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Construction of Tegosolar PVL68 photovoltaic elastic roof tile, where 1: ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); 2: silicon cell (a-Si for blue-colour radiation); 3: silicon cell (a-SiGe for green-colour radiation); 4: silicon cell (a-SiGe for red-colour radiation); 5: stainless steel foil (-); 6: polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVDF) base layers [27].
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![Figure 2. Photovoltaic roof tile (Tegosolar PVL68) [27].](publication/332516324/figure/fig1/AS:749211524014080@1555637355368/Photovoltaic-roof-tile-Tegosolar-PVL68-27_Q320.jpg)
This paper presents different types of photovoltaic (PV) roof tiles integrating PV cells with roof covering. Selected elastic photovoltaic roof tiles were characterised for their material and electrical characteristics. Practical aspects of using PV roof tiles are discussed, alongside the benefits and drawbacks of their installation on the roof. Th...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... reference PV roof tile was composed of four main layers (shown in Figure 3), including [27]: ETFE (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, also known as Tefzel)-durable polymer resistant to water and moisture, with high tensile strength, highly transparent and resistant to UV light; it is also used for the proper encapsulation of PV cells ensuring their proper electrical insulation. PV cells-11 triple-junction PV cells made of amorphous silicon with different admixtures to improve sensitivity to absorption of light in the blue, green and red colour ranges; the total thickness of the PV cell was ca. 1 μm, dimensions: 239 × 356 mm and ca. ...
Context 2
... PVDF bottom laminate (polyvinylidene-fluoride)-thermoplastic polymer with a high degree of PVDF crystallisation; it provides additional protection of PV cells from moisture and atmospheric conditions, proper electrical insulation, and mechanical, thermal and chemical protection. The construction of the reference photovoltaic roof tile, based on a triple-junction structure (with the addition of Ge in different amounts in individual parts of the PV cells) is presented in Figure 3, while its most important technical parameters are shown in Table 1. The structure which generated electrical energy consisted of stainless-steel foil, on which three layers of amorphous silicon, a transparent electrode and connection grid sockets were applied. ...
Context 3
... mechanisms of PV roof tiles were expressed by correlating their electrical equivalents (resistance and capacity) with thermal resistance and thermal capacity, used for defining heat transmittance in their layers. Figure 4 presents a substitute wiring diagram for the RC model of a studied single PVL68 photovoltaic roof tile ( Figure 4a) and for the entire roof structure with built-in PV roof tiles (Figure 4b). Figure 4a,b covers the PV cell as a whole (i.e., assembly of the three layers of cells listed in Figure 3). IPV, UPV (Figure 4a,b) is a photovoltaic current and voltage of solar cells, respectively. ...
Citations
... The thermal properties and cooling requirements of PV roof tiles have been studied, with the resistance-capacity (RC) model revealing a relationship between thermal resistance and heat capacity, dependent on environmental conditions [66]. Another study emphasized the importance of an air gap for cooling, finding that larger gaps are required to prevent overheating and enhance efficiency [67]. ...
Global energy consumption has led to concerns about potential supply problems, energy consumption and growing environmental impacts. This paper comprehensively provides a detailed assessment of current studies on the subject of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology in net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). The review is validated through various case studies, which highlight the significance of factors such as building surface area to volume ratio (A/V), window-wall ratio (WWR), glass solar heating gain coefficient (SHGC), and others in achieving the NZEBs standards. In addition, this review article draws the following conclusions: (1) NZEBs use renewable energy to achieve energy efficiency and carbon neutrality. (2) NZEBs implementation, however, has some limitations, including the negligence of indoor conditions in the analysis, household thermal comfort, and the absence of an energy supply and demand monitoring system. (3) Most researchers advise supplementing facade and window BIPV as solely roofing BIPV will not be able to meet the building’s electricity usage. (4) Combining BIPV with building integrated solar thermal (BIST), considering esthetics and geometry, enhances outcomes and helps meet NZEB criteria. (5) BIPV designs should follow standards and learn from successful cases. However, to ascertain the long-term reliability and structural integrity of BIPV systems, a comprehensive study of their potential degradation mechanisms over extended periods is imperative. The review paper aims to examine BIPV applications in-depth, underscoring its pivotal role in attaining a net-zero energy benchmark.
... Sharma et al. reported the results of a thermal design of a concentrated PV system using McAdams' equation [17]. Lindholm [21,22]. These empirical equations were derived for flat plates or rectangular objects in an air flow. ...
To improve the thermal design of vehicle-integrated photovoltaic (VIPV) modules, this study clarifies the characteristics of the convective heat transfer coefficient h between the vehicle roof surface and the surrounding air with respect to vehicle speed. Experiments on two types of vehicles with different body shapes indicate that h is strongly affected by vehicle speed, and it is also affected by body shape depending on the position on the roof. Empirical equations for approximating h as a function of vehicle speed and position on the vehicle roof are derived from the experimental datasets, and the differences between the equations derived herein and traditional equations that have been used for the heat transfer analysis of conventional stationary photovoltaic (PV) modules are clarified. Furthermore, the temperature change characteristics of the VIPV module were measured experimentally, confirming that h is the dominant factor causing the high temperature change rate of the VIPV module under driving conditions. In sunny summer conditions, the measured temperature change rate reaches up to 16.5 °C/min, which is approximately 10 times greater than that in the standard temperature cycle test for conventional stationary PV modules.
