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A single-port uniplanar antenna with a built-in tunable filter is presented for operation in multiple LTE bands for cognitive femtocell applications. The antenna is based on a monopole microstrip patch fed by coplanar waveguide. The frequency reconfigurability is achieved by using two PIN diodes to couple or decouple a ring slot resonator filter fr...
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Citations
... The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna has been also adopted in [7], [8] which are covering the Sub-6 GHz, the two structures have a good impedance matching and high isolation. Nowadays, traditional passive antennas are replaced with tunable antennas [9] to reduce the impact of interference between users, while maintaining high efficiency and reduce the size of antenna. Likewise, base stations which are considered the most important part of 5G communication need to operate over a small frequency band so that interference outside the operating band can be avoided. ...
... One of the techniques used in narrowing the antenna bandwidth is integrating bandpass filters in the ground plan. As seen in [9], [10] different shapes of bandpass filters has been implemented. * Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note † Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. ...
... In order to communicate at a specific frequency, the bandwidth of operation should be narrow, so that noise and interference outside the range of operation can be reduced. Several papers have proposed various techniques for the design of narrowband filer such as ring slot open-circuited stub [9], parallel coupled line resonator [10] and hairpin coupled filter [11]. Among these various techniques, the quarter-wavelength open-circuited stubs filters are suitable to narrow the operation bandwidth. ...
... The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna has been also adopted in [7], [8] which are covering the Sub-6 GHz, the two structures have a good impedance matching and high isolation. Nowadays, traditional passive antennas are replaced with tunable antennas [9] to reduce the impact of interference between users, while maintaining high efficiency and reduce the size of antenna. Likewise, base stations which are considered the most important part of 5G communication need to operate over a small frequency band so that interference outside the operating band can be avoided. ...
... One of the techniques used in narrowing the antenna bandwidth is integrating bandpass filters in the ground plan. As seen in [9], [10] different shapes of bandpass filters has been implemented. * Article Title Footnote needs to be captured as Title Note † Author Footnote to be captured as Author Note Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. ...
... In order to communicate at a specific frequency, the bandwidth of operation should be narrow, so that noise and interference outside the range of operation can be reduced. Several papers have proposed various techniques for the design of narrowband filer such as ring slot open-circuited stub [9], parallel coupled line resonator [10] and hairpin coupled filter [11]. Among these various techniques, the quarter-wavelength open-circuited stubs filters are suitable to narrow the operation bandwidth. ...
A tunable monopole antenna in the European Union (EU) norms for the Sub-6 GHz band in picocell base stations application is presented in this paper. The antenna has a simple design with a bandpass filter incorporated in its ground plane. The frequency tunability capability of the antenna is achieved by varying varactor diodes capacitance, which leads to changing the effective length of the bandpass filter slots, as a result the operating frequency continuously tuned from 3.4 to 3.8 GHz. The designed antenna is modeled in CST, then verified using HFSS and ADS. The simulated antenna performance is analyzed in detail including the return loss, radiation patterns, and gain. The obtained results show that the developed antenna is very suitable for picocell base stations, especially for the 5G/Sub-6 GHz band.
... In [13], an antenna exhibiting bandwidth reconfigurability, for WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) operations is presented. Researchers have also investigated the use of slots, slit structures, parasitic patches, and modified ground planes with PIN diodes to achieve multi-reconfigurability operation targeting both frequency and bandwidth switching [14], [15]. ...
This paper presents a printed patch antenna design to achieve frequency and bandwidth reconfigurability. Two RF PIN diodes are simultaneously operated to achieve the multi-reconfigurability operation. The patch is inspired from a circular loop design. The basic structure of a loop is altered, and PIN diodes are integrated into the patch. The antenna operates in dual band configuration at 3.42 and 8.02 GHz in the diodes ‘OFF’ state, whereas the antenna switches to triple band operation at 2.21, 4.85, and 10.19 GHz in the diodes ‘ON’ state. Moreover, the antenna also exhibits an increased bandwidth from 7.54 to 12 GHz in the diodes ‘ON’ state, as compared to a narrow bandwidth from 7.71 to 8.48 GHz in the diodes ‘OFF’ state. The proposed antenna structure is implemented and fabricated using FR4 epoxy substrate of relative permittivity 4.4, and thickness 1.6 mm. Implemented design exhibits measured gains of 3.06 dBi, 2.81 dBi, and 2.92 dBi at 2.21, 4.85, and 10.19 GHz in the PIN diodes ‘ON’ state, respectively, while in the PIN diodes ‘OFF’ state, at 3.42 GHz the gain is 3.03 dBi and at 8.02 GHz the gain is 3.37 dBi. Overall, simulation results agree well with the measured results.
