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In the recent past bacterial concrete has been emerged as remedial measure of healing cracks in structures like bridges, RCC Buildings, RCC Pipes, Canal Lining, Pavement etc.Crack formation is incredibly common occurrence in concrete structure that permits the water and completely different sort of chemical into the concrete through the cracks and...
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The microbial self-healing concrete has been a new technology to repair cracks, the former study showed that the precipitated CaCO3 could fill the cracks and reduce the permeability coefficient of cracks. This paper presents the effect on strength parameters with the addition of bacillus subtilis bacteria and calcium lactate. This study helps to im...
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... It was determined that replacing 10% of the eggshell powder resulted in a 13.4% improvement in compressive strength. Flexural strength was enhanced by 19.5 percent with a similar 10% substitution of eggshell powder and the results showed that substituting 10% of the cement with eggshell powder can be profitable [16]. ...
Oman has made tremendous progress in establishing road infrastructure to enable industrial expansion in the age of globalization. As an oil-dependent economy, Oman's Vision 2040 asks for the construction of multiple power projects, greater manufacturing capacity, the expansion of the building industry, and a range of other infrastructures. As a consequence, it is clear that the success of a state is based not only on technological growth, but also on well-developed physical infrastructure. Despite the fact that concrete enterprises contributed to carbon emissions, a key component in environmental deterioration, and concrete industry waste contributed to global warming. During the last decade, substantial study has been conducted on waste management in the concrete sector. Effective bio-waste disposal has become more vital in our society for both environmental and economic reasons. Eggshell recovery from hatcheries, residences, bakeries, and businesses is a low-cost and efficient way to reduce waste disposal and avoid serious pollution. Egg shell garbage contains both organic and inorganic components that can be composted with other materials to improve the qualities of pre-existing products. The main objective of every civil sector is effective construction at a reasonable cost. The goal of this research is to evaluate the impact of eggshell powder as a partial replacement material of cement in concrete manufacturing. Eggshell powder is partially replaced as various proportions, such as 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentages, has been utilized as a substitute for conventional Portland cement in a design mix percentage in standard concrete of grade M 25. According to the findings, the concrete considerable improvement was noticed in the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. Furthermore, according to the data analysis from this experiment, the optimal proportion of oven-dried eggshell powder as a partial cement alternative is 10%.
... Illustration of self-healing process in concrete matrix [9] As a result, the strengthening will eventually change and its durability will be affected. The interaction between the concrete structures and the environment, hence, influences its long-term recital [8]. Water penetration into uncovered cement infrastructure often reduces the longevity of the structure and promotes the corrosion of steel reinforced bars, among other things [9]. ...
This study discusses the varieties of concrete bacteria and how they may be used for self-healing of cracks. This article also offers a brief overview of the many characteristics of cement that alter with the presence of microorganisms. Inherent in concrete are microcracks and promote concrete degradation due to the introduction into concrete of adverse chemicals, causing structural degradation. It has to be restored because of this fact. Self-healing strategies are employed to overcome these problems. Calcite precipitation happens in concrete by adding urease-causing bacteria together with the calcium supply. Techniques for biomineralisation lead to promising outcomes at concrete industry for the microcracks. By continuous hydration process, the newly formed microfractures may be screened in concrete. Two different types of bacterial concentrations such as Bacillus pasteurii and Bacillus subtilis have been considered for this study. The literature review indicated that the bacterial concrete has positive impact on crack healing and also enhancement of mechanical properties of concrete. Bacterial concrete at various bacterial concentrations demonstrates that the addition of bacteria may enhance concrete strength and durability properties. The research study recommends that the self-healing concrete with respective levels of bacteria can reduce the cost in terms of maintenance of concrete structures, through extending the life span of the structure ensuring sustainability.
... A scaffolding method is typically used to develop an element using this strategy. The nozzle(s) on the printer head spray binder liquid, commonly referred to as ''ink [20]. The technique shall be continued up to the element is entirely manufactured, at which point it is removed once a required drying period has elapsed and any loose particles have been blasted away using an air blower. ...
