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Configuration of the fast electric vehicle (EV) charging station including stationary energy storage system (ESS).
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Optimal sizing of stationary energy storage systems (ESS) is required to reduce the peak load and increase the profit of fast charging stations. Sequential sizing of battery and converter or fixed-size converters are considered in most of the existing studies. However, sequential sizing or fixed-converter sizes may result in under or oversizing of...
Contexts in source publication
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... configuration of the fast EV charging station coupled with stationary ESS proposed in this study is shown in Figure 1. The network configuration assures the power balance in the network by using power flow among different components of the network, as shown in Figure 1. ...
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... configuration of the fast EV charging station coupled with stationary ESS proposed in this study is shown in Figure 1. The network configuration assures the power balance in the network by using power flow among different components of the network, as shown in Figure 1. The objective of the power flow is to fulfill the load of the EVs in each interval while fulfilling the constrained related to the individual components and the entire network. ...
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... load Fulfillment of EV load (í µí± ) at each interval by using the available components is the major objective of the network configuration. It can be observed from Figure 1 that the EV load can be fulfilled by buying power (í µí± ) from the utility grid or by discharging the ESS (í µí± ) or using both. ...
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... can be discharged to fulfill the power demand of EVs or it can be utilized to sell power (í µí± ) back to the utility grid during system peak load intervals. However, ESS can be charged (í µí± ) only by buying power from the utility grid, as shown in Figure 1. ...
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... bought from the utility grid or power sold to the utility grid via ESS is converted using the PCS, as shown in Figure 1. Similarly, power bought from the utility grid by EVs is converted by using the AC/DC converter, as shown in Figure 1. ...
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... bought from the utility grid or power sold to the utility grid via ESS is converted using the PCS, as shown in Figure 1. Similarly, power bought from the utility grid by EVs is converted by using the AC/DC converter, as shown in Figure 1. ...
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... the optimization algorithm chooses to buy power from the grid to fulfill the load demand of EVs, even during system peak intervals. It is also evident from Figure 10d that the amount of power bought during peak intervals increases with a decrease in useable energy range. Similarly, the total cost of the charging station also increases with a decrease in the usage energy level due to the increase in buying power, especially during peak intervals. ...
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... can be observed that battery size decreases with an increase in the percentage of commercial vehicles in the fleet while the size or converter increases, as shown in Figure 11a, 11b. It implies that more frequent charging and discharging will be required due to the charging of commercial vehicles each day. ...
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... implies that more frequent charging and discharging will be required due to the charging of commercial vehicles each day. The buying prices also increase with an increase in the percentage of commercials vehicles due to buying more power during all working days, as shown in Figure 11d. However, the investment cost of ESS decreases with an increase in the percentage of commercial vehicles, as shown in Figure 11c. ...
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... buying prices also increase with an increase in the percentage of commercials vehicles due to buying more power during all working days, as shown in Figure 11d. However, the investment cost of ESS decreases with an increase in the percentage of commercial vehicles, as shown in Figure 11c. This is due to the sharp reduction in battery size as compared to the increase in converter size and buying power cost from the grid with an increase in the percentage of the commercial EVs. Figure 11. ...
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... is due to the sharp reduction in battery size as compared to the increase in converter size and buying power cost from the grid with an increase in the percentage of the commercial EVs. Figure 11. Impact of commercial to private EVs ratio on the results of the proposed method: (a) size of battery; (b) capacity of converter; (c) investment cost; (d) price for buying power. ...
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In the distribution system, customers have increasingly use renewable energy sources and battery energy storage systems (BESS), transforming traditional loads into active prosumers. Therefore, methodologies are needed to provide prosumers with tools to optimize their investments and increase business opportunities. In this paper, a stochastic mixed...
