Figure 8 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
![Consensus Mechanisms in Blockchain Technology [13].](publication/367324333/figure/fig4/AS:11431281114196127@1674308234369/Consensus-Mechanisms-in-Blockchain-Technology-13.png)
Source publication
![Figure 8. Consensus Mechanisms in Blockchain Technology [13].](publication/367324333/figure/fig4/AS:11431281114196127@1674308234369/Consensus-Mechanisms-in-Blockchain-Technology-13_Q320.jpg)
Blockchain can be realized as a distributed and decentralized database, also known as a “distributed ledger,” that is shared among the nodes of a computer network. Blockchain is a form of democratized and distributed database for storing information electronically in a digital format. Under the framework of Industry 4.0, the digitization and digita...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... this direction, instead of relying solely on the implementation of the PoW mechanism, additional mechanisms, such as Proof of Stake (PoS), Proof of History (PoH), Proof of Activity (PoA), and Proof of Authority (PoA), have been investigated. A list of the available consensus mechanisms available to date is presented in Figure 8. Ultimately, the combination of the consensus mechanisms and the sharding technique targets the enhancement of user privacy and the improvement of trust. ...
Context 2
... above-mentioned have been replaced by an integrated mechanism, which is also facilitating the reduction of transaction costs [14,15]. The key difference from the transition from Blockchain 2.0 to Blockchain 3.0 is focused on the adaptation of additional consensus mechanisms (see Figure 8) along with the introduction of DApps for making smart contracts even more visible and accessible to the network users [16]. ...
Similar publications
![Fig 2. Star algorithm [15]](profile/Pawankumar-Sharma/publication/367559470/figure/fig2/AS:11431281115907308@1675142508280/Star-algorithm-15_Q320.jpg)
![Fig 3. Machine learning block diagram [9]](profile/Pawankumar-Sharma/publication/367559470/figure/fig3/AS:11431281115884829@1675142509021/Machine-learning-block-diagram-9_Q320.jpg)
Technological innovations earmark the trends witnessed today, driving various economic statuses. The current trends driving the education, migration, and sustainability of the human population include; cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology. Artificial intelligence uses the data collected to predict future patterns in eco...
Vehicle cybersecurity is a serious concern, as modern vehicles are vulnerable to cyberattacks. How drivers respond to situations induced by vehicle cyberattacks is safety critical. This paper sought to understand the effect of human drivers’ risky driving style on response behavior to unexpected vehicle cyberattacks. A driving simulator study was c...
Citations
... By bringing computational capabilities closer to the data sources, edge computing reduces latency, enhances responsiveness, and supports time-sensitive applications. It is undeniable that the computational power of smart devices and microcontroller units has increased dramatically, thus enabling the execution of data-related processes at the edge node level (Mourtzis et al., 2023a;Mourtzis, Angelopoulos, & Panopoulos, 2023b). By extension, with the integration of edge computing within systems and networks, fast reconfiguration, operation, and evolution of the systems becomes feasible, thus enabling systems to become more responsive and tolerant to external disturbances . ...
... Blockchain is another enabling technology which will further enable the value creation for human-centric platforms in the context of Industry 5.0. As presented in the research work by Mourtzis et al. (2023b), Blockchain technology has undergone four eras, and currently, the fifth era is under preparation, in parallel to society and industry. The past four blockchain generations have established the technology and have added value to existing services by exploiting key digital technologies. ...
This chapter is structured as follows. In Section 3.2 the definitions and the structure of Industry 5.0 are discussed. Then, in Section 3.3, the technological background is presented in accordance with the technological evolution from Industry 4.0 onward. Consequently, in Section 3.4, the challenges toward the transition from the ongoing Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 and subsequently to Society 5.0 are discussed. Finally, in Section 3.5, conclusions are drawn, and the authors provide future research directions.
... The tamper proof transactions and logs of the distributed ledger helped in expanding the digital universe and embracing wider challenges with innovative solutions (Moosavi, Naeni, Fathollahi-Fard, & Fiore, 2021;Sahin & Eyupoglu, 2022). It also enhanced intelligent manufacturing through safeguarding data validity, streamlining communication within and between organizations, and enhancing manufacturing process efficiency (Mourtzis, Angelopoulos, & Panopoulos, 2023). As a result of its intrinsic features ample industries have utilized its capabilities particularly in conjunction with the groundbreaking metaverse. ...
