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... At least two parameters must be met: relative humidity (RH) near to 100% saturation (Francis, 2002;Gleissman, 2007), and temperature variations. Fog forms when the ground surface temperature approaches the dew point temperature, whereas dew forms when the surface temperature approaches the dew point temperature (Di Bitonto, 2020). The temperature at which air must be chilled to become saturated with water vapor (assuming constant air pressure and moisture content) is known as the dew point. ...
Dew and fog harvesting had been the topic of numerous studies since the 2000s to address the global water crisis brought on by climate change, as an alternative and sustainable solution. Though this topic has many connections to architectural science, it is nonetheless alien to academics and practitioners with architectural backgrounds. What research focuses had been done? What research methodologies were employed? What implications and limitations were discovered? This study addresses these questions by conducting a systematic literature review. This study discovered that the effectiveness and efficiency of planar shape-based fog nets and dew condensers continued to dominate the research focus. Although several studies have begun to consider the forms of three-dimensional and biomimicry. One study also started researching the application of this technology to urban settings apart from rural areas affected by water scarcity. The most employed methodology in this research was design testing and review. Some models, prototypes, and developments are implicated as best practices, although the limitations of these studies lay in the physical local context, material selection, methodologies, scalability, water quality, and water quantity. The results of this review provide direction for further research in Indonesia to consider the use of harvesting combination systems in three dimensions form with passive systems and low tech. Moreover, this discovery also opens opportunities for the use of vernacular or traditional architecture and local natural materials that have not been discussed by previous studies.
Keywords: architecture, atmospheric water, dew harvesting, fog harvesting, systematic literature review
... The conditions must meet at least several conditions: relative humidity (RH) is close to 100% saturation [15] [16], and temperature differences. Fog occurs when the ground surface temperature touches the dew point temperature, while dew will fall to the surface when the surface temperature touches the dew point temperature [17]. The dew point is the temperature at which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor (assuming constant air pressure and moisture content). ...
Global warming and climate change have negative effects on life on earth. One of the consequences is a water crisis or water scarcity, both in quantity and quality. Indonesia also cannot avoid this problem. Therefore it is necessary to prepare an alternative water supply solution, one of which is from water vapor (atmospheric water), especially in the form of dew and fog. This study aimed to formulate the design requirements for passive low-tech dew and fog collector building by comparing several technologies and projects in the world that have been realized recently that have a relationship with architectural science. This research used qualitative research with a narrative literature review approach. This research produced design requirements in the form of principles and technical requirements in designing and realizing dew and fog collector building, especially in terms of function, construction, and form appearance. ABSTRAK Pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim telah memberikan efek negatif bagi kehidupan di bumi. Salah satu akibatnya adalah krisis air atau kelangkaan air, baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas. Indonesia juga tidak dapat menghindar dari persoalan ini. Oleh karena itu perlu dipersiapkan sebuah solusi pengadaan air alternatif, salah satunya adalah dari uap air (air atmosfer) terurama berupa embun dan kabut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan kebutuhan kebutuhan desain bangunan pengumpul embun dan kabut pasif berteknologi rendah dengan megkomparasi beberapa teknologi dan proyek di dunia yang pernah direalisasikan belakangan ini yang memiliki hubungan dengan keilmuan arsitektur. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan kajian literatur naratif. Penelitian ini menghasilkan persyaratan desain berupa prinsip dan persyaratan teknis dalam merancang dan mewujudkan bangunan pengumpul embun dan kabut, terutama dari segi fungsi, konstruksi, dan bentuk (penampilan). Kata Kunci: pengumpul embun, pengumpul kabut, teknologi rendah, kelangkaan air, arsitektur Muhammar Khamdevi, dkk Jurnal Arsitektur TERRACOTTA-112
... The concept of this strategy is to accumulate water microdroplets present in the atmosphere. This strategy is particularly interesting in desert countries with high hygrometric levels, such as Chile where fog harvesting is already commonly used for irrigation [7]. Another advantage of this strategy is that is has an associated compatibility with sustainable development. ...