Citations
... I N the midst of the transformation of the electric grid into carbon-confined grounds, the inclusion of renewable systems, EV charging applications, and battery storage systems, all enabled by well-performing power electronics is a necessity [1,2,3]. Furthermore, recent advances in the field of power semiconductor devices, mainly due to the introduction and development of wide band-gap components, i.e., Silicon Carbide have led to a notable improvement in efficiency, power density, and more [4,5,6]. ...
The paper proposes and investigates an alternative coupled inductor configuration in a three-level interleaved dc-dc converter. The new common-leg coupled inductor structure is introduced, and possible modulation methods are studied and theoretically analyzed, focusing on the impact on current ripples, power losses, and common-mode noise. The concept is validated using an MV-rated, SiC-based bidirectional converter dedicated to battery storage application in a bipolar EV charging station, tested up to 1 kV and 10 kW. Furthermore, the comparative study shows that the suggested method exhibits a smaller volume when compared to the conventional approach with several single inductors, comparable performance but with a more straightforward inductor design than the tapped inductor solution, and full section current controllability, unlike the single-inductor option. Finally, using the proposed technique, common-mode noise can be entirely limited, allowing the minimization of excess filtering. Overall, the proposed inductor configuration can be effectively and competitively used in modern SiC-based threelevel dc-dc converters.
... It is preferable to connect EV charging stations to the utility grid to reduce the total cost of these stations and, at the same time, increase their profitability [38,39]. Therefore, in this work, the proposed charging station is designed to be connected to the grid. ...
This paper presents a methodology for the optimal sizing of a proposed photovoltaic (PV)-battery grid-connected system for fast charging station of electric vehicles (FCSEVs) in Cairo, Egypt. The key objectives of the formulated optimization problem are to minimize the total system cost and to guarantee the validity of the energy balance principle within the considered system. The paper also develops a novel energy management strategy, which is designed based on two widely adopted pricing strategies, for optimally managing the power flow within the considered system with the purpose of reaching the optimum sizes of the considered system components. In addition, the paper suggests a modification to the Snake optimization (SO) algorithm, which is used to solve the formulated optimization problem using MATLAB software. Moreover, a comparison is conducted among the proposed modified Snake optimization (MSO) algorithm and four other common meta-heuristic optimization algorithms to validate the viability of the suggested MSO algorithm in achieving the desired eventual aims of the sizing process. Furthermore, a techno-economic study is carried out to assess the economic viability of the proposed system for each of the two adopted pricing strategies over the project lifetime. The yielded results indicated that the developed energy management strategy is capable of managing the energy flow within the considered system effectively. Also, they demonstrated that the suggested MSO algorithm can yield the best optimal solutions for the formulated optimization problem for each of the two adopted pricing strategies compared to the other considered optimization algorithms.
... In source [14], the integration of ESS and EV charging stations in smart grid is presented with a real life testing. In source [15], the authors have addressed the economical side of ESS and EV fast charging and also examined the optimal sizing of the storage system. ...
The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has created an increased demand for larger
and more flexible fast charging solutions. However, this type of charging with high
peak power demand poses significant challenges for numerous locations, especially in
areas with limited local distribution grid capacity. Energy storage systems (ESSs)
have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges by offering flexibility in the
timing and amount of energy delivered to the site.
The aim of this thesis was to demonstrate the benefits that can be achieved by
integrating ESS into the EV fast charging stations. The thesis also looked at the
advantages and disadvantages of ESS. The thesis reviewed standards and concepts
related to EV charging and ESS technologies and discussed the technical and economic
aspects of their integration.
In particular, the thesis looked into the type of technology used, the potential
use cases, and the optimal locations for ESS. A comparative analysis of different
ESS technologies was carried out, and it was found that battery energy storage
systems (BESSs) have the best techno-economic characteristics for supporting EV
fast charging.
