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Nowadays, bone repair by means of stem cells potential is considered as a new approach in regenerative medicine. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) have been investigated as a plentiful cell source with the ability of osteogenic differentiation which can play an important role in bone tissue engineering applications. Discovering prope...
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... features of the material. In general, a contact angle above 90 corresponds to a hydrophobic surface, while a contact angle value under 90 represents a hydrophilic surface. So the amount of hydrophilicity of scaffolds were measured through contact angle. Contact angle of water was measured in less than one minute. As can be seen in Fig. 3, the scaffolds could maintain hydrophilicity characteristics, as one of the positive points of scaffolds. The results showed that the contact angle of CPN scaffold was 30.226˚, the contact angle of graphene-PAN scaffold was 47.310ånd the contact angle of PAN scaffold was 51.169˚. These results showed that the hydrophilic properties of ...
Citations
... Quantitative elemental EDS analysis of PL/OD scaffolds confirmed the presence of the calcium element. After biomineralization, an increase in the amount of calcium in the scaffolds was observed as expected [50,51]. The results showed that the amount of calcium deposition on mineralized PL/OD scaffolds increased up to day 14 of culture, and then decreased by day 21; this finding is consistent with the calcium release results ( figure 5(D)). ...
Scaffold development approaches using autologous sources for tissue repair are of great importance in obtaining bio-active/-compatible constructs. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) containing various growth factors and platelet lysate (PL) derived from PRP are autologous products that have the potential to accelerate the tissue repair response by inducing a transient inflammatory event. Considering the regenerative capacity of PRP and PL, PRP/PL-based scaffolds are thought to hold great promise in tissue engineering by providing an ideal autologous growth factor source and mechanical support for cells. Here, a bio-mineralized PRP-based scaffold was developed using oxidized dextran (OD) and evaluated for future application in bone tissue engineering. Prepared PL/OD scaffolds were incubated in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7, 14 and 21 day periods. Mineralized PL/OD scaffolds were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), porosity and compression tests. SEM and EDX analyses revealed mineral accumulation on the PL/OD scaffold as a result of SBF incubation. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro hemolysis tests revealed that the scaffolds were non-toxic and hemocompatible. Additionally, human osteoblasts (hOBs) exhibited good attachment and spreading behavior on the scaffolds and maintained their viability throughout the culture period. The alkaline phosphatase activity assay and calcium release results revealed that PL/OD scaffolds preserved the osteogenic properties of hOBs. Overall, findings suggest that mineralized PL/OD scaffold may be a promising scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
... Studies have reported that films with nanofibrous topographies can induce the osteogenic attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells [44][45][46][47], as they mimic the fibrous structures of the bone tissue ECM [47]. Yang et al suggested that the nanofibrous surface increased alkaline phosphatase activity levels and promoted osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells [48]. ...
Natural polymeric nanobiocomposites hold promise in repairing damaged bone tissue in tissue engineering. These materials create an extracellular matrix-like microenvironment that induces stem cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated a new cytocompatible nanobiocomposite made from cotton cellulose nanofibers combined with chitosan polymer to induce osteogenic stem cell differentiation. First, we characterized the chemical composition, nanotopography, swelling properties, and mechanical properties of the cotton cellulose nanofiber/chitosan nanobiocomposite scaffold. Then, we examined the biological characteristics of the nanocomposites to evaluate their cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation potential using human mesenchymal stem cells derived from exfoliated deciduous teeth. The results showed that the nanobiocomposite exhibited favorable cytocompatibility and promoted osteogenic differentiation of cells without the need for chemical inducers, as demonstrated by the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular matrix mineralization. Therefore, the cotton cellulose nanofiber/chitosan nanobiocomposite scaffold holds great promise for bone tissue engineering applications.
... [1] Several researchers fabricated PAN-based composite for potential tissue engineering applications. Mirakabad et al. [2] investigated the osteogenic development of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in clay-PAN and graphene-PAN nanocomposites. They discovered that cells cultured on clay-PAN nanofibers had higher alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, and collagen expression than cells cultured on the graphene-PAN scaffold. ...
... They discovered that cells cultured on clay-PAN nanofibers had higher alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, and collagen expression than cells cultured on the graphene-PAN scaffold. [2] Fused filaments are typically fabricated to obtain scaffolds using threedimensional (3D) printing, and computer software is used to create a premodel of the structure of the porous scaffolds. [3,4] PLA is an ideal polymeric substitute for petropolymers owing to its renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and excellent thermomechanical properties. ...