... • Scalability: Improving the scalability of blockchain is crucial to accommodate the growing number of users and transactions in the metaverse, which can lead to congestion and higher costs (Zheng et al., 2018). • Interoperability: Interoperability between different blockchain platforms is essential for the smooth transaction and portability of digital assets (Mourtzis et al., 2023). • Privacy: The transparent nature of blockchain raises concerns about user privacy, necessitating solutions to protect sensitive data ). ...
The purpose of this work is to investigate the potential of blockchain as a fundamental technology for monetizing the metaverse. The metaverse aims to be a representation of the real world with several improvements implemented through a range of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality and mixed reality to make the experience more interesting. However, financial viability stands out among a series of challenges that present themselves for its broader adoption. Blockchain features a decentralized data structure that allows the execution, storage, and sharing of transactions securely, reliably, efficiently, and transparently. Given this, the technological convergence between these technologies appears promising not only in providing a basis for monetizing the metaverse but also for for ensuring its persistence. Through a narrative review, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the opportunities and challenges related to the monetization of the metaverse, as well as the points of synergy with blockchain technology that can leverage the adoption and financial viability of the virtual environment.
... Whereas blockchains are decentralized digital databases that store and share information in blocks that are connected together to make up chains. A blockchain is formed by a global network of autonomous computers communicating with one another to reach a consensus on the contents of a database or ledger [51]. The computers compete to be paid to validate the ledger by solving the cryptographic equations that describe a series of transactions. ...
The commoditization of nuclear power through the factory production of sealed micro-power units within a digitally enabled holistic assurance framework is described. This would revolutionize nuclear power-plant design, construction, operation and decommissioning through a paradigm shift to manufacture–operate–remove–recycle (MORR). The potential impact of recent research on an integrated nuclear digital environment for large bespoke nuclear power plants and the design, build and operation of fusion power plants using such a digital environment is explored. These strands are interwoven to discuss the technical, economic and socio-political implications of MORR in the context of micro-reactors and to consider the potential evolution of safeguarding issues based on a digital assurance framework that leads to type approvals. Commoditization of nuclear power would lower costs in line with offshore wind and the output from a single production line in a factory could replace a third of current fossil fuel-based electricity generation in the UK over a 15-year period, making a significant contribution to achieving zero greenhouse gas emissions. The challenges associated with the changes in culture, both in the nuclear industry and in society, as well as the technology gaps, that need to be addressed in realizing this paradigm shift are identified and discussed.
... Therefore, in consideration of the novel characteristics of the industrial metaverse, it is promising to integrate the industrial metaverse with the next-generation smart manufacturing [19], [20]. In this article, we propose a conceptual model named IMverse (Industrial Metaverse) Model and demonstrate the novel characteristics of the industrial metaverse for smart manufacturing. ...
Smart manufacturing has been transforming toward industrial digitalization integrated with various advanced technologies. Metaverse has been evolving as a next-generation paradigm of a digital space extended and augmented by reality. In the metaverse, users are interconnected for various virtual activities. In consideration of advanced possibilities that may be brought by the metaverse, it is envisioned that industrial metaverse should be integrated into smart manufacturing to upgrade industry for more visible, intelligent and efficient production in the future. Therefore, a conceptual model, named IMverse Model, and novel characteristics of the industrial metaverse for smart manufacturing are proposed in this article. Besides, an industrial metaverse architecture, named IMverse Architecture, is proposed involving several key enabling technologies. Typical innovative applications of the industrial metaverse throughout the whole product life cycle for smart manufacturing are presented with insights. Nonetheless, in prospect of future, the industrial metaverse still faces limitations and is far from implementation. Thus, challenges and open issues of the industrial metaverse for smart manufacturing are discussed, then outlook is provided for further research and application.
... Smart contract is a set of commitments defined in digital form [19], including the execution of these agreements by contract participants. The purpose of smart contract Table 1 Smart grid issues and blockchain solutions ...