... In this process, unoccupied channels are identified and then selected for other wireless communication applications. In general, UWB antennas are used for spectrum sensing purpose whereas the narrowband antennas are employed for communication functions [18]. Reconfigurable antennas are therefore highly preferred as they can easily adapt themselves to the changing environment by adjusting its operating band based on the availability of the spectrum. ...
In this study, a compact configuration of frequency reconfigurable filtenna, designed by integrating a bandpass filter
and with a monopole radiator, is demonstrated for achieving high-frequency selectivity along with compact size. The proposed
filtenna can be efficiently tuned between ultra-wideband (UWB) and C-band states of operation. A bandpass filter, based on
rectangular stepped impedance stub loaded multiple-mode resonator (MMR), is embedded to an elliptical monopole radiator to
construct the filtenna circuit. The filtenna design approach leaves out the necessity of cascading an additional 50 Ω microstrip
feed line in between the antenna and filter elements which makes the system more compact. The designed filtenna occupies
3.6–10.6 GHz band in its UWB state of operation and 3.63–4.70 GHz band in its C-band state of operation, respectively. The
UWB operating state is intended for spectrum sensing application whereas the C-band operating state can be implemented for
communication in a cognitive radio environment. The shifting between two operating states is controlled by appropriately
switching the PIN diodes. An average peak gain of 2 dBi is observed within the passband. The overall size of the filtenna is
optimised to 1.35λ0 × 0.96λ0 × 0.04λ0 (λ0 is calculated at 6.85 GHz). For validation purpose, the filtenna prototype is fabricated
and characterised. A very close agreement is achieved with the suggested configuration.
... There is an increasing demand in multi-service radios conforming to different spectrum standards for antennas switchable to single-band, multi-band, or wideband operation. This multifunction characteristic has become an important research area [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. There are different antenna design methods which achieve this multimode function: ...
... There is an increasing demand in multi-service radios conforming to different spectrum standards for antennas switchable to single-band, multi-band, or wideband operation. This multi-function characteristic has become an important research area [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. There are different antenna design methods which achieve this multimode function: ...
... • to use a reconfigurable band-pass filter on the antenna feed-line to switch from narrow-band to wide-band operation [47][48][49][50]. • to use a modified ground plane with embedded parasitic and slit structures and also slots along with active elements such as PIN diodes [51][52][53][54]. • to combine different antennas which can give narrowband or wideband operation and could be used in cognitive-ratio (CR) or MIMO mobile communications [55]. ...
Reconfigurable antennas play important roles in smart and adaptive systems and are the subject of many research studies. They offer several advantages such as multifunctional capabilities, minimized volume requirements, low front-end processing efforts with no need for a filtering element, good isolation, and sufficient out-of-band rejection; these make them well suited for use in wireless applications such as fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G) mobile terminals. With the use of active materials such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), varactor or p-i-n (PIN) diodes, an antenna’s characteristics can be changed through altering the current flow on the antenna structure. If an antenna is to be reconfigurable into many different states, it needs to have an adequate number of active elements. However, a large number of high-quality active elements increases cost, and necessitates complex biasing networks and control circuitry. We review some recently proposed reconfigurable antenna designs suitable for use in wireless communications such as cognitive-ratio (CR), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), ultra-wideband (UWB), and 4G/5G mobile terminals. Several examples of antennas with different reconfigurability functions are analyzed and their performances are compared. Characteristics and fundamental properties of reconfigurable antennas with single and multiple reconfigurability modes are investigated.
... It is interesting to note that the radiation pattern remains nearly constant in wideband and narrowband modes, which is an essential requirement for the CR systems when operating in crucial communication scenarios [16]. Nevertheless, the obtained patterns are similar to those observed for antennas used for CR applications [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The cross-polarization level is less than 220 dB at broadside across the entire operating bandwidth for all the states. ...