In this work, artificial bones composed of hydroxyapatite (HA)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polylactic acid (PLA) were prepared as a potential replacement for natural bone. The cylindrical specimens included an auxetic system with artificial osteons. HA/PAN and PLA were used to fabricate composite filaments by fused deposition modeling three‐dimensional (3D) printing, and the obtained filaments were applied to produce reentrant artificial bone materials. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the scaffold morphology and functional groups. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy was used for elemental analysis. The compressive properties of the samples were studied to determine the optimal scaffolding prototype. Compressive tests were also performed to assess the behavior of the cellular structure from a mechanical perspective. Finally, ANOVA and residual plots were used to investigate the contributions of the design elements, predict the y ‐coordination of the stress values, and evaluate the printing orientation. The results indicated that the auxetic cells influenced the bone macrostructure, which displayed different stiffness characteristics in one working direction. Polymeric solution biomaterials based on HA/PAN and PLA biopolymers have enormous potential as high‐performance liquid synthetic organic polymers for light‐supported extrusion‐based 3D printing. PLA/HA scaffoldings with outstanding medical conversion capability may be used as biomaterial composites for bone deficiency restoration.
Highlights
Composite filaments for FDM 3D printing were used to manufacture reentrant artificial bone.
A replacement method was utilized to determine the porosity of the scaffolds.
Mechanically, this cellular structure was evaluated using compressive studies.
SEM was used to assess scaffold morphology, functional categories, and elements.
Create biodegradable constructions using as little material as possible.
... For preparation, scaffolds were fixed in paraformaldehyde 4%, embedded in paraffin and each of them was divided up to 5 μm pieces used for Masson's trichrome staining. Routine histological protocols of masson's staining were performed step by step to quantify the collagen secretion with blue stain in the osteogenic differentiation process (20)(21)(22). The collagen percentage was estimated through a custom ImageJ macro according to a color deconvolution technique. ...
... In our previous study, we loaded clay and graphene nanoparticles into PAN-based scaffolds in order to evaluate their effects in promoting bone differentiation of AD-MSCs. Obtained results indicated both of nanoparticles have positive effects on osteogenic differentiation (22), however, the effective mechanisms of differentiation progression are still unclear (10). In present study, the presence of nanoclay in the material of scaffolds is useful to induce osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. ...
Nowadays, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most widely used cell sources for bone regenerative medicine. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based scaffolds play an important role in bone tissue engineering due to their good mechanical properties, which could be enhanced by the presence of nanoparticles such as nanoclay. This study evaluated the in-vitro effect of different concentrations of nanoclay in surface characteristic properties of PAN-based electrospun nanofiber scaffolds and the osteogenic differentiation ability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs). After electrospinning nanofibers, their structure were assessed through some characterization tests. Then AD-MSCs isolation and characterization were done, and the cell attachment and the biocompatibility were determined. Finally, osteogenic differentiation-related markers, genes, and proteins were studied. Clay-PAN25% electrospun nanofiber scaffold could support attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of AD-MSCs better than other groups. Also, nanoclay could enhance the properties of PAN-based scaffolds, such as fiber diameter, topography, surface charge, hydrophilicity, roughness, and degradation, as well as osteogenic differentiation of cells. As a result, Clay-PAN25% with the highest concentration of nanoclay was found as a promising biodegradable and cost-effective scaffold for osteogenic differentiation of AD-MSCs.
... A comparative study on the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells between clay-PAN and graphene-PAN nanocomposites was studied by Mirakabad et al. They reported that alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, and collagen expression of cells cultured on clay-PAN nanofibers were better than which cultured on graphene-PAN scaffold [14]. Research conducted by Ishii et al. suggested that PAN nanofibers comprise a promising scaffold for 3D culturing of human hepatocytes [15]. ...
The chemical resemblance of HA to natural bone has led to a widespread research approach to use synthetic HA as a bone substitute and replacement in biomedical application. Nanofibrous composites comprised of bioactive HA has been considered as a promising material for bone regeneration. However, the inadequate mechanical performance by HA agglomeration on nanofiber polymer matrix during electrospinning is a demanding challenge. In this study, we fabricated composite nanofibrous scaffold from the blends of PAN, nCB, and HA via electrospinning to observe the effect of nCB on the membrane properties. All the prepared samples were characterized by SEM-EDX, TEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, water contact angle, swelling, and tensile strength test. Mineralized samples were also characterized by SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, and XPS. Incorporation of nCB reduced the average diameter of nanofibers without any significant changes in surface morphology in PAN/ nCB scaffold. EDX spectra demonstrated an incremental increase in HA components with an increase in the amount of HA loading. TEM micrographs revealed dispersed nCB on the nanofibrous structure. Significant improvement in mechanical performance was observed in PAN/ nCB/ HA compared to PAN/ HA scaffolds. Although an increase in the amount of HA in PAN/ nCB/ HA caused a reduction in the tensile strength and Young's modulus, the values were still greater than those without nCB. PAN/ nCB/ HA composite scaffold showed excellent mineralization of HA (Ca/P = 1.68) with platelet-like clustered protrusions (typical HA morphology) after incubation in SBF. MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells showed excellent proliferation and adhesion on our prepared membranes. Our findings have demonstrated that nCB can strengthen the HA-based polymeric nanofibers and such biocompatible composites have strong potential to be used as bone and other hard tissue restoring materials.
... It was demonstrated that clay nanoparticles can improve cell proliferation and differentiation [20]. Similar to our results, Mt at a concentration of 25 μg/mL increased the growth of PBMC cells [21] and at a concentration of 16 μg/mL and lack of FBS increased the growth of Caco-2 cells [11], compared to the control cells. ...
