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Conservation status for all bat species and rabies positive bat species in Latin America and the Caribbean. CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT: Near Threatened, LC: Least Concern, DD: Data Deficient.
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Hepatic capillariosis, caused by Capillaria hepatica (Calodium hepaticum) (Bancroft, 1893), Travassos, 1915 (Nematoda, Trichinelloidea, Capillariidae), is a common zoonosis in rodents but is rare in humans. Seventy-two cases in humans have been reported worldwide since the first case was described by MACARTHUR in 192417,27. This study aimed to dete...
Citations
... Infectious rodents with this nematode have been reported by Kia et al. 31 and Zarei et al. 51 from the northwest, Moradpour et al. 17 from the east and west, and Pakdel et al. 27 and Kazemi et al. 52 from western regions of Iran. Regarding the hosts, almost 80 species of rodents in the family Muridae, as well as about 24 species of mammals, including humans, could be infected with this parasite [53][54] . ...
Introduction: Rodents are the reservoir of many endoparasites and act as their intermediate or final hosts. This study aimed to assess parasitic helminths of Allactaga elater in Sarakhs, Khorasan Razavi Province, northeastern Iran. Material and methods: From August 2017 to February 2018, 33 Allactaga elater were collected using live traps. All Allactaga elaters were euthanized, and their gastrointestinal tracts were removed and examined to identify parasitic helminths. Finally, parasites were identified using key morphological characteristics. Results: Overall, 91% of Allactaga elaters were infected with helminths, including Syphacia obvelata (86.6%), Aspicularis tetraptera (36.6%), Trichuris spp (13.3%), Heligmosomoides polygyrus (3.3%), Hymenolepis nana (16.6%), Hymenolepis diminuta (16.6%), and Cysticercus fasciolaris (13.3%). Conclusion: Various species of helminths were found in Allactaga elater from the studied area. These findings highlight the importance of this rodent species as a reservoir for zoonotic helminths.
... La anestesia de los roedores fue por inhalación de cloroformo y administración de ketamina a 10 mg/kg vía intramuscular. El sacrificio se realizó por punción intracardiaca aplicando sobredosis de pentobarbital sódico a 150 mg/kg (Marshall et al., 1994;Rocha et al., 2015). ...
El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de helmintos hepáticos zoonóticos y su caracterización histopatológica en roedores (Rattus spp.) procedentes de un zoológico, granjas porcinas y mercados de abastos en Lima, Perú. Se registraron los parámetros morfométricos de cada roedor para determinar la edad e identificar las especies computándose un total de 267 animales. El manejo y la metodología de captura se realizó según los estándares de bioseguridad establecidos por el Centro de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Prevención de Atlanta. Los hígados fueron evaluados macroscópicamente en busca de lesiones. Para la confirmación diagnóstica por histopatología se tomó muestras del lóbulo lateral derecho de todos los hígados junto con otras áreas que evidenciaron daño en búsqueda de lesiones tisulares y respuesta inflamatoria relacionadas con la presencia de los parásitos. El análisis patológico determinó una prevalencia de 3.74% de Cysticercus fasciolaris en Rattus spp. no hallándose Capillaria hepatica. El análisis estadístico no evidenció asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables de estudio con C. fasciolaris (p>0.05). El diagnóstico histopatológico más común fue una moderada a severa colangiohepatitis eosinofílica granulomatosa asociada a C. fasciolaris. Los resultados indican que las ratas pueden ser fuentes de infecciones por C. fasciolaris en diversos entornos medioambientales, por tanto, permiten comprender el riesgo sanitario de las zoonosis que transmiten y su manejo.
... Capillariasis from C. hepatica is considered a rare, underdiagnosed, and neglected human disease, with approximately 200 cases published to date. 1,4,5 It has a slight preponderance for children, and it is still mainly diagnosed in autopsies or incidentally. Poor hygiene and contact with rodents or other animals are thought to be the main risk factors for human infestation; in children, the major cause of infection is pica (eating sand). ...
Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepaticum ) is a parasitic nematode of rodents, rarely infecting humans. An asymptomatic Israeli adult male with extensive travel history was diagnosed with a liver mass on routine post-thymectomy follow-up. Imaging and computer tomography (CT) guided biopsy were inconclusive. Surgical excision revealed an eosinophilic granuloma with fragments of a nematode suspected to be C. hepatica. Molecular methods verified the diagnosis, and the patient was treated empirically. This is the first case of hepatic capillariasis described in Israel, and the first to be diagnosed using molecular methods.
... Once in the liver, L1 larvae molt four times to become adults. Gravid females lay eggs over a period of about 30 days, after which they die (Aghdam et al., 2015;Rocha et al., 2015). ...