In addition, the thesis used Siemens PSS®DE simulation software with real-world
charging data to assess different types of charging locations. These simulations were
used to investigate which types of locations could benefit most from the integration
of ESS and which characteristics of them are the most important. The simulations
revealed that, contrary to initial assumptions, ESS integration into EV charging
stations does not critically depend on the energy capacity of the ESS. Instead, the
output power of the system is the most important factor. This is due to the frequent
periods of inactivity during which the ESS can be charged, even at the locations
with the highest current utilization rate.
Overall, the thesis showed that ESSs have great potential to benefit sites with
limited grid capacity by providing users with higher peak power without the need
for costly and slow upgrades to the local electrical grid connection.
... One of the limitations of RE sources is that to prevent power loss, the power generated must be used immediately or supplied to the power grid. Therefore, researchers have suggested adopting stationary energy storage and fast charging systems to eliminate this drawback [47][48][49][50]. Energy storage avoids the limitation of RE power interruption and improves EV charging stability by supplying adequate energy during emergencies. ...
The worsening energy crisis, growing environmental consciousness, and the detrimental consequences of climate change, prompted governments to reduce carbon footprints. One of the approaches involved is adopting green energy technology to charge electric vehicles (EVs). The US Department of Energy estimates that EVs may effectively use 60% of the input energy while driving, twice as much as traditional fossil fuel-based vehicles. Although EVs are tremendously efficient, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions they can reduce relies on the source of electricity needed to power them. To summarize the role of RE as a viable charging alternative, in this study, we analyze four essential elements of EV charging infrastructure, RE-enabled smart charging approaches, utility interest and associated challenges and opportunities. First, the existing RE sources employed for EV charging are discussed with their global adoption, advantages and drawbacks and the leading countries. Second, we presented a thorough investigation of energy storage technologies, charging systems, related power electronics, and smart grid integration to facilitate the adoption of RE in EVs. Third, we discussed in-depth the many industry-implemented smart charging approaches with RE in light of the most recent global trend in EV energy usage. Finally, given the inherent challenges associated with realizing the sustainable transition, we discuss the technological challenges and opportunities related to grid integration, renovation, standardization, maintenance, network security and resource optimization. The authors believe this manuscript will serve as an information cornerstone for all the involved parties and scientific communication to gain a deeper understanding and contribute.
... The rapid expansion of sustainable technologies in the electric power system caused by environmental concerns spreading throughout the whole world is a well-known fact. This matter forces constant efforts from the today's engineers to improve the systems surrounding these crucial technologies, such as the always-growing renewable energy sources [1], e.g., photovoltaic and wind systems; electric vehicle industry, including fast charging stations; the moreand-more common smartgrids, also in DC microgrid systems; as well as the core technology, that binds all the others together -the energy storage; most notably for power electronics engineers: battery systems and the power converters controlling the energy flow into and out of the battery stack [2,3]. ...
This paper presents an investigation on a non-isolated, three-level DC/DC converter; more specifically, on the possible combinations of inductor configurations and modulation techniques directly affecting the performance of the converter. The many state-of-the-art and conventional solutions are compared theoretically, as well as based on experimental considerations founded on a medium voltage SiC-based DC/DC
converter to be applied as an energy storage interfacing system in a fast charging station. The study focuses on the effects of the configurations on the output ripples of the converter, which is crucial for battery-oriented systems. The tests were performed
at 1 kV and up to nearly 10 kW of power, successfully validating the use of each configuration. It is shown that for a system to operate in a wide output range, the current ripple criterion is not enough for choosing the optimal configuration, and other
factors, e.g., efficiency, must be considered.
... The expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) is an ongoing trend in today's society, with the EV market growing at a very fast rate [1]. Therefore, to fully employ the potentially great number of EVs, proper charging infrastructure is a necessity [2]. This is especially crucial in terms of the ability to charge the EVs rapidly, e.g., on highways, where the utilization of highly-performant fast and ultra-fast charging stations is required. ...