... Similar to our results, Mt at a concentration of 25 μg/mL increased the growth of PBMC cells [21] and at a concentration of 16 μg/mL and lack of FBS increased the growth of Caco-2 cells [11], compared to the control cells. Also, using Mt in tissue engineering scaffolds increased the cell growth [20,22]. ...
Montmorillonite (Mt) nanosheets are used in pharmaceutical products as both excipient and active ingredients. In addition, Mt can be used as a nanocarrier for oral delivery of drugs, including chemotherapy drugs, and as an embolic agent for tumor arterial embolization. It is noteworthy that, there is few conflicting evidence on the intrinsic antitumor activity of Mt. Hence, in this study, the antitumor potential of Mt was investigated using MRC-5, HT-29 and HepG2 cell lines. MTT assay revealed that, Mt possesses antiproliferative effect, which was concentration-dependent and affected by both protein level and cell type. However, this antiproliferative effect was not significantly affected by increasing the exposure time from 24 to 48 h. The results of flow-cytometry and qRT-PCR analyses showed that, Mt induced G0/G1-phase arrest in MRC-5 and HT-29 cells by modulating P21, P27 and Cyclin D1 genes, whereas it induced S-phase arrest in HepG2 cells probably by damaging DNA and up-regulating mTOR gene. The results also indicated that, Mt induced a high rate of apoptosis in all the cell lines by modulating anti/pro-apoptotic genes, as well as a rate of necrosis in HT-29. The apoptosis of MRC-5 and HT-29 cells was accompanied with up-regulation of P62 gene, suggesting autophagy-dependent apoptosis. In addition, in all the cell lines, Mt significantly enhanced the expression of executioner caspase-3. Based on these results, the biocompatible Mt nanosheets can act as antitumor agents. These findings may provide new applications of Mt in the field of cancer therapy.
Vascular regeneration is strictly depended on the proliferation and spreading of the injured endothelial cell layer especially in the small diameter vessels. If a substrate is optimized for this application, there will be new hopes to control the vascular wall thickness. Herein, the various strategies including the surface modification, co-electrospinning and blend-electrospinning methods were employed to prepare the nanofibrous scaffolds from polyurethane (PU), gelatin and somatotropin. These protein biomolecules could support the endothelial cell attachment and also their proliferation, respectively. The assays including the scaffold fibers and cell morphologies, mechanical tensile behavior, surface wettability, the cell proliferation and the release kinetic profile confirmed the higher bioactivity of the scaffold which was fabricated by a blend of PU, gelatin and somatotropin agents. This group represented better cell spreading and cell attachment in spite of lower mechanical properties compared to the co-electrospun groups. Regarding this issue, the kinetic model for the release of somatotropin growth factor was an anomalous non-Fickian diffusion due to the impact of polymer relaxation and erosion on the somatotropin release. As a whole, by incorporation of somatotropin in the PU fibers, a sustained release pattern resulted. This controlled release manner of somatotropin enhanced the endothelial cell proliferation that is required for the therapeutic goal of the damaged vessels.
In this work, we highlight the flawed interphase section surrounding dispersed and networked nanoclay to simulate the stiffness of polymer nanocomposites. The proposed model undertakes the crucial interfacial shear modulus (Sc), intercalation degree, interphase depth (ti), percolation onset, clay portion in the networks and the modulus of interphase zone around clays. Many experimental data from literature and parametric examines are utilized to approve the established model. Sc=0.02 GPa increases the modulus of nanocomposites by 250 %, while Sc>0.13 GPa slightly improve the modulus by 30 %. Also, ti=10 nm and interfacial shear modulus (Si) of 100 GPa cause the 300 % improvement in the nanocomposite’s modulus, but ti<1.3 nm or Si<13 GPa slightly enhance the modulus by 10 %. Moreover, both the modulus and portion of networked clays straightly handle the modulus of nanocomposites.
Objective:
We aimed to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and functional differences between exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from umbilical cord (UC) or adipose tissue (AD).
Materials and methods:
In this experimental study, the UC and AD were isolated from healthy volunteers. Then, exosomes from UC-MSCs and AD-MSCs were isolated and characterized. Next, the protein compositions of the exosomes were examined via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), followed by evaluation of the DEPs between UC-MSC and AD-MSC-derived exosomes. Finally, functional enrichment analysis was performed.
Results:
One hundred and ninety-eight key DEPs were identified, among which, albumin (ALB), alpha-II-spectrin (SPTAN1), and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (RAC2) were the three hub proteins present at the highest levels in the protein-protein interaction network that was generated based on the shared DEPs. The DEPs were mainly enriched in gene ontology (GO) items associated with immunity, complement activation, and protein activation cascade regulation corresponding to 24 pathways, of which complement and coagulation cascades as well as platelet activation pathways were the most significant.
Conclusion:
The different functions of AD- and UC-MSC exosomes in clinical applications may be related to the differences in their immunomodulatory activities.
