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Electrochemical sensors play a significant role in detecting chemical ions, molecules, and pathogens in water and other applications. These sensors are sensitive, portable, fast, inexpensive, and suitable for online and in-situ measurements compared to other methods. They can provide the detection for any compound that can undergo certain transform...
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... They offer real-time monitoring of analytes, simplicity in handling, and sufficient sensitivity at a reduced cost. Additionally, their compatibility with microfluidic systems, large-scale fabrication, and multiplexing technologies makes them an ideal starting point for realizing low-cost and portable sensing platforms suitable for the in-field detection and quantification of environmental contaminants [24,25]. ...
This work presents an electrochemical sensor detecting a fungicide-azoxystrobin (AZO) in aqueous environments. This AZO sensor utilizes a thin-film metal electrode (TFME) combined with an AZO-selective molecularly imprinted polymer (AZO–MIP). The AZO–MIP was directly generated on TFME through electrochemical polymerization from the solution containing two functional monomers: aniline (Ani) and m-phenylenediamine (mPD), and the template: AZO, which was afterwards removed to form AZO-selective cavities in the polymer matrix. The AZO–MIP preparation was characterized by electrochemical and ellipsometry measurements. Optimization of the synthesis parameters, including the charge density applied during electrodeposition, the monomer-to-template ratio, was performed to enhance the sensor’s performance. The results demonstrated that the AZO sensor achieved a low limit of detection (LOD) of 3.6 nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11.8 nM in tap water, indicating its sensitivity in a complex aqueous environment. The sensor also exhibited satisfactory selectivity for AZO in both ultrapure and tap-water samples and achieved a good recovery (94–119%) for the target analyte. This study highlights the potential of MIP-based electrochemical sensors for the rapid and accurate detection of fungicide contaminants in water, contributing to the advancement of analytical tools for water-quality monitoring and risk assessment.
... [40][41][42][43] It is well known that is short ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence or single-standard deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) that was produced by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) attracting considerable attention due to several benefits of this bioreceptor including small size, flexible structure, easy modification, quick reaction, high affinity and high stability. [44,45] More importantly, the high binding affinity and specificity of aptamer have caused its overuse in the field of biosensors. [46] Nowadays, aptamer field covers various biomedical applications such as therapeutic, aptasensors, [47] diagnostic [48] and imaging systems. ...
In today's world, Parkinson's disease (PD) has been introduced as a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system which mainly affects approximately more than ten million people worldwide. The vast majority of diagnostic methods for PD have operated based on conventional sensing platforms, while the traditional laboratory tests are not efficient for diagnosis of PD in the early stage due to symptoms of this common neurodegenerative syndrome starting slowly. The advent of the aptasensor has revolutionized the early-stage diagnosis of PD by measuring related biomarkers due to the myriad advantages of originating from aptamers which can be able to sensitive and selective capture various types of related biomarkers. The progress of numerous sensing platforms and methodologies in terms of biosensors based on aptamer application for PD diagnosis has revealed promising results. In this review, we present the latest developments in myriad types of aptasensors for the determination of related PD biomarkers. Working strategies, advantages and limitations of these sensing approaches are also mentioned, followed by prospects and challenges.
... Tests conducted in this study included measurement of dissolved oxygen (DO) and water turbidity. Real-time water quality monitoring systems using chemical sensors have been discussed in [9,10,11]. The authors emphasize that systems based on chemical detection or a combination of chemical and other methods are the most effective. ...
This paper presents the novel estimation algorithm that generates all signals of an object described by nonlinear ordinary differential equations based only on easy-to-implement measurements. Unmeasured signals are estimated by using an adaptive approach. For this purpose, a filtering equation with a continuously modified gain vector is used. Its value is determined by an incremental method, and the amount of correction depends on the current difference between the generated signal and its measured counterpart. In addition, the study takes into account the aging process of measurements and their random absence. The application of the proposed approach can be realized for any objects with a suitable mathematical description. A biochemically polluted river with an appropriate transformation of the notation of partial differential equations was chosen as an object. The results of numerical experiments are promising, and the process of obtaining them involves little computational necessity, so the approach is aimed at the needs of control implemented online.
... These sensors offer several advantages, including sensitivity, portability, speed, affordability, and suitability for online and in-situ measurements compared to other methods. They can detect compounds that undergo specific transformations within a potential window, making them versatile for multiple ion detections (Kanoun et al., 2021). Electrochemical sensors rely on electrochemical reactions to detect and quantify specific ions, gases, and pollutants in water. ...