This study presents a three-level, interleaved, non-isolated DC/DC converter designed as a battery interface for an EV fast-charging
system with a bipolar +/- 750 V DC-link. A 20 kW prototype is exhibited based on a universal All-SiC MOSFET submodule for each leg. The core of the paper is the design of the experimental model, along with the description of the system’s control, as well as validation in simulation and in introductory experiments. It is shown that such a converter employing modularized power modules can properly operate as the DC/DC interface.
... While this method will help the utility to control the demand to an acceptable range, there is still the need for installing new devices that will increase the costs of the systems. Also, there is a problem related to the sizing and placement of the battery (Hussain et al. 2019), making the system not optimum. Some publications consider the effect of EV charging stations along with other elements on the grid. ...
Over the past years, electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted great attention worldwide. Using EVs helps reduce CO2 emissions and the use of fossil fuels and motivates the nations toward a more sustainable future where the consumed energy matters. EVs are the main part of E-mobility; therefore, the EV integration problem is very important. This paper discusses the importance of EV integration in smart grids, and challenges toward the electrification of future cars are investigated. The two main categories for challenges are security and utility-related challenges. Security challenges deal with the communication means in the e-mobility, while grid-related challenges correspond to the energy that must be supplied and delivered to the vehicles. Security challenges come from the devastating actions from outside threats such as hacks, but the grid-related challenges come from the system's nature and can be dealt with using physical and software-based methods. While the challenges of security and grid are investigated, since our future work focuses on energy and cost optimization, the solution of grid-related challenges will be covered.
... The ultracapacitor-based storage system was found to be the best choice based on the requisite power-capacity combination obtained from simulations. In [33], an optimization model was developed that took into account the uncertainty of EVs arrival times, worst-case SoCs of EVs arriving at the station, and power level to recharge EVs. Objectives of the proposed model were to minimize the annual operational cost (AOC) of the charging station, the annual penalty cost associated with charging demand during peak periods, and the investment cost of the Li-ion based BESS. ...
... Furthermore, this work introduced two BESSs concepts within the FCS for achieving partial decoupling between stations and the grid. A review of the literature, presented in [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] revealed that potential applications of renewable energy resources (RERs) and their optimal sizing were not investigated. Furthermore, life degradation considerations regarding the energy storage system-for instance, optimal depth of discharge (DoD), the allowable number of charge/discharge cycles, and calendric lifetime of the storage system-were not considered. ...
... 1) We propose novel MILP formulations to find optimal power and energy ratings for a Li-ion based BESS, ratings for a PV system integrated with the station, and optimal energy management of the XFCS for each considered scenario. Unlike the extant literature on the planning of privately owned charging stations [2,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]61], this work also considers uncertaintiessuch as charging station demand, electricity market prices, and PV system generation-in the long-term forecast data, and it leverages the RO approach to model and solves the XFCS planning problem. ...
This paper presents mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations to obtain optimal sizing for a battery energy storage system (BESS) and solar generation system in an extreme fast charging station (XFCS) to reduce the annualized total cost. The proposed model characterizes a typical year with eight representative scenarios and obtains the optimal energy management for the station and BESS operation to exploit the energy arbitrage for each scenario. Contrasting extant literature, this paper proposes a constant power constant voltage (CPCV) based improved probabilistic approach to model the XFCS charging demand for weekdays and weekends. This paper also accounts for the monthly and annual demand charges based on realistic utility tariffs. Furthermore, BESS life degradation is considered in the model to ensure no replacement is needed during the considered planning horizon. Different from the literature, this paper offers pragmatic MILP formulations to tally BESS charge/discharge cycles using the cumulative charge/discharge energy concept. McCormick relaxations and the Big-M method are utilized to relax the bi-linear terms in the BESS operational constraints. Finally, a robust optimization-based MILP model is proposed and leveraged to account for uncertainties in electricity price, solar generation, and XFCS demand. Case studies were performed to signify the efficacy of the proposed formulations.
