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Consensus phylogenetic tree derived for the same data set as in Figure 5 derived by the minimum evolution method.
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The phylogenetic lineage, taxonomic affiliation and interrelationships of important asexual entomopathogenic fungal genera were studied using the sequences of partial regions of beta-tubulin and rRNA genes. The species structures of Beauveria bassiana and Nomuraea rileyi were also investigated. A total of 147 fungal entries covering 94 species were...
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... results from the analysis of rRNA gene sequence data (with some differences in the fungal entries included) very closely matched the phylogenetic relationships evident in the analysis of the sequence data of β-tubulin gene. The NJ tree from the rRNA gene is given in Figure 5 (the ME, MP and Bayesian trees are provided as supplementary Figs. 6, 7 and 8, ...
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BACKGROUND
Intensive application of chemical insecticides is required for aphid pest control. Among the biorational alternatives, entomopathogenic fungi are the most sustainable biocontrol agents; those of the order Hypocreales attack and cause fungal disease in arthropod hosts, with variations in host susceptibility attributed to both fungal and h...
Citations
... Hyphomycetous fungi like Aspergillus, Beauveria, Culicinomyces, Hirsutella, Metarhizium, Nomuraea, Paecilomyces, Tolypocladium, and Verticillium are capable of causing natural outbreaks in the populations of the insects (Jyoti and Singh 2017). Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria, Metarhizium, Nomuraea, Paecilomyces, and Verticillium belong to family Clavicipitaceae (Neelapu et al. 2009;Challa and Neelapu 2019). The reproductive biology of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Nomuraea rileyi was reported to be both clonal and recombination (Padmavathi et al. 2003;Devi et al. 2006Devi et al. , 2007. ...
Sustainable agriculture is the only solution in providing food security to the evergrowing population of the world. Sustainable agriculture requires limited use of harmful chemical insecticides and implementation of sustainable methods like use of biopesticides for biocontrol. Fungi mediate biocontrol of insects, soil borne pathogens, weeds, and nematodes and the different mechanisms used by fungi for biocontrol are antagonism, antibiosis, and competition. Understanding the biology and biocontrol mechanisms of fungi at molecular level requires sequencing of the genome and also analyzing the genome. There are five next generation sequencing technologies available to generate NGS data: first, second, third, fourth, and fifth generation sequencing technologies. Better understanding of the fungal genomes will help in improving biocontrol. This requires understanding the ongoing genome sequencing projects and also projects other than sequencing like epigenome projects, transcriptome projects, proteome projects, etc. Biocontrol also requires understanding the synergistic actions between different biocontrol agents, between biocontrol agents and PGPR, and advances in the formulation of biocontrol agents as products. Therefore, this review provides information on biocontrol agents, mechanism of biocontrol, NGS technologies used to generate NGS data, genome sequencing projects, synergistic actions between different biocontrol agents, between biocontrol agents and PGPR, and advances in the formulation of biocontrol agents. This information provides insights on global scenario of advance fungal research in biocontrol or crop protection.
... Multilocus phylogeny of B. bassiana revealed the occurrence of multispecies sympatry within single insect host [6,13]. A limited number of studies are available on the regional diversity and distribution of B. bassiana in various habitats of India [14,15]. ...
... Twenty-three microsatellite markers were analyzed in the 15 (Table S2). All the isolates from soil of agroecosystem and insect hosts of semi natural habitat were identified to be B. bassiana. ...
Information on the biology and ecology of Beauveria bassiana in different habitats could provide essential knowledge in their development as biocontrol agents of insect pests. In this study, phylogenetic and genotypic information was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of B. bassiana within semi natural and agricultural habitats in Karnataka State of South India and assessed their extracellular chitinase activity and pathogenicity against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora. Multilocus phylogeny and microsatellite genotyping of B. bassiana conjointly resolved three phylogenetic species, Bb_1, Bb_2, and Bb_3, in semi natural and agricultural habitats. None of the three phylogenetic species of B. bassiana were associated with crop plants in agroecosystem or insect hosts in semi natural habitat. All the three phylogenetic species were detected with four genotypes each. All isolates of B. bassiana were pathogenic to A. craccivora in greenhouse bioassays. Isolate GKVK 01_13 caused a significantly high mortality of aphids and detected with an increased level of chitinase activity. The study results suggest that application of indigenous virulent strain of B. bassiana could provide effective control of native insect pest A. craccivora.
... The other potential application of fungi is biocontrol. Fungi belonging to the order Hypocreales are used to control pests (insects or phytopathogens) (Neelapu et al. 2009). Beauveria bassiana, Nomuraea rileyi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (mitosporic or asexual or conidiogenous entomopathogenic fungi) are the potential biopesticides available in the market to control insects (Padmavathi et al. 2003;Devi et al. 2006;Devi et al. 2007;Neelapu et al. 2009;Verma et al. 2017), whereas biocontrol agent Trichoderma viride is used to control phytopathogens (Surekha et al. 2013;Surekha et al. 2014;Rao et al. 2015). ...