With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the use of the smart grid is becoming more and more widespread. However, a large number of distributed smart grid devices currently have insecure authentication and low information sharing. As the use of blockchain technology can provide a secure and trustworthy interaction environment for smart grids, this paper proposes a blockchain-based smart grid security architecture, which resolves the conflict between distributed smart grid devices and centralized management is resolved. In the proposed architecture, we have newly designed blocks and gateway nodes, which improve the security and credibility of smart grid device identity authentication. Then we design a Computing Balance based Exchange (CBE) algorithm to improve the interaction efficiency between smart grid devices. In addition, the multi-layer smart contract based on smart grid is proposed to solve the problems of lack of mutual trust and information sharing between smart grid devices. Finally, the blockchain-based smart grid security architecture and multi-layer smart contract can achieve secure interaction and efficient identity authentication among smart grid devices.
... accessible platforms that may accommodate a wide range of applications. These networks ensure data integrity without central management by employing a distributed ledger to record transactions within an immutable chain. Hash functions guarantee the safety of the block chain by preserving its continuity, while digital signatures verify transactions (Mourtzis et. al., 2023). In addition, IPFS secures data permanence, distributes storage for files, and eliminates shortcomings, all of which strengthen block chain technology. Efficient as well as scalable networks ready for the quantum-resistant age are made possible by combining block chain for verification with IPFS for storage, creating a resilient archite ...
The emergence of quantum computing poses a substantial risk to the security of block chain technology, requiring a transition to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) to protect the future integrity and security of block chain systems. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of integrating post-quantum digital signatures into block chain frameworks, aiming to mitigate quantum vulnerabilities while maintaining the reliability, scalability, and integrity of block chain applications. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted to assess the efficacy of post-quantum signature algorithms recommended by NIST in comparison to conventional cryptographic benchmarks like ECDSA. The evaluation primarily centers on the speed of transaction processing, network scalability, and the overall upgrade of security. The results indicate that enhancing block chain systems to counter quantum attacks is intricate. Nevertheless, it is a crucial measure in guaranteeing block chain applications’ enduring security and dependability amidst the ever-changing technical risks. The findings of our analysis indicate that the adoption of post-quantum signatures poses significant technical and operational challenges. However, it also offers opportunities to strengthen the resilience of block chain systems against quantum threats, drive advancements in secure digital transactions, and establish a new benchmark for cryptographic practices in the era of quantum computing. This study provides significant insights and ideas for developers and politicians interested in developing and administering secure, quantum-resistant block chain networks, contributing to the critical conversation on preparing block chain technology for a post-quantum future.
... The pandemic and the adaptations it engendered have resulted in an accelerated development of the technologies that aid in contactless-manufacturing, and that can counter supply chain disruptions, such as intelligent industrial robotics, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), AI-empowered Additive Manufacturing, Digital Twins, Immersive and Augmented Reality. These technologies can be grouped under the two technological advancements under investigation: Artificial intelligence and the "Industrial Metaverse" [14]. ...
... The technologies that it encompasses include Digital Twins, Augmented Reality (such as Projection and Location-Based Augment Reality), Virtual Reality, Mixed Reality, and Blockchains [88]. The expected impact of the Industrial Metaverse is very significant that it can effectively revolutionize the manufacturing industry [14]. For example, when virtual "digital twins" of industrial systems are integrated in the metaverse space, corporate managers can have real-time access to every plant they operate throughout the world, with their avatars walking the 3D virtual floor of the plant and interacting with the avatars of the plant managers. ...
... Despite, the great potential of the technology, the Industrial Metaverse is still in the early stages. A comprehensive review of the integration of blockchains in the metaverse is conducted in the works of Mourtzis, Angelopoulos, and Panopoulos [14] and Yang et.al [89], and show that a wide number of applications can potentially setup an economic environment in the metaverse that includes among others Non-Fungible Token (NFT) markets, social networking, and businesses. ...
One of the characteristic features of the next-generation of Industry 4.0 is human-centricity, which in turn includes two technological advancements: Artificial Intelligence and the Industrial Metaverse. In this work, we assess the impact that AI played on the advancement of three technologies that emerged to be cornerstones in the fourth generation of industry: intelligent industrial robotics, unmanned aerial vehicles, and additive manufacturing. Despite the significant improvement that AI and the industrial metaverse can offer, the incorporation of many AI-enabled and Metaverse-based technologies remains under the expectations. Safety continues to be a strong factor that limits the expansion of intelligent industrial robotics and drones, whilst Cybersecurity is effectively a major limiting factor for the advance of the industrial metaverse and the integration of blockchains. However, most research works agree that the lack of the skilled workforce will no-arguably be the decisive factor that limits the incorporation of these technologies in industry. Therefore, long-term planning and training programs are needed to counter the upcoming shortage in the skilled workforce.