Water pollution is a global crisis impacting ecosystems, health, and economies. This chapter explores strategies to combat it, stressing advanced water quality sensors' vital role. It scrutinizes pollutants, emphasizing modern sensor tech's importance in ensuring water safety. Tackling pollution is crucial for biodiversity, human health, and clean water access. Pollutants include heavy metals, chemicals, pathogens, and sediments, requiring precise monitoring by sensors using various technologies. They offer real-time detection and response, covering chemical, biological, physical, remote sensing, and IoT-enabled sensors. Challenges like maintenance persist, requiring protocols and training. Collaboration and sensor tech are pivotal in ensuring cleaner water. This chapter highlights technology's role in managing water quality, emphasizing innovation for safeguarding this vital resource.
... Therefore, it is necessary to resort to what are known as monitoring studies that, through the design and implementation of methods, processes and procedures, guarantee, to a large extent, the follow-up and evaluation of these pesticides, as well as the implementation or execution of observation systems for the ecosystems [36]. In this respect, chemical pollution of natural waters represents a threat to the environment, with effects such as acute or chronic toxicity in aquatic organisms, accumulation of pollutants in the ecosystem and loss of habitats and biodiversity [37,38]. ...
There is currently a growing interest in the so-called emerging pollutants, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal hygiene care products, drugs, etc., whose presence in natural ecosystems is not necessarily recent, but the development in latest years of new and more sensitive methods of analysis has allowed their detection. They can be present in the natural environment, food, and many products of everyday origin, which suggests that human exposure to them is massive and universal. Therefore, the study of this type of substances is becoming one of the priority lines of research of the main agencies dedicated to the protection of public and environmental health, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or European Union (EU). In this sense, it is of vital importance to know the nature and quantity of this type of contaminants, to establish preventive mechanisms that minimize its presence in aquatic systems, with special requirements for human consumption. This study aimed to describe a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the status of pesticides in European waters. We will search for original studies in the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, ScienceDirect databases. Prevalence studies of emerging contaminants (pesticides) in water resources (watersheds, aquifers, rivers, marine and springs), wastewaters (influent and effluent), and drinking water should be included. Two reviewers will independently screen and assess the included studies, with any disagreements being resolved by a third reviewer. We will summarize the findings using a narrative approach and, if possible, conduct a quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). We will conduct the protocol following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The review will summarize the current evidence on the presence of pesticides in European waters such as glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, neonicotinoid pesticides, and/or fungicides, in samples of different water resources like wastewaters and drinking water. We expect that this systematic review will establish preventive mechanisms that minimize the presence of pesticides in water in the environment.
... Water and Environmental analysis: On-site surveillance of pollutants has been extended through the game -changing features of electrochemical biosensors. Water contaminants like phosphorous, nitrites, water hardeners, pesticides, disinfectants, trace metals and phenols have been scrutinized by the modulation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) [26]. Exacerbating use of ammonium in agriculture as a fertilizer and nitrides in food additives and preservatives led a drastic effect to environment as well as human health. ...
... Ammonia nitrogen in water can be converted into carcinogenic nitrite under certain conditions, and if drunk for a long time, it is extremely harmful to human health [5]. Therefore, reducing ammonia nitrogen pollution is very important to protect the water environment [6]. In order to detect the water quality problems caused by ammonia nitrogen early, it is very necessary to monitor the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the target water quality. ...
As a common water pollutant, ammonia nitrogen poses a serious risk to human health and the ecological environment. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple and efficient sensing scheme to achieve accurate detection of ammonia nitrogen. Here, we report a simple fabrication electrode for the electrochemical synthesis of platinum–zinc alloy nanoflowers (PtZn NFs) on the surface of carbon cloth. The obtained PtZn NFs/CC electrode was applied to the electrochemical detection of ammonia nitrogen by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The enhanced electrocatalytic activity of PtZn NFs and the larger electrochemical active area of the self-supported PtZn NFs/CC electrode are conducive to improving the ammonia nitrogen detection performance of the sensitive electrode. Under optimized conditions, the PtZn NFs/CC electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with a wide linear range from 1 to 1000 µM, a sensitivity of 21.5 μA μM−1 (from 1 μM to 100 μM) and a lower detection limit of 27.81 nM, respectively. PtZn NFs/CC electrodes show excellent stability and anti-interference. In addition, the fabricated electrochemical sensor can be used to detect ammonia nitrogen in tap water and lake water samples.
... Therefore, electrochemical methods with simple operation, fast detection and high sensitivity have gradually attracted the attention of researchers [10]. At present, researchers are constantly working to improve the sensitivity, selectivity and stability of electrochemical detection methods for ammonia nitrogen in order to better meet the needs of practical applications [11]. As the core detection element, the electrochemical ammonia-nitrogen sensitive electrode has become the key research object [12]. ...