The lack of drinkable water is one of the most significant risks for the future of the humanity. Estimates show that in the near future, this risk will become the origin of massive migrations leading to humanitarian disaster. As consequence, the development of solutions to provide water is becoming ever more critical, and a significant effort is devoted to identifying new sources of water. Among the developed strategies, fog harvesting, which takes advantage of atmospheric water to provide potable water, is a solution of interest due to its potential in sustainable development. Unfortunately, this approach suffers from low yield. In the present work, we take inspiration from living species to design and elaborate surfaces with high potential for water harvesting applications. This work takes advantage of 3D-printing and post-printing functionalization to elaborate a strategy that allows modelling, printing, and functionalization of surfaces to yield parahydrophobic behavior. The roughness and surface morphology of the prepared surfaces were investigated. These characteristics were then related to the observed wettability and potential of the functionalized interfaces for water harvesting applications. This work highlights significant variations in surface wettability via surface modification; strong hydrophobic behavior was observed via modification with linear carboxylic acids particularly for surfaces bearing vertical blades (plate with vertical blades and grid with vertical blades).
... In many remote locations, if liquid water is lacking, atmospheric water can be abundant and harvested to yield liquid water. Fog harvesting is employed in Chile for irrigation, as one example, and it is clear that this strategy is compatible with sustainable development [14,15]. Water harvesting is also generally cheap, since fog is often harvested on a network of simple nets. ...
Desertification is a growing risk for humanity. Studies show that water access will be the
leading cause of massive migration in the future. For this reason, significant research efforts are
devoted to identifying new sources of water. Among this work, one of the more interesting strategies
takes advantage of atmospheric non-liquid water using water harvesting. Various strategies exist
to harvest water, but many suffer from low yield. In this work, we take inspiration from a Mexican
plant (Echeveria pulvinate) to prepare a material suitable for future water harvesting applications.
Observation of E. pulvinate reveals that parahydrophobic properties are favorable for water harvesting.
To mimic these properties, we leveraged a combination of 3D printing and post-functionalization
to control surface wettability and obtain parahydrophobic properties. The prepared surfaces were
investigated using IR and SEM. The surface roughness and wettability were also investigated to
completely describe the elaborated surfaces and strongly hydrophobic surfaces with parahydrophobic
properties are reported. This new approach offers a powerful platform to develop parahydrophobic
features with desired three-dimensional shape.
Water emergency is one of the terrible effects of climate change; it is defined as the Blue gold of twenty-first century. In this scenario, fog stands as a potential alternative water resource. Many territories are affected by fog phenomenon; here fog collectors have been developed to extract water from humid mass of air. The aim of this paper is to explore the application of this technology in building sector. The Large Fog Collector is the device commonly used for these projects; it is a textile structure, composed of a mesh, two poles and cables. The exploitation of conventional water resources implies a massive distribution system with significant energy consumption and costs. Otherwise, fog harvesting is a passive system; it relieves the stress upon freshwater resources. Nowadays, fog collectors are low tech devices, and fog harvesting projects are commonly developed in arid areas for agricultural and reforestation purposes. Nevertheless, taking advantage of the vertical development of the device, this textile structure shall be integrated in façade, to promote resilient constructions and make buildings water self-sufficient. The paper explores the design criteria for the development of a novel concept of smart water collecting façade. It can promote also shading effect, reducing the use of cooling system, energy demand, so lowering the ecological footprint. Depending on fog Liquid Water Content, the collected water can be used for the irrigation of green roofs, gardens or in an optimal scenario also for domestic use. The analysis of local weather data is crucial to extend the territories where this system can be applied; but, more important, the improvement of the device’s technology is essential to implement it in new application fields.