The parasites that involve the human gastrointestinal tract encompass a diverse array of protozoa, helminths, and rarely, arthropod ectoparasites. While some are harmless commensals, others cause significant, and occasionally life-threatening, disease. This chapter provides an overview of human parasites that infect all regions of the gastrointestinal tract, including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver and biliary tree, and anus. The most important human parasites are discussed individually, with an emphasis on biology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.
... Several serological surveys have been carried out as part of epidemiological research in humans living in the same environment as infested rats. In Brazil, for example, the seroprevalence was 1.8% (9/490) [27]. ...
Hepatic capillariasis is a rare and neglected zoonosis affecting wild and synanthropic small rodents. It is caused by infection with Calodium hepaticum in liver. Despite the worldwide distribution of the host Rattus norvegicus (brown or street rats) in the urban area, the epidemiological status of this parasitosis remains unknown. In the present study, we examined a total of 27 brown rats from the city centre and a garden (four km from the city centre) of Marseille, France. All rats were autopsied and 52% showed the presence of C. hepaticum eggs in the liver. This result draws general attention to public health risks, since street rats are living near the human population.
... Hepatic capillariosis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis. In the world, 163 reported cases, in which only 72 patients were diagnosed by biopsy or necropsy, were recorded in a review published in 2011 [3], and new cases have been reported since then [4,5]. Because of the high prevalence of C. hepaticum in rodents worldwide, the infection rate in humans may be higher than currently diagnosed [3]. ...
Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1893) Moravec, 1982 (Syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a zoonotic nematode that causes hepatic capillariosis. The nematode is globally distributed and parasitizes the liver of mammals, mainly Muroidea. The parasite causes human hepatic capillariosis, an uncommon zoonotic infection. Cricetulus migratorius Pallas, 1773 (Cricetinae) was rarely reported as a host for C. hepaticum. In Turkey, C. hepaticum was recorded in three rodent species; Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, and Apodemus flavicollis. In this study, C. migratorius (grey dwarf hamster) has been identified as a new host species for C. hepaticum in Turkey. The parasite was identified by morphological, histological, and molecular methods and the phylogenetic relationships of C. hepaticum collected from different hosts were revealed. This is the first molecular characterization of C. hepaticum from a grey dwarf hamster.
... Spurious infections where humans ingest unembryonated eggs of C. hepatica that are eventually released via the feces were recorded more than the hepatic capillariasis itself. It is because hepatic capillariasis has a tendency to be misdiagnosed as hepatic coccidiosis and other liver diseases such as hepatitis A, B, or C, and leptospirosis due to its common symptoms (Mowat et al. 2009;Li et al. 2010;Da Rocha et al. 2015). Since C. hepatica symptoms are commonly misdiagnosed, it is of importance to study its epidemiology, particularly its prevalence in rat hosts that now co-inhabit with humans. ...
Rats are recognized as reservoir hosts of several pathogens that pose a threat to human health. Although rats are reported to be hosts of a large number of pathogens, a survey of Capillaria hepatica carried by rats in various settings such as residential, agroforestry, and agricultural areas in the Philippines has not been conducted. A total of 90 rats composed of Rattus norvegicus, Rattus tanezumi, and Rattus exulans were collected through trapping in selected residential, agroforestry, and agricultural areas in Los Baños Laguna, Philippines. The overall prevalence of C. hepatica among rats was 21.11%. Among the rat species collected, R. norvegicus showed the highest prevalence (55.56%), followed by R. exulans (14.29%), then R. tanezumi (5.36%) (differences significant at p < 0.05). Moreover, residential areas had the highest prevalence of C. hepatica infection (50%), followed by agroforestry and agricultural areas at 6.7% each (significant at p < 0.05). However, the difference in C. hepatica infection between male (11.43%; 4/35) and female (27.27%; 15/55) rats was not significant (p > 0.05). Most of the infected rats were moderately infected (68.42%), while few were lightly and severely infected (15.78% each). Lastly, the presence of C. hepatica in liver is suggestive of presence of lymphocytes, amyloid, granuloma, and the occurrence of necrosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and cholestasis in the liver of the host. Capillariasis could be occurring in Philippine human populations, hence there is need for screening the population with appropriate means and to create awareness of this emerging disease.
... Because of parasitic granuloma and inflammation caused by C. hepatica infection in liver, hepatomegaly was observed in all of infected cases. Besides the structural and imaging changes in liver, C. hepatica infection could lead to the abnormality of liver functions (Rocha et al., 2015). In this study, most of cases revealed the elevated level of ALT and AST, the indicator of liver cell disruption and damage. ...
Hepatic capillariasis is a rare and neglected parasitic disease caused by infection with Capillaria hepatica in human liver. The disease is not well described and the information for the disease’s clinical manifestation, laboratory findings and disease management strategy is not well reported. The limited information for this neglected infection often results in the delay of diagnosis or misdiagnosed to other diseases, therefore the real prevalence or severity of the infection may be underestimated. More case report with systemic analysis and features summary of this disease is needed to better understand the serious zoonotic disease.