... In addition, Blockchain technology can enhance the clarity and precision of transactions in the metaverse, benefiting areas like education [83]- [85]. The utilization of the metaverse and blockchain technology in education enhances focus, retention, immersion, and personalization. ...
The advent of the Metaverse has initiated a change in basic assumptions, beyond traditional digital limitations, establishing an interconnected realm with significant implications, particularly in the realm of educational games. This detailed and systematic study provides an overview of the fundamental attributes of the Metaverse and their potential to bring about transformative changes in the field of educational gaming. Our review tracks the Metaverse's evolution from Neal Stevenson's "Snow Crash" to contemporary platforms like Decentraland. The study centers on the fields of educational games with a focus on assessing five crucial elements of the Metaverse: network Infrastructure, cyber-reality interface, data management, authentication mechanisms, and content generation. This study explores the historical connections to video games and digs into the user-driven ecosystem of Metaverse educational games, highlighting the significant impact these components have on enriching educational gaming experiences for the users.
Keywords: Metaverse, Educational Games, Metaverse games, Blockchain, VR, AR, AI, NFTs.
... The metaverse can operate as a single virtual world owing to a decentralised blockchain ecosystem that enables independent nodes to synchronise (Lin et al., 2022). Participants in this ecosystem can efficiently manage their social, legal, and economic relationships through the use of smart contracts, which in turn establishes the basic rules governing the metaverse (Mourtzis et al., 2023). Blockchain appears to have the ability to completely eradicate centralised decision-making processes throughout the metaverse and lower the risks related to malware and attacks (Bian et al., 2022). ...
... Furthermore, as depicted in Fig. 2, we extend the conventional understanding of AFSCs from being "a coordinating and integrating of financial, material, and information flows between departments and businesses to optimize the use of supply chain resources throughout the whole value chain, from suppliers of raw materials to customers" (Bhat et al., 2022) toward a triple-AFSC perspective, where physical, metaverse, and physical-metaversion AFSCs coexist. Fig. 2 illustrates the connection between the physical and metaverse realms using AI, big data analytics, blockchain, edge computing, the IoT, 5G, enterprise resource planning (ERP), and simulation (Huynh-The et al., 2022; Abou El-Magd et al., 2023; Mourtzis et al., 2023). 3D printers, smart devices, and sensors integrated into tangible goods are examples of data sources in the metaverse. ...
... Putting security measures in place can enhance the quality of the information stored and provide actors with the most recent information about things occurring within the AFSC (Abou El-Magd et al., 2023). Moreover, a metaversebased blockchain-which depends on transparent, reliable, and auditable data-supports fraud detection and counterfeiting preventative measures (George & Al-Ansari, 2023;Mourtzis et al., 2023). Furthermore, metaverse-integrated IoT devices and sensors allow real-time environmental condition tracking, including humidity and temperature (Abou El-Magd et al., 2023). ...
Since its inception, the metaverse has evolved drastically and opened up many opportunities for many stakeholders, including individuals and businesses. The agri‐food supply chain is currently starting to incorporate metaverse technology. Retailers and prominent companies use this technology to achieve particular goals, such as ensuring traceability or boosting sales and reputation. Concurrently, there is an opportunity for the metaverse to affect food chain performance more broadly. Even so, the literature provides little evidence for this effect and primarily focuses on specific indicators, leaving little knowledge about it. By exploring the rapidly evolving field of metaverse technologies and their potential impacts on the security of agri‐food supply chains, this study aims to fill this knowledge gap. The study aims to improve collaboration and communication throughout the agri‐food supply chain by providing a structured framework covering a variety of metaverse technologies, from the development of immersive virtual worlds to the deployment of blockchain for traceability. The findings offer valuable insights, particularly for researchers, decision makers, and industry partners who aim to better comprehend the potential benefits and challenges related to integrating metaverse solutions into the agri‐food industry. The study concludes with recommendations for future research directions and strategic factors that could assist in ensuring the effective adoption of metaverse technologies and the security and resilience of agri‐food supply chains.