The chapter aims to analyze fog and dew harvesting’s system as a possible solution to deal with the water issue in different territories. This phenomenon appears to be a powerful and efficient alternative water resource. The aim is to present a comparison between two areas that are characterized by the fog phenomenon, Chile and Italy. Chile is the leading country experimenting with fog harvesting projects; therefore, to apply this technology in other locations, it is relevant to study the climatic and geographical characteristics that permit fog formation and the factors that determine fog collector device efficiency. From this analysis emerged that the fog phenomenon results in very different characteristics in the two analyzed locations. Therefore, its collection process may vary. While in Chile, the system deals properly with fog collection in Chile, it should work with dew collection in Italy. Consequently, thanks to some meteorological calculations, a theoretical investigation about dew collection in Milan has been developed, as a means to understand if dew collection in Milan could be as efficient as fog collection in Chañaral, evaluating the potentialities of two different climatic regions, affected by two other fog phenomena. Moreover, the structural system has been studied to develop an experimental project related to a master thesis dealing with the dew collection in Milan. Furthermore, on-site and in the lab, the investigation is still ongoing, thanks to the European project Cost Action (CA17107).KeywordsWater issueFog and dew phenomenaMeteorological analysis and calculations of Po’s Valley fog
Water is of central importance for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. With predictions of dire global water scarcity, attention is turning to resources that are considered to be unconventional, and hence called Unconventional Water Resources (UWRs). These are considered as supplementary water resources that need specialized processes to be used as water supply. The literature encompasses a vast number of studies on various UWRs and their usefulness in certain environmental and/or socio-economic contexts. However, a recent, all-encompassing article that brings the collective knowledge on UWRs together is missing. Considering the increasing importance of UWRs in the global push for water security, the current study intends to offer a nuanced understanding of the existing research on UWRs by summarizing the key concepts in the literature. The number of articles published on UWRs have increased significantly over time, particularly in the past ten years. And while most publications were authored from researchers based in the USA or China, other countries such as India, Iran, Australia, and Spain have also featured prominently. Here, twelve general types of UWRs were used to assess their global distribution, showing that climatic conditions are the main driver for the application of certain UWRs. For example, the use of iceberg water obviously necessitates access to icebergs, which are taken largely from arctic regions. Overall, the literature review demonstrated that, even though UWRs provide promising possibilities for overcoming water scarcity, current knowledge is patchy and points towards UWRs being, for the most part, limited in scope and applicability due to geographic, climatic, economic, and political constraints. Future studies focusing on improved documentation and demonstration of the quantitative and socio-economic potential of various UWRs could help in strengthening the case for some, if not all, UWRs as avenues for the sustainable provision of water.
Conventional green roofs, although having numerous advantages, could place water resources under pressure in dry periods due to irrigation requirements. Moreover, the thermal efficiency of green roofs could decrease without irrigation, and the plants could get damaged. Therefore, this study aims to improve the efficiency of conventional green roofs by proposing a new multipurpose green roof combined with fog and dew harvesting systems. The analysis determined that the average water use of green roofs in the summer (in humid regions) is about 3.7 L/m2/day, in the Mediterranean regions about 4.5 L/m2/day, and in arid regions about 2.7 L/m2/day. During the dry season, the average fog potential in humid regions is 1.2 to 15.6 L/m2/day, Mediterranean regions between 1.6 and 4.6 L/m2/day, and arid regions between 1.8 and 11.8 L/m2/day. The average dew potential during the dry season in humid regions is 0.1 to 0.3 L/m2/day, in the Mediterranean regions is 0.2 to 0.3 L/m2/day, and in the arid regions is 0.5 to 0.7 L/m2/day. The analysis of the suggested multipurpose green roof combined with fog/dew harvesting systems, in the summer, in three different climates, show that fog harvesting could provide the total water requirement of the green roofs, and that dew harvesting by PV (photo-voltaic) panels could provide 15 to 26% of the water requirements. Moreover, it could show a higher thermal impact on the building, higher efficiency in stormwater management, less dependence on the urban water network, and greater efficiency in decreasing urban air, water, and noise pollution. Finally, the novel green roof system could consume less water due to the shaded area by mesh and solar PVs and maximize the utilization of the roof area, as solar panels could be applied on the same green roof.