... The ASTM G99-17 technique is followed in order to determine a material's wear resistance [19][20][21]. The pin on the disc wear tester was used to determine the wear index of the material under consideration. ...
In this study, a polymer composite is made using chemically treated jute fiber and waste floor tile powder as an alternative source for roof tile application. The wear qualities were examined at various ages, and the outcomes were optimized. In order to improve the wetting properties of the jute fiber, it was chemically treated. MINITAB software was used to develop Taguchi method parameters such as jute fiber percentage, waste tile powder percentage, and NaOH chemical treatment using the MINITAB software. It was determined that hardness was the most important characteristic in terms of wear properties after the specimens were subjected to ageing and abrasion wear testing and hardness tests were carried out as per normal protocols. As a result of the waste tile powder addition, the surface and core pore formation rates were reduced and the wear index rates were low. Jute fiber with 15%, 9% tile powder, and 5% NaOH treatment were found to have the lowest wear index of the other specimen compositions tested, according to the wear index. Specimen made with 5% jute fiber addition, 9% tile powder inclusion, and 10% NaOH treatment, on the other hand, had more hardness. Degradation of the fibers and delamination are side effects of the ageing process. The wear resistance of the surface was increased by the use of waste tile powder.
... Based on the measured temperature values, graphs showing the change in temperature of the front and rear side of individual modules within 30 min of placing a given prototype under the simulator were plotted (see: Figure 5a). The temperature of all samples stabilized after approximately 10-15 min, which is expected according to the literature [32][33][34][35]. Comparing the individual modules, it can be seen that the prototypes 1 and 2 reached the steady state temperature of the front side exceeding 80 • C, which is about 7-8 • C higher than the other two prototypes. ...
... Based on the measured temperature values, graphs showing the change in temperature of the front and rear side of individual modules within 30 min of placing a given prototype under the simulator were plotted (see: Figure 5a). The temperature of all samples stabilized after approximately 10-15 min, which is expected according to the literature [32][33][34][35]. Comparing the individual modules, it can be seen that the prototypes 1 and 2 reached the steady state temperature of the front side exceeding 80 °C, which is about 7-8 °C higher than the other two prototypes. ...
Dynamic growth of photovoltaic capacity in Poland encourages many entities to invest in photovoltaic systems. However, in the case of buildings with low roof-bearing capacity it can be problematic or even impossible to mount conventional PV modules due to their relatively high weight. Hence, the use of lightweight PV modules is a potential solution. In this paper four different prototype silicon lightweight modules of novel structure manufactured by the Xdisc S.A have been investigated in terms of their electrical and thermal features. The measurements showed that all prototypes have efficiency exceeding 19.5% and power in range of 214 to 242 Wp at standard test conditions. Their area density is about 3.5 kg/m2 which is typical for lightweight modules. In turn, the Power-to-Weight Ratio exceeds 40 W/kg threshold and in one case reaches almost 58 W/kg. Thanks to the measurements, the prototypes could be modelled in PVsyst (PVsyst SA, Satigny, Switzerland). The performed simulations of an example PV system revealed that installations based on prototypes have comparable performance to a conventional installation. Nevertheless, at current prices they are less profitable than the standard system and it shows the need for future cost reductions in the manufacturing process. The proposed materials selection may be the starting point for search of inexpensive substitutes of these materials which still conserve modules high performance. A system based on the prototypes can still prove advantageous when simplicity and promptness outweigh higher initial costs.
... The newest publications are related to the issues of ecology, economics, etc., in particular the implementation and application of hybrid energy conversion systems in Poland [21,22]. There have also been publications on non-silicon PV modules [23], studies of weather and climate conditions on the efficiency of solar energy conversion [24], etc. ...
Fundamental and applied research on renewable energy is actively supported for the development of world science and maintaining the energy independence and security of different countries. This section analyzes the publications of scientists from two countries—Ukraine and Poland—in the field of “thermoelectricity,” “photoelectricity,” and “bioenergy” to find regularities in each state and to determine the prospects for joint research. Ukraine and Poland share a common border and have similar climatic conditions and historical heritage, but Poland is a member of the EU, and its legislation in the field of renewable energy complies with the regulations of the European Community. Ukraine is making every effort to develop renewable energy. Comparison of the state of research in these countries is also an example of the analysis of the situation at the borders of EU countries and may answer questions related to sustainable development, the mass transition to renewable energy, and the refusal to use fossil fuels and nuclear power plants. The analysis is based on the results of data published in the international scientific databases Web of Science and Scopus. The most advanced areas of research in each country are identified, analyzed, and aimed at practical application.
