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The prediction of long-term fatigue life of various FRP laminates combined with resins, fibers and fabrics for marine use
under temperature and water environments were performed by our developed accelerated testing methodology based on the time-temperature
superposition principle (TTSP). The base material of five kinds of FRP laminates employed in...
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Context 1
... base material of five kinds of FRP laminates employed in this study was plain fabric CFRP laminates T300 carbon fibers/vinylester (T300/VE). The first selection of FRP laminate to T300/VE was the combinations of different fabrics, that is flat yarn plain fabric T700 carbon fibers/vinylester (T700/VE-F) and multi-axial knitted T700 carbon fibers/vinylester (T700/VE-K) for marine use and the second selection of FRP laminates to T300/VE was the combinations with different fibers and matrix resin, that is plain fabric T300 carbon fibers/epoxy (T300/EP) and plain fabric E glass fibers/vinylester (E-glass/VE) shown in Fig.2. These FRP laminates were formed by resin transfer molding (RTM) except T300/EP which was formed by conventional hand lay up. ...
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Citations
... Testing such materials under various conditions over time periods of several years is almost impossible. Given the fact that reinforced plastics are viscoelastic materials, their properties are strongly time-and temperature-dependent [15][16][17]. Based on this, elevated temperatures were used as accelerating factor in order to conduct the durability study in a limited time. ...
... The use of such kinds of metallic pipe material is prevented in applications where corrosion, weight and effects on the environment are basic. There are a great many applications for glass fiber reinforced pipes including pressure pipelines and in water transportation over and underground [6][7][8][9]. Farshad [10] carried out compression creep tests on GRP pipes. He conditioned materials of pipes before tests in water at ambient temperature. ...
Pipes made from glass fiber reinforced polymer have a competitive role in the petroleum industry. These types of pipes mainly be set up underground to carry waste water in petroleum field. The environment of the pipes underground besides the effect of water condensed with chlorine gas creates chemical corrosion (degradation) for composite polymeric pipes. The chemical corrosion in such polymeric material is in the form of degradation in fracture and mechanical characteristics. Therefore, the degree of corrosion is determined through its effect on the mechanical and fracture properties of glass fiber reinforced pipes. Therefore, tension and bending tests are performed to obtain the mechanical properties of (GRP) before and after corrosion and a compact tension test is carried out to obtain the fracture toughness of such material. As well as the tests are performed before and after immersion in corrosive waste petroleum water for about 1,440 h. The degradation that is induced in the mechanical and fracture properties are observed. The measured fracture toughness in the compact tension test is influenced by the effect of the corrosion water. Alternatively, a bending test is more acceptable for such brittle material.
... 32,33 Nonvisible dissociation between fibers and matrix could lead to rapid losses of interfacial shear strength. 23 Research gap and statement of the problem Several studies have addressed durability of the following FRP components manufactured with typical petro-based polymer matrix (vinylester or epoxy resin): pultruded GFRP reinforcement, 29,34 externally bonded FRP reinforcement, 35,36 including FRPwrapped concrete cylinders 37 and concrete filled FRP tubes. 30 However, very limited studies have been conducted on degradation of bio-sourced resin composites materials for civil engineering applications. ...
Sustainability has recently become a key issue in the design and manufacture of products, due to dwindling oil reserves and increased environmental awareness. Therefore, bio-sourced resins are suggested to be used as an alternative in order to reduce the environmental impact of composite production. This paper presents the mechanical and physico-chemical characterization and the environmental degradation evaluation of furan resin-based glass fiber reinforced polymer (bio-sourced glass fiber reinforced polymer) for structural retrofitting applications in comparison with those of an equivalent thermoset-based glass fiber reinforced polymer (petro-sourced glass fiber reinforced polymer). Epoxy resin was used as a representative for petroleum-derived synthetic thermoset. To conduct this preliminary study, the following steps were taken: (1) prepare composites made from furan and epoxy resins, (2) characterize the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of the composites, (3) study the moisture absorption, and finally, (4) evaluate the degradation of both composites when subjected to alkaline solutions which was simulated to leached concrete pore solution. The experimental results show that the use of furan resin as polymer matrix in glass fiber reinforced polymer leads to an increase in the moisture absorption and a significant decrease in the degradation in alkaline solution.
... In these applications the pipe is in contact with various fluids that, in some cases may have aggressive effects on the material components of the pipe12131415. GRP pipes are frequently used in water transportation and it is widely recognized that water as a pronounced effect on the mechanical properties and on the structure of fibre reinforced polymer materials1617181920. One of the most important factors which affect the creep behaviour of these materials is moisture. ...