This study included systemic analysis of 16 patients infected with hepatic capillariasis in China between 2011–2017, including clinical manifestations, laboratory/radiative image findings and treatment results.
Clinical manifestation included sustained fever (56.25%), respiratory disorder (37.5%), abdominal pain (37.5%), diarrhea (25%), leukocytosis (93.75%) and eosinophilia (100%). No egg was detected in feces of all patients. Over 60% patients showed elevated level of hepatic enzymes and proteins related to liver fibrosis in sera. Ultrasound and MRI examinations displayed scattered parasitic granuloma leisure in affected liver. Liver biopsy revealed parasite eggs, necrotized parasitic granulomas and septal fibrosis. Treatment with albendazole combined with corticoids for several treatment courses cured all patients with capillariasis. The difficulty of diagnosis, apparent damage of liver functions and potential fibrosis make the disease’s prevalence and severity underestimated.
... Chez l'homme, ce parasite est rare et est dû à l'ingestion de foie infesté cru. Le sujet infesté présente des troubles digestifs et une fièvre [16] . L'évolution vers une cirrhose est possible. ...
El hígado constituye una localización preferente de algunos parásitos, mientras que otros se sitúan en otros órganos y afecta al hígado de forma episódica. Algunos elementos pueden sugerir una localización hepática de una parasitosis. Pueden ser datos epidemiológicos (estancia en una zona endémica), clínicos (hepatomegalia febril o no), biológicos (perturbación del hemograma), radiológicos (zona de baja densidad o calcificaciones), que se confirman mediante las serologías. Las duelas se localizan exclusivamente en el hígado, donde pueden provocar una colecistitis. Los equinococos (Echinococcus granulosus y Echinococcus multilocularis) se sitúan fundamentalmente en el hígado, con una posible afectación de otros órganos. Durante mucho tiempo la evolución es asintomática; los trastornos aparecen con el aumento del volumen del parásito y se deben a la compresión de los órganos vecinos. El tratamiento es quirúrgico. Las esquistosomiasis intestinales pueden provocar una fibrosis portal grave que, en Asia, puede observarse en los adolescentes. Las larva migrans viscerales están ocasionadas por la migración errática de larvas de animales, en particular de Toxocara canis de cachorros de perros. La amebiasis hepática se debe a la penetración de las amebas Entamoeba histolytica en el hígado, donde forman un absceso. Otros parásitos se distribuyen de forma difusa en el organismo, incluido el hígado (Leishmania), o requieren un paso obligado por el hígado antes de penetrar en los hematíes (Plasmodium). El diagnóstico de estas parasitosis se establece por la identificación del parásito (examen de las heces), las pruebas de imagen y el diagnóstico serológico. Los tratamientos actuales son eficaces a corto plazo.
... In order to determine the real status of these parasites, conducting more studies in other parts of Iran is required. The rats captured for the study of Capillaria infection were infected similar to studies reported in other parts of the world, including Milan, Italy, 24 Baltimore, Maryland, 30 Brazil, 31 Switzerland, 25 and Egypt. 32 In addition, the rats captured from Sanandaj showed partial resistance to this nematode since they were heavily infected, without showing apparent clinical signs and had fibrous clusters of eggs in one part of their liver as well as active infection of live adult worms in other parts ( Figure 3C). ...
Introduction: Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a nematode with worldwide
distribution among rodents (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus) which can also infect human
beings through ingestion of embryonated eggs and cause the zoonotic disease of capillariasis
philippinensis. This study aimed to determine the C. hepatica infection in Rattus spp. in Sanandaj,
Kurdistan province of Iran, as well as orally infecting of Balb/c mice with embryonated eggs.
Methods: Area of study was the city of Sanandaj located in the west of Iran, wherein 4 R.
norvegicus, 6 R. rattus and 10 Mus musculus were captured using live traps in a period of more
than 2 years. Livers were examined for C. hepatica infection, sectioned, and then stained with
hematoxylin and eosin. Embryonated eggs were used in order to experimentally infect 3 Balb/c
mice orally.
Results: Capillaria hepatica was detected in 5 out of 20 livers (25%); rates of infection were 50%
(2/4) for R. norvegicus, 50% (3/6) for R. rattus, and 0% (0/10) for M. musculus. Cross sections of
the livers showed active infections as eggs were deposited beside the worms, and they were also
observed inside the female worms. After performing the autopsy on 3 mice that had been infected
experimentally, there was no sign of infection based on gross and microscopic examinations.
Conclusion: This study was the first report on C. hepatica infection in Rattus spp. in Sanandaj.
The main reservoir hosts of C. hepatica infection in different areas of Sanandaj were R. rattus
and R. norvegicus. On the other hand, with regard to limited sample size of study, no significant
role could be considered for either infection or transmission of C. hepatica for M. musculus in
these areas
