tailored to highlight the influence of several process parameters on the deposition of the first layer of particles. The results obtained allowed to highlight and clarify the influence of standoff distance and gas pressure and also gave some insights concerning the effect of the substrate stratification. Guidelines regarding the design of the manufacturing process have been also released.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of fiber reinforcements in polymer composites, starting with their definition and characteristics. It classifies fiber reinforcements into different categories, followed by a detailed examination of widely used commercial reinforcements, such as glass fibers, carbon fibers, and aramid fibers, highlighting their properties, manufacturing methods, and practical applications. The chapter also explores the growing importance of natural fibers, including their sustainability aspects and emerging applications. Notably, it includes a thorough comparative analysis of commercially used fibers, enabling readers to identify their relative advantages and applications. This comparative analysis will help evaluate the properties of various synthetic and basalt (naturally occurring rocks) fiber grades commonly employed in fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs). It covers key mechanical properties, including density, modulus, tensile strength, and elongation, revealing notable trends and variations among different fiber types and grades.
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