The aim of this work was to study the long-term failure of GRP (Glass fiber-reinforced Polymer) pipes under the influence of moisture absorption. These pipes are used in water transportation, which has an important effect on the mechanical properties of the polymeric matrix. The GRP pipes are usually tested under ring deflection or internal pressure conditions. This study presents and analyzes experimental creep-rupture data obtained from standard test methods under ring deflection conditions. This loading configuration simulates in laboratory the conditions verified in a subsoil installation. The creep testing was carried out under constant dead weight on unconditioned and preconditioned samples in a submerged condition. The diametrical deflection of samples was measured periodically, and the time to failure of each sample was recorded. The main purpose of this work was to determine the short and long-term rupture energies of GRP pipes and assess the influence of moisture preconditioning on those values. The observed failure mode was always the same. It was concluded that the energy at failure decreases with time. The influence of the preconditioning on the creep-rupture of GRP pipes was considered negligible. Different time-dependent failure models were described and used for long-term extrapolation of the experimental data. The maximum strain at failure decreased about 12% from 0.1 to 1,000 hr of creep testing. Furthermore, data extrapolation to 50 years predicts a reduction of strength of about 60%, founded on the most conservative time-dependent failure criterion. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
... The need for low-cost, high-performance, large-scale composite structures that are stiffness critical make it imperative to try using carbon fibers with vinyl ester resins through cost-effective manufacturing process like VARTM. Carbon fiber composites have high modulus coupled with superior fatigue properties than the glass fiber composites for which recently it was shown that the flexural fatigue strength decreases strongly with increasing the number of load cycles to failure [9]. Hellbrat [10] showed the effectiveness of using carbon fibers over glass fibers by a structural weight and cost optimization study. ...
The present paper describes the processing and the mechanical characterization of two different fibers (glass and carbon) and two different fabric architectures (woven roving and stitch bonded) made into composites with Dow Chemical's Derakane 510A-40, a brominated vinyl ester resin. Both E-glass and T700 carbon fibers were coated with vinyl ester compatible sizing. Composite panels were fabricated by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), specimens were machined, and mechanical tests were conducted as per the accepted test standards. Tension, compression, in-plane shear and inter-laminar shear properties were measured and their associated failure modes were compared with each other. The specific properties of the composites were compared with that of marine steel. The carbon composites have superior properties. The carbon composites have higher specific strength and specific modulus than marine steel. The glass composites have higher specific strength but lower specific modulus than marine steel. The glass composites are well suited for constructing ship hulls which are only strength critical. The topside (upper) structures of ship are stiffness critical. The carbon composites are applicable to both topside and hull structures of the ship to reduce the total weight. The straightness of the fiber and the FOE sizing are the possible reasons for the superior performance of the carbon composites. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This paper discussed the aging behaviour of Kevlar fibre reinforced flexible pipe subjected to long-term monotonic internal pressure. Multi-group of pipe internal pressure tests that last for 10,000 h were conducted. The pressure-time curves of each test samples were collected. Two typical failure modes of the samples were specified. Linear regression analysis of the original pressure-time data was conducted and expression between characteristic pressure P and service time T, which is capable to provide fast evaluation of pipe qualification, was presented. Based on suitable selection of safety factor, the design pressures under different service time were calibrated. Analysis shows that the LTHS50/LTHS10 ratio meets the requirements claimed by ASTM D2992, thus these calibrated design pressures can be used for engineering practice.
We have developed an accelerated testing methodology (ATM) to predict the long-term creep and fatigue life of the polymer matrix composites based on the time-temperature superposition principle held for the viscoelastic behavior of matrix resin. In this article, the ATM has been explained in detail as the foundation of the long-term life prediction of polymer matrix composites. Then, the detail procedures for generating the master curves of creep and fatigue strengths based on the ATM are described.Keywords:polymer composite;life prediction;accelerated testing;time-temperature superposition principle;linear cumulative damage
Our proposed accelerated testing methodology (ATM) for the long-term life prediction of polymer matrix composites and structures is based on the time-temperature superposition principle to be held for the viscoelasticity of polymer matrix. This article is concerned with the life prediction of CFRP/metal bolted joint under water absorption condition based on ATM. CFRP/metal bolted joints were prepared under three conditions of 'Dry,' 'Wet,' and 'Wet + Dry.' The tensile static and fatigue tests of CFRP/metal bolted joints under these three conditions were performed at various loading rates and temperatures. As a result, the master curves of static and fatigue failure loads of these joints for the long-term life prediction were obtained and the influence of water absorption on the long-term life of these joints was cleared.
The applicability of a macroscopic time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) to unidirectional composite strength is discussed based on the microscopic Simultaneous Fiber-Failure (SFF) model that has been presented by Koyanagi et al. (J. Compos. Mater. 43:1901–1914, 2009a). The SFF model estimates composite strengths as functions of fiber, matrix, and interface strengths. This paper first investigates the applicability of SFF to the complicated temperature dependence of composite strengths, i.e., one composite exhibits significant temperature dependence and another does not, considering the temperature dependence of the components, which results in successful estimations for the two composite systems used in the present study. The long-term durability predicted by the SFF and that predicted by the TTSP are then compared. They typically correspond to each other in various cases; accelerated testing methodology (ATM) employing TTSP is thus proved to be valid from the micromechanical viewpoint, assuming the SFF applicability.