The construction industry is moving closer to 3D printing in concrete for the manufacture of architectural or building components. Construction Industry is expected to drastically modify current processing methods and perhaps lead to disruptive technologies for instance 3D concrete printing (3DCP), resulting in significant variations in the construction industry. Around the world, the construction industry and research initiatives are concentrating on automated construction technologies. There have been several technologies for 3DCP of concrete elements developed, and their use in building projects is increasing. 3DP's growth isn't confined to Earth; it's also gaining traction as a means of constructing space habitats. 3DCP allows for freeform building without the need for costly formwork, which has several advantages over the traditional method of pouring concrete into a formwork. In recent years, several 3DCP technologies have been created. Techniques and procedures that have been tested include on-site and off-site manufacturing of building components employing industrial robots, gantry systems, and tethered autonomous vehicles. This article presents the current state-of-the-art in the subject of 3D printing of buildings and construction components. The purpose of this research is to describe the technical, socioeconomic, and environmental components of 3DCP of concrete structures in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the 3DCP technology, applications, challenges, and future research and market opportunities in the construction sector. This research focuses mostly on current breakthroughs in 3D concrete printing, as well as other research and development projects in this subject, notably its use in alien habitats. There are several advantages to using this strategy, including cost and time savings, decreased pollutants, and a reduction in accidents and fatalities on construction sites. Despite the various benefits and prospects, the results raise certain concerns, owing to the technology's existing limitations. According to this comprehensive review, researchers should examine the challenges such as on-site fabrication, large scale manufacturing process and limitations of 3D concrete printing further in order to increase mechanical performance, durability, and sustainability, as well as create appropriate standard criteria for printing structures.
... Quantitative data is information that is limited in scope and may be gathered by trials, tests, measurements, and surveys. The quantitative data in this study was gathered through conducting experiments and testing [28]. ...
The soil developed in arid places with salt-bearing strata is known as sabkha soil. These soils are risky and unpredictable in theory, and are typically found in the Middle East. Due to the rapid expansion of building activity in the Middle East's offshore and nearshore areas, it is now necessary to examine geographical issue soils such as Sabkha soil. The purpose of this research is to determine the difficulty that arises during building owing to sabkha soil. Find a method or technique for stabilizing sabkha soil so that it may be used in infrastructure. The Arabian Gulf's intended and vast shoreline area is covered with sabkha soil. For the purpose of stabilizing this soil, several research, trials, and examinations have been conducted. Many projects, including the world's largest petrochemical factories and an oil reserve, are planned to be developed atop these grounds. These soils have a high incompressibility and poor shear strength. The qualities of sabkha soil are determined by the amount and kind of salt present. These sorts of soils have a significant risk of settlement and bearing capacity failure, which means they can't be used in construction since they're not appropriate for infrastructure support, thus it's critical to enhance their qualities so they may be utilized in building. The samples of sabkha soils collected from coastal regions of Al-Azaiba, Sultanate of Oman, were analyzed for this study. The stability of sabkha soil and improvement of its qualities using cement and C.K.D (Cement Kiln Dust) were investigated in this research, and the findings were compared to determine whether additional material is more efficient and useful for long-term infrastructure. The findings of this study reveal that the short-term durability and strength qualities of sabkha soils have improved; consequently, more research is needed to determine the long-term durability and strength of these combinations. This study describes the technical issues encountered during the stabilization of sabkha soil using various materials, as well as the geotechnical behavior of the soil before and after stabilization.
... The ingression of cracks shall lead to a considerable negative influence over the concrete's lifespan, as well as strength and serviceability of the building [2]. Traditional techniques such as structural inspection activities, regular maintenance, and reparation of concrete buildings, are not always be efficient and this is also found to be an expensive process [3]. ...
Cracks in concrete structures are common, allowing water and other hazardous chemicals to permeate the concrete through the cracks. Consequently, the durability and concrete strength has been reduced. Repairing concrete cracks and keeping it in good condition may be pricey. Due to the negative side effects of some chemical treatments, biological alternatives have been proposed as an ecologically friendly strategy for reducing concrete porosity and minimizing water absorption. Because of its potential to improve the quality of building materials, microorganism-induced calcium carbonate precipitation has found broad application in construction technology. To solve this challenge, the concrete has a unique self-healing mechanism that allows cracks to be healed by creating calcium carbonate crystals that which can have the ability to fill the micro cracks in the concrete. The combination of urease-producing bacteria and a calcium source causes calcite precipitation in concrete. This review research provides an overview of different types of bacteria, the possibilities of using bacterial cells in concrete, and how they might be employed as healing agents. Through microbiological experiments, the major focus was on choosing optimal bacteria for concrete fracture healing. In this study, Bacillus species bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus Pasteurii, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus halodurans were investigated as self-healing agents. The inclusion of the Bacterial substance in the concrete has led to reduction in the amount of water absorption, nature of porosity as well as permeability characteristics at all ages of concrete as a result of calcite precipitation, enhancing concrete properties. This review study’s conclusion quickly outlined the numerous qualities of concrete that change when bacteria are introduced, as well as how using bacteria enhances the mechanical and durability elements of concrete. The impact of microorganisms on various elements in concrete has also been proved to be beneficial to long-term development. According to the review research, the Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) technique appears to be a suitable technology for sustainable infrastructure construction, based on features such as compressive strength of the concrete, permeability characteristics, rate of water absorption, and chloride ingression.