A frequency tunable and bandwidth reconfigurable antenna with ring slot resonators embedded into its ground plane is presented. To achieve the bandwidth reconfigurability, two PIN diodes are inserted to couple or decouple two pairs of ring slot resonators from the antenna feed line. By switching the diodes on or off, the antenna can operate either in a wideband or narrowband mode. In the narrowband mode, two varactors are used to continuously tune the antenna operating frequency from 2.55 to 3.2 GHz. Due to the achieved bandwidths, the proposed structure can cover various bands used for LTE (1/2/7/33-41 bands), WiMAX, and WLAN (802.11 b/g/n/s bands) applications. Similar radiation patterns with low cross-polarization levels are obtained for different diodes states. The measured results show that the proposed design is potentially suitable for cognitive radio applications; in which the wideband mode is used for spectrum sensing while the narrowband mode for communicating over the selected channels. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:399–404, 2017
... It is interesting to note that the radiation pattern remains nearly constant in wideband and narrowband modes, which is an essential requirement for the CR systems when operating in crucial communication scenarios [16]. Nevertheless, the obtained patterns are similar to those observed for antennas used for CR applications [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The cross-polarization level is less than 220 dB at broadside across the entire operating bandwidth for all the states. ...
The presented paper presents a reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications. The proposed structure is intended to be used as a cognitive radio front-end, which means that the proposed antenna must ensure the sensing and communication tasks. The sensing task is ensured by using an UWB monopole antenna, while communication is ensured by using two open-circuited radial-line stubs connected to the feed line via two switches. By changing the switches states from open to close, the proposed antenna can be altered between UWB or narrowband at 2.4 or 5GHz. The simulation results show a good agreement between different electromagnetic simulation softwares, which are based on different numerical methods, thus indicating the feasibility of the proposed structure.
In the rapidly evolving wireless communication landscape, antenna technology is indispensable. This chapter provides an in-depth review of recent advancements and trends in antenna technology transforming modern wireless communication systems. The authors delve into vital technological innovations, including massive MIMO, beamforming, metamaterial antennas, and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, shedding light on their functions, potential benefits, and implications. The study underscores that the ongoing evolution in antenna technology holds immense potential to revolutionize wireless communication systems, enabling more efficient, high-speed, and sustainable networks. These insights will benefit communication engineers, researchers, and academicians, offering a broad understanding of antenna technology's current state and future trajectories in wireless communication systems.
span>A frequency reconfigurable antenna is presented in this paper as a novel single port system gathering the functionalities of both underlay and interweave cognitive radio. This 25×30×0.8 mm<sup>3</sup> system involves a wide slot antenna to cover the ultra wide band (UWB) range with resonating stubs that are used to prohibit/work-only-in specific bands within the UWB frequencies. Here, six positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diodes are used to decide the active sections of the antenna that leads to select its operation as UWB/filtering/multiband antenna. Diodes' configuration results in eight useful operation modes that include a scanning mode, four single band-notch modes and three dual band communication modes. The scanning mode covers the entire UWB range while one of the bands allocated for WiMax, Cband, WLAN or Xband is to be excluded in each of the band-notch modes. On the other hand, each communaication mode is able to work in one of the ranges that cover WiMax/Cband, Cband/WLAN or Xband/international telecommunication union (ITU). S11, realized gain, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) outcomes of this design that is simulated by computer simulation technology (CST) v.10 all confirms the proposed system's ability to work in the intended modes. Its novelity to work as interweave/underlay cognitive radio system, highly candidates this design to address many of the UWB communication issues related interference and multiband operation</span
The book focuses on recent advances in the field of Microstrip antenna design and its applications in various fields including Space communication, Mobile communication, wireless communication, medical implants, wearable applications etc. Scholars from Electronics/ Electrical/ Instrumentation Engineering, researchers and industrial person will benefit from this book. Students, researchers and industrial person expressed concerns about obtaining antenna measurements in various environments. The book shall provide the literature using which students and researchers would design antennas for above mentioned applications. Ultimately, it will enable users to take measurements in different environments. Young researchers pursuing their PG programs or Doctoral degree are also much interested to do their research in the micro-strip antennas, but there are very limited literatures available in recent applications. This book is intended to help such scholars in their studies and enhance the knowledge and skills in the latest happening in the Communication world like IoT, D2D, Satellite, wearable devices etc.