... Fungi belonging to the order Hypocreales are used to control pests (insects or phytopathogens) (Neelapu et al. 2009). Beauveria bassiana, Nomuraea rileyi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (mitosporic or asexual or conidiogenous entomopathogenic fungi) are the potential biopesticides available in the market to control insects (Padmavathi et al. 2003;Devi et al. 2006;Devi et al. 2007;Neelapu et al. 2009;Verma et al. 2017), whereas biocontrol agent Trichoderma viride is used to control phytopathogens (Surekha et al. 2013;Surekha et al. 2014;Rao et al. 2015). ...
Employing live fungi or fungal enzymes for industrial applications is known as fungal white biotechnology. White fungal biotechnology, an essential technology, uses renewable sources for sustainable growth of population. Fungi or fungal enzymes have role in food and feed industries. Fungal white biotechnology brings down greenhouse emissions and is eco-friendly in nature. The applications of fungi as food (edible fungi) and fodder and using fungi in processing food (bread, cheese and other bakery products) and fermenting food (alcohols, beverages) are indispensable. Fungal white biotechnology enhances flavour in cheese, bread and beverages; protein quality and yield in SCPs; and stability and shelf life of the products with much efficacy. Though there are many advantages with white fungal biotechnology, tolerance to the extreme conditions during processing and enrichment of products is the major challenge observed with white fungal biotechnology. This chapter reviews the opportunities and challenges of fungal white biotechnology to meet food security.
... However, successful use of entomopathogenic fungi depends on precise species and strain identification and on the determination of virulence profiles against 1 3 the host. It has been reported that B. bassiana complexes vary narrowly in different lineages and show clear phylogenetic separation (Neelapu et al. 2009). Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS fragment suggested that four isolates of this study formed two phylogenetic clades with high bootstrap values: EF1, EF2 and EF4 clustered together in clade I and EF3 separated in clade II (Fig. 1). ...
Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) is an important vector tick that is widely distributed around the world. In many regions, this tick acts as vector of a wide range of pathogens to humans and animals, and its control is mainly based on the use of chemical pesticides. However, the occurrence of some adverse effects, such as tick resistance to pesticides and food and environmental contamination, are driving the need to develop more effective and environmentally sound approaches to control and prevent ticks. As an alternative control strategy, entomopathogenic fungi have been extensively used for the control of pests and cause high mortality in various ticks. In this study, we identified four isolates of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato from insects and investigated their pathogenicity against different developmental stages of H. longicornis (eggs, unfed larvae, unfed nymphs and engorged females). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four isolates of B. bassiana clustered into two clades. Four isolates showed different acaricidal qualities: the isolate from Cerambycidae (EF3) exhibited the highest pathogenicity to all developmental tick stages tested. High doses (1 × 10⁷ conidia/ml) of the clade I fungi collected from Cryptotympana atrata fabricus (Cicadidae) (EF1), Cimicidae (EF2), and Boettcherisca peregrine (Sarcophagidae) (EF4) also showed virulence against H. longicornis, with high doses of the fungi application causing higher mortality than control group. Altogether, this study demonstrated that all four isolates of B. bassiana showed high virulence toward different developmental stages of H. longicornis, and therefore, they can be of potential use as biological control agents of ticks.
... cylindrosporae, M. guizhouense, and M. pingshaense (Guo et al. 1986;Rath et al. 1995;Driver et al. 2000) that cause diseases in different insect species. Despite recent interest in the genetic diversity of many groups of entomopathogens, the genus Beauveria, in contrast to other genera, has not received critical taxonomic review (Rehner et al. 2011). Neelapu et al. (2009 studied molecular phylogeny of asexual entomopathogenic fungi with special reference to B. bassiana and N. rileyi using the sequences of partial regions of beta-tubulin and rRNA genes. ...
Lepidopterans are major pests of economically important crops with extensive host ranges. Entomopathogenic fungi can provide an alternative and more environment friendly approach for the control of Spodoptera spp. These fungi have wide host range and have been isolated from a variety of insect orders. In the following compilation, data on natural occurrence and distribution, general biology, mode of action, host range, isolation, multiplication, and bioassay of entomopathogenic fungi against lepidopteran pests are summarized. Use of entomopathogenic fungi as insect biological control agent, their current status as mycoinsecticides, and compatibility of fungi with other crop protection techniques along with control measures of Spodopteran spp. are also mentioned.
Human papilloma virus (HPV infection) plays a important role in causing cervical cancer. Out of 184 different HPV genotypes, 40 diverse types only can cause anogenital infection. HPV present in >99% of cervical cancers with high risk types (16, 18) associated with cancer and Low risk types (6, 11) are associated with genital warts. Aim of the study is to determine the epidemiology of HPV infection in Indian women’s population. Three hundred and thirty four liquid based cytology (LBC) samples were collected across India from the different age groups of Indian women. Pap smear, PCR and gene sequencing tests were performed for the collected LBC samples. Low risk serotype 6 (16.7%) were detected compared to other high risk serotypes. Majority of positive cases were observed in the age group between 19 and 39 groups. Northern part of India contributes high (7.1%) in HPV infection compared to other regions of India. Reports from these studies covered few regions of India showing a wide range in the prevalence of HPV infection and serotype distribution due to diversified socio economic and geo climatic conditions. This study aims to identify the epidemiology of HPV in the Indian population and concludes that early and periodic screening of women for HPV can avoid the risk of cervical cancer at the early stage of infection.