... That is, neglecting the material thermal capacity effect and discarding the lag in temperature variation with respect to one or more of the affecting parameters [6]. Based on this concept, the main classification of the PV temperature modelling is whether it is a static (steady-state) [12,[15][16][17]22,25,27,28] or dynamic model [2,[5][6][7]18,[29][30][31][32][33]. Although the static model requires lower computational cost, its accuracy level could be affected in case of rapid changing of the controlling parameters. ...
... Treating the PV module as a single block of material and employ a single heat balance equation, including different heat loss mechanisms [2,3,5,7,8,13,19,22,[29][30][31][32][33]41,42]. The thermal resistivity and thermal capacity (in case of a dynamic model) will be summed to find the component of the heat generated inside the module. ...
... [5] 5 Neglecting the radiation heat losses of both surfaces. [5,15,33] 6 ...
Temperature has a significant effect on the photovoltaic module output power and mechanical properties. Measuring the temperature for such a stacked layers structure is impractical to be carried out, especially when we talk about a high number of modules in power plants. This paper introduces a novel thermal model to estimate the temperature of the embedded electronic junction in modules/cells as well as their front and back surface temperatures. The novelty of this paper can be realized through different aspects. First, the model includes a novel coefficient, which we define as the forced convection adjustment coefficient to imitate the module tilt angle effect on the forced convection heat transfer mechanism. Second, the new combination of effective sub-models found in literature producing a unique and reliable method for estimating the temperature of the PV modules/cells by incorporating the new coefficient. In addition, the paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing PV thermal sub-models and the determination expressions of the related parameters, which all have been tested to find the best combination. The heat balance equation has been employed to construct the thermal model. The validation phase shows that the estimation of the module temperature has significantly improved by introducing the novel forced convection adjustment coefficient. Measurements of polycrystalline and amorphous modules have been used to verify the proposed model. Multiple error indication parameters have been used to validate the model and verify it by comparing the obtained results to those reported in recent and most accurate literature.
... The remaining λ values were read from the PN-EN 12524:2003 standard, based on the knowledge of the material of the given layer [67]. The thermal resistance of each partition was determined on the basis of the following equation (with an example calculation made for one of the wall layers-Partition No. 3) [68,69]. ...
... The value of total thermal resistance was determined as the sum of resistances of all layers occurring in the new partition, also taking into account the resistance of the air gap, as well as the R si and R se parameters. The following height of this total resistance was obtained [69]. ...
... Parameter values for new material layers after modernization[69,71]. ...
Based on a method to reduce energy consumption suggested in a real energy audit carried out in an industrial plant located in Poznań (city in Poland), the potential of using photovoltaic (PV) panels as wall cladding was analyzed, in order to reduce energy (electric and thermal) consumption and financial expenditure. The authors’ concept of using building integrated photovoltaic installation (BIPV) was presented and tested. This study checked whether the presence of PV modules would also affect heat transfer through the external wall of the building on which the installation is located. The analysis consisted of determining, for two variants, the heat transfer coefficients across the partition, in order to estimate the potential thermal energy savings. The first variant concerned the existing state, i.e., heat transfer through the external wall of the building, while the second included an additional partition layer in the form of photovoltaic panels. As a result, the use of panels as wall cladding allowed the improvement of the thermal parameters of the building wall (by increasing the thermal resistance of the wall), and the reduction of gas consumption for heating. The panels also generate electricity for the factory’s own needs. Payback time, compared to calculations which do not include changes in thermal parameters, was shortened from 14 to 11 years. The main reason for this is that gas consumption is reduced due to the improved heat transfer coefficient of the wall and the reduction of the heat loss of the facility. This aspect is usually overlooked when considering photovoltaic installations and, as argued by this paper, can be important.
Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) roof technology is gaining popularity and its durability is of concern to different interest groups—watertightness is an important aspect. This study proposes an optimized solar panel structure for BIPV roofs, which aims to achieve watertightness performance; further, watertightness experiments with static and dynamic rainfall (the max wind speed level was 12) were conducted based on GB/T 15227–2019 standard through third-party testing. The results show that the BIPV roof system proposed has good watertightness performance; the water leakage grade is “not severe”. In addition, this study compares the technology application differences of three BIPV roof prototypes and discusses the effectiveness of red dyed test strips in characterizing water leakages. The proposed structure can be a reference for architects and engineers in the early design stage of BIPV roofs, which effectively enhances the durability and the cost investment of waterproofing materials.
The energy supply of private household buildings accounted for 16 % of the total German CO 2 -emission in 2020. To fulfil the targets of a climate neutral building sector in 2045, both, energy efficiency as well as on-site use of Renewable Energies in buildings are needed. One concept of a climate neutral building is the so-called Efficiency House Plus, that features large photovoltaic systems making it seemingly energy self-sufficient and CO 2 -negative by feeding in more electric energy into the grid than needed for its operation on a yearly basis. In fact, houses of this type are highly grid dependent especially during winter months due to their solely electrically based energy supply and a missing long term energy storage. This paper analyses the CO 2 -emission of Energy Efficiency Plus houses more in detail on a timely resolved basis for the German electric supply system of the year 2013, 2021 and a perspective one 2030. An alternative calculation approach for simplified normative evaluation of such buildings is proposed.
