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The use of directional antennas in wireless networks has received growing attention because of its high spatial reuse and high antenna gains. The Medium Access Control(MAC) protocol with directional antennas is nontrivial due to the limitations in wireless environment. The existing protocols commonly assume that the nodes can operate in both direct...
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... to assign the directions in different sectors to each potential sender. How to get an optimal assignment for each potential connection is out of this scope. It must consider a lot of parameters and scheduling issues [20], such as the distance between communication nodes, energy consumption, and network quality. The control flow is shown in Fig. ...
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Citations
... Each antenna technology has its advantages and drawbacks. The switched multi-beam antennas, which have been deployed in many true applications, are very basic and commercially available [18]. In the wireless network, the secret terminal issue is much more severe. ...
... When a mobile node transfers into another from the medium access control, one beam sector, in particular the download media access control, is strongly influenced. It takes an appropriate location update algorithm to keep location information fresh and relatively costly, thus making the WMN more complicated [18]. One of the goals of a multi-beam-forming antenna, which was first defined in accordance with simple MAC directives [19], [20], [21], [22], is to use spatial reusability. ...
... But MAC protocols like IEEE 802.11, which are still common for confrontation, are less efficient for multi-beam antennas. Wang et al. [18] in the year 2017 suggested a way to enhance the usefulness of a multibeam access points medium access control for WLANs. In order to resolve these difficult issues carefully and improve collaboration efficacy, the authors introduced a new MAC protocol. ...
Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is surely one of the prominent networks in the modern era which is widely used in numerous evolving applications, viz. broadband home networking (BHN), community and neighbourhood networks (CNN), coordinated network management (CNM), and intelligent transportation systems (ITS), etc. It is a wireless network (WN) with multi-hop formed by many fixed wireless mesh routers (WMR) that are connected wirelessly with a mesh-alike backbone arrangement. In the IEEE 802.11s network, the node selection, scalability, stability, density of the nodes, mobility of the nodes, transmission power, and routing are major issues that WMN suffers. In this paper, a critical review of MAC protocols and their Quality of Service (QoS) parameters for WMN is presented to attain a better understanding of MAC protocols. Furthermore, the critical comparative analysis and recommendation of MAC procedures for WMN using Multi-objective optimization and statistical testing framework are performed. This framework is used for the analysis and recommendation of different protocols available for QoS parameters.
... Each antenna technology has its advantages and drawbacks. The switched multi-beam antennas, which have been deployed in many true applications, are very basic and commercially available [18]. In the wireless network, the secret terminal issue is much more severe. ...
... When a mobile node transfers into another from the medium access control, one beam sector, in particular the download media access control, is strongly influenced. It takes an appropriate location update algorithm to keep location information fresh and relatively costly, thus making the WMN more complicated [18]. One of the goals of a multi-beam-forming antenna, which was first defined in accordance with simple MAC directives [19][20][21][22], is to use spatial reusability. ...
... But MAC protocols like IEEE 802.11, which are still common for confrontation, are less efficient for multi-beam antennas. Wang et al. [18] in the year 2017 suggested a way to enhance the usefulness of a multi-beam access points medium access control for WLANs. In order to resolve these difficult issues carefully and improve collaboration efficacy, the authors introduced a new MAC protocol. ...
Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is surely one of the prominent networks in the modern era which is widely used in numerous evolving applications, viz. broadband home networking (BHN), community and neighbourhood networks (CNN), coordinated network management (CNM), and intelligent transportation systems (ITS), etc. It is a wireless network (WN) with multi-hop formed by many fixed wireless mesh routers (WMR) that are connected wirelessly with a mesh-alike backbone arrangement. In the IEEE 802.11 s network, the node selection, scalability, stability, density of the nodes, mobility of the nodes, transmission power, and routing are major issues that WMN suffers