Pt-based electrochemical ammonia-nitrogen sensors played a significance role in real-time monitoring the ammonia-nitrogen concentration. The alloying of Pt and transition metals was one of the effective ways to increase the detectability of the sensitive electrode. In this paper, a self-supported electrochemical electrode for the detection of ammonia nitrogen was obtained by the electrodeposition of PtNi alloy nanoleaves on a carbon cloth (PtNi-CC). Experimental results showed that the PtNi-CC electrode exhibited enhanced detection performance with a wide linear range from 0.5 to 500 µM, high sensitivity (7.83 µA µM−1 cm−2 from 0.5 to 150 μM and 0.945 µA µM−1 cm−2 from 150 to 500 μM) and lower detection limit (24 nM). The synergistic effect between Pt and Ni and the smaller lattice spacing of the PtNi alloy were the main reasons for the excellent performance of the electrode. This work showed the great potential of Pt-based alloy electrodes for the detection of ammonia-nitrogen.
... 66 In addition, π−π interactions may also occur between the aromatic moiety of paraoxon-ethyl with graphene and PSS to improve the electrocatalytic redox process on the surface of modified electrodes. 67 Second, the hydrogen interaction occurs between oxygen in nitro (NO 2 − ) and orthophosphate (PO 4 − ) functional groups from the chemical structure of paraoxon-ethyl with sulfonic acid functional groups (−SO 3 H) in the chain structure of PSS. Therefore, all these possible chemical interactions may occur on the surface of the modified electrode possessing the highest electrocatalytic activity that is due to the synergistic effect between Au−Ag core−shell, graphene, and PEDOT:PSS. ...
Herein, a nonenzymatic detection of paraoxon-ethyl was developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with gold–silver core–shell (Au–Ag) nanoparticles combined with the composite of graphene with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). These core–shell nanoparticles (Au–Ag) were synthesized using a seed-growth method and characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques. Meanwhile, the structural properties, surface morphology and topography, and electrochemical characterization of the composite of Au–Ag core–shell/graphene/PEDOT:PSS were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Moreover, the proposed sensor for paraoxon-ethyl detection based on Au–Ag core–shell/graphene/PEDOT:PSS modified GCE demonstrates good electrochemical and electroanalytical performance when investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry techniques. It was found that the synergistic effect between Au–Ag core–shell nanoparticles and the composite of graphene/PEDOT:PSS provides a higher conductivity and enhanced electrocatalytic activity for paraoxon-ethyl detection at an optimum pH of 7. At pH 7, the proposed sensor for paraoxon-ethyl detection shows a linear range of concentrations from 0.2 to 100 μM with a limit of detection of 10 nM and high sensitivity of 3.24 μA μM–1 cm–2. In addition, the proposed sensor for paraoxon-ethyl confirmed good reproducibility, with the possibility of being further developed as a disposable electrode. This sensor also displayed good selectivity in the presence of several interfering species such as diazinon, carbaryl, ascorbic acid, glucose, nitrite, sodium bicarbonate, and magnesium sulfate. For practical applications, this proposed sensor was employed for the determination of paraoxon-ethyl in real samples (fruits and vegetables) and showed no significant difference from the standard spectrophotometric technique. In conclusion, this proposed sensor might have a potential to be developed as a platform of electrochemical sensors for pesticide detection.
... La optimización de los parámetros de inmovilización, como la concentración de nanomaterial, el tiempo de reacción y las condiciones de inmovilización, es esencial para obtener una inmovilización eficiente y maximizar el rendimiento del biosensor [28] [49]. Además, la selección apropiada del nanomaterial y su compatibilidad con las lacasas son factores que también afectan las propiedades del biosensor [50]. ...
A review of advances in laccase enzyme immobilization techniques for application in biosensors to detect and quantify phenol in produced waters of the oil and gas
industry is reviewed. Phenol is a toxic compound widely used in the petrochemical industry, and its presence in produced waters represents an environmental and public
health concern. The use of laccase-based biosensors is presented as a promising strategy to address this challenge.
Advances in the immobilization of laccase using different methods, such as the use of nanomaterials, solid matrices, encapsulation in protective matrices, covalent binding to
solid surfaces and cross-linking in three-dimensional matrices, are highlighted. These approaches aim to improve the sensitivity, stability and catalytic activity of biosensors.
Optimization of immobilization parameters, surface modification and functionalization of nanomaterials are mentioned as key strategies to improve enzyme-substrate
interaction and immobilization efficiency. Overall, these advances have demonstrated significant improvements in the sensitivity and stability of biosensors, making them
more suitable for detecting and monitoring phenol in the production waters of the oil and gas industry, thereby ensuring environmental safety and public health in the
context of the Oil & Gas industry.