... The ultracapacitor-based storage system was found to be the best choice based on the requisite power-capacity combination obtained from simulations. In [33], an optimization model was developed that took into account the uncertainty of EVs arrival times, worst-case SoCs of EVs arriving at the station, and power level to recharge EVs. Objectives of the proposed model were to minimize the annual operational cost (AOC) of the charging station, the annual penalty cost associated with charging demand during peak periods, and the investment cost of the Li-ion based BESS. ...
... Furthermore, this work introduced two BESSs concepts within the FCS for achieving partial decoupling between stations and the grid. A review of the literature, presented in [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] revealed that potential applications of renewable energy resources (RERs) and their optimal sizing were not investigated. Furthermore, life degradation considerations regarding the energy storage system-for instance, optimal depth of discharge (DoD), the allowable number of charge/discharge cycles, and calendric lifetime of the storage system-were not considered. ...
... 1) We propose novel MILP formulations to find optimal power and energy ratings for a Li-ion based BESS, ratings for a PV system integrated with the station, and optimal energy management of the XFCS for each considered scenario. Unlike the extant literature on the planning of privately owned charging stations [2,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]61], this work also considers uncertaintiessuch as charging station demand, electricity market prices, and PV system generation-in the long-term forecast data, and it leverages the RO approach to model and solves the XFCS planning problem. ...
This paper presents mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations to obtain
optimal sizing for a battery energy storage system (BESS) and solar generation system
in an extreme fast charging station (XFCS) with the objective of reducing annualized
total cost. The proposed model characterizes a typical year with eight representative
scenarios and obtains the optimal energy management for the station and BESS
operation to exploit the energy arbitrage for each scenario. Contrasting extant
literature, this paper proposes a constant power constant voltage (CPCV) based
improved probabilistic approach to model the XFCS charging demand for weekdays
and weekends. This paper also accounts for the monthly and annual demand charges
based on realistic utility tariffs. Furthermore, BESS life degradation is considered in the
model to ensure no replacement is needed during the considered planning horizon.
Different from the literature, this paper offers pragmatic MILP formulations to tally
BESS charge/discharge cycles using the cumulative charge/discharge energy concept.
McCormick relaxations and the Big-M method are utilized to relax the bi-linear terms in
the BESS operational constraints. Finally, a robust optimization-based MILP model is
proposed and leveraged to account for uncertainties in electricity price, solar generation, and XFCS demand. Case studies were performed to signify the efficacy of
the proposed formulations.
... In addition to the ESS size, the rating of the power converter plays an important role in the cost and power provision to the battery and the EVs. Therefore, the simultaneous sizing of the converter and the ESS is considered in (Hussain, Bui, Baek, and Kim, Nov. 2019). ...
... An off-grid charging station Fig. 16. Power balancing mechanism in a charging station with on-site energy storage unit (Hussain, Bui, Baek, and Kim, Nov. 2019). for both EVs and hydrogen cars is proposed in (Mehrjerdi, May 2019), where the major energy source is solar energy. ...
Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to reduce emissions from the transportation sector and are also capable of providing several services to the power system including resilience during power outages. However, transportation electrification has increased the interdependence of transport and power networks, which could become challenging during periods of extended outages. Consequently, the analysis of the existing literature on the resilience of power systems and EVs is carried out in two parts in this study. In the first part, the use of EVs as a resilience resource for buildings, microgrids, and power systems is discussed. In addition, the use of exhausted EV batteries (second life) for resilience enhancement purposes and collective resilience of power and transport networks are also discussed. In the second part, strategies used for enhancing the resilience of EVs are discussed, which comprise onsite storage deployment, integration of renewable energy sources, design of off-grid charging stations, energy allocation to EVs during outages, and the use of EVs for evacuation during emergencies. Especially, the need to include EVs in making public policies on disaster management is emphasized. Then, the prevailing challenges for realizing these services are discussed along with the research gaps in the existing literature. Finally, several potential research directions are presented to carry out future research based on the existing studies.