Many fungal pathogens are dimorphic in nature, existing in “yeast” and “hyphal” “forms”. The “transition” between these “forms” is often stimulated and controlled by environmental factors and significant fungal virulence factors. The literature review shows that fungi’s growth, fungal “morphogenesis”, and invasion of the host by fungi are often associated with fungal virulence. The “morphogenesis” of fungal cells generates various “forms” like “yeast”, “hyphal”, and “pseudohyphal” “forms”. The “yeast” and “hyphal” “forms” of the fungi are having certain advantages in invading host and fungal virulence. The three properties of “morphogenesis” in fungal cells are symmetry breaking, polarity maintenance, and depolarization. The equilibrium involving polarity preservation and depolarization produces variety of cell shapes in fungi. This chapter reviews “morphogenesis” of filamentous fungi, role, and their relevance to entomopathogenicity.
Molecular phylogeny is used to study the relationships among the set of objects by generating phylogenetic or evolutionary tree. The objects in the study can be organisms or biomolecules such as gene or protein. The evolutionary history hidden in the biomolecules establishes the evolutionary patterns in the form of a tree when a suitable data, data substitution models, and tree construction methods are used. These evolutionary patterns are used to study the relationships among the objects. These patterns sometimes make it difficult to infer the relationship among the objects. In addition, different tree construction methods like unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), neighbor joining, minimum evolution, Fitch-Margoliash, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Monte Carlo’s simulation, Bayes, and so on and types of data used in the analysis make it much more complicated to infer the relationships. The above tree construction methods follow different principles to construct a phylogenetic tree. Most often, the tree topologies generated by different methods for the same data will be the same, whereas in some cases the tree topologies may be different in their internal branching. These differences in the tree topologies may make it difficult to assess the confidence of the phylogenetic tree. Further, combination of the tree construction methods and data used by phylogeny program packages such as MEGA, Molphy, Phylip, PAML, and PAUP also make it difficult to assess the confidence of the phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogeny has a wide range of applications such as affiliating taxonomy of an organism, studying reproductive biology in lower organisms, assessing the process of cryptic speciation in a species, understanding the history of life, resolving controversial history of life, reconstructing the paths of infection in an epidemiology, classifying proteins or genes into families, and many more. If the interpretation of the evolutionary patterns is not appropriate, then the inference of the study may be misleading. Thus, interpretation of the tree and relationships among the organisms is always dependent on assessing the confidence of the phylogenetic tree. Literature review shows that sampling methods such as bootstrapping, jackknifing, and Bayesian simulation and statistical methods such as Kishino-Hasegawa test and Shimodaira-Hasegawa test are used to assess the confidence of the phylogenetic tree. Thus, this chapter reviews the applications, construction, and assessment of phylogenetic tree.
The Chinese have used Massa Medicata Fermentata (MMF) for centuries. MMF is used widely in feed additives and human medicine, yet there have been few studies into fermentation mechanisms and medicinal ingredients. Our aim of the project is to analyze the safe use of MMF, we had observed changes in the chemical levels and amylase activity for several raw materials during the fermentation process. Our results demonstrate that ingredients such as amygdalin, benzaldehyde and rutin are gradually degraded during the process of fermentation. One of methods was HPLC and HPLC fingerprint for MMF, fermented for seven days, was distinct to the chemical composition of the original unfermented MMF with a similarity of only 0.106. Meanwhile, the amylase activity of fermented MMF gradually increased. We use PCR-SSCP analysis for fermented MMF not only because it is sensitive and quite simple method but also because it is not expensive. Our clustering analysis results showed that the 23 fungal species were classified into 5 classes and the proportion distribution of fungal classes such as Eurotiomycetes was 48%; Sordariomycetes was 30%; Dothideomycates was 9%; Agaricomycetes was 9% and Zygomycetes was 4% respectively. The conclusion is that during the process of fermentation, the raw material chemical composition of MMF was affected by microorganisms and various substances. Further, it would be suitable for digestion in animals.
Mitochondria play a key role in energy production in all eukaryotic systems and these are autonomous organelles containing their own genetic material in the form of mt genome. With the advent of DNA sequencing, mt genomes were sequenced and with the help of computational biology tools sequenced genomes can be annotated and analyzed in various ways to bring out the aspects like genetic structure, gene compositions, rearrangements, codon usage bias (CUB), intron analysis, synteny, phylogeny etc. The present study compares Hypocrealean fungal mt genomes. A variety of comparative analyses were performed using various bioinformatics tools to explore the details of mt genomes. Mt genomes being smaller with a limited number of key genes, the comparative analysis showed highly conserved nature among the organisms with similar lifestyle and they were grouped together when a phylogenetic tree is constructed. All the mt genomes encoded 14 conserved core protein coding genes with a slight varying number of tRNA genes.