... Then, the conical flask covered with a thick cotton plug and silver foil incubated in an orbital shaker. After 24 hours, the bacteria solution color changes from clear-orange to turbid-whitishyellow that indicating the growth of B. subtilis bacteria [72], [88]. The bacterial strain determined by the incubation chemical media with calcium source as; C-Ca: Calcium chloride CaCl2, A-Ca: Calcium acetate Ca (CH3COO)2, L-Ca: Calcium lactate, N-Ca: Calcium nitrate Ca (NO3)2 [41,42]. ...
... (3) The larger acid durability factor (ADF) and less acid attack factor (AAF) that leading to decreasing in chemical penetration [70]. (4) The abrasion resistance increased to 10% at all ages [72]. vii) The self-repairing enhances fiber bridging of pre-existing microcracks reopened after reloading. ...
Fibers and bacterial additives in concrete have achieved significant success as a construction material. This paper presents the field of concrete self-repairing by introducing both Bacillus subtilis bacteria and polyethylene fiber as a dual-components. The main research goal is to reveal the principles of concrete self-repairing. At first, the research investigates the fiber-reinforced-concrete behavior, the concrete self-repairing process with the Bacillus subtilis bacteria for forming bacterial-concrete. And then, the study highlights the damage repairing numerical simulation of fiber-reinforced-bacterial-concrete. The research shows the bacterial-concrete benefits to durability and mechanical properties besides to the polyethylene fiber assistance to enhance post-cracking tensile resistance and the pre-peak elastic modulus of concrete. The novelty of the fiber-reinforced-bacterial-concrete is the matrix combined improvement of both basic material properties and the post-cracking deflection capacity.
... The bacterial concrete makes employ of calcite precipitation with the aid of bacteria. The phenomenon is known as Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) [3,4,9,15,21,26,27]. ...
The necessity of excessive sturdiness for structures uncovered to harsh environment together with seafloor, tunnels, sewage pipes and structures for strong, liquid waste containing poisonous chemical compounds and radioactive elements won't be accomplished using these days’s Ordinary Portland Cement. This study makes a speciality of growing the energy and total durability of the concrete utilized in contemporary via introducing bacteria (Bacillus subtilis). It reveals a phenomenon called bio-calcification as a part of its metabolic activity. It is the technique via which the micro-organism externally secretes calcium precipitate, in which the occurrence of a carbonate ion forms CaCo3 which fills up the voids within the concrete texture hence making it greater compact. This in flip enriches the strength in concrete due to boom of the filler fabric within the pores of the concrete mixer. A comparison have a look at was made with concrete cubes and beams subjected to compressive, tensile and flexural strength exams which might be casted with and without the bacteria. The compressive strength was 16.09%, 17.5% and 19.51% more when tested with 14 days old bacterial concrete at 7th, 14th and 28th day as that of conventional concrete. The Split tensile strength was 14%, 16.5% and 17.8% more when tested with 14 days old bacterial concrete at 7th, 14th and 28th day as that of conventional concrete. And the flexural strength increased up to 9.95%, 12.3% and 14.24% for 14 days old concrete at 7th, 14th and 28th day as that of conventional concrete. The experimental results prove that the process of bacterial precipitation has increased the overall strength and durability characteristics of the concrete.
In this paper, effect of Bacillus subtilis and crushed stone sand on Cantabro loss of bacterial concrete was investigated. River sand along with crushed stone sand were partially replaced with fine aggregate in preparation of M40 grade concrete. Bacillus subtilis bacteria solution comprised of calcium lactate was added in dosage of 5, 10 and 15% by weight of cement in all mixes. Strength and abrasion resistance of these mixes were studied at 3, 7, 28, and 90 days of curing. Scanning electronic microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction studies indicate the presence of calcium carbonate in bacterial concrete mixes. Abrasion resistance in terms of Cantabro loss is strongly influenced by flexural strength of concrete for both river sand and crushed stone sand mixes. An empirical equation is proposed relating strength of bacterial concrete and Cantabro loss in the form CL = A ln (fc) + B.
Corrosion of reinforcing steel is a primary cause of degradation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The process of carbonation and chloride attack are the factors responsible for corrosion which lead to loss in the structural performance of buildings during their service life. The time dependent corrosion process effects the safety and serviceability and may even lead to progressive failure of structures. Corrosion leads to reduction of reinforcing bars diameter, cracks in concrete, concrete cover expulsion, decrease in concrete and steel strength and loss of bond between concrete and embedded steel. In multistorey concrete buildings, corrosion is a much more serious concern with regard to their seismic performance. Hence, steps of the accurate assessment and establishment of the existing corrosion level of the structural elements and evaluation of the local and global seismic capacity of existing corroded RC buildings have been a great challenge globally. In the present study, a methodology has been adopted where based upon the non-destructive and destructive material’s site as well as laboratory tests, revised properties have been adopted for seismic evaluation and establishing the proper rehabilitation scheme for the existing two-storey RC framed buildings. Obtained results for sound, corroded and retrofitted building from linear seismic analysis and nonlinear static pushover analysis have been compared and discussed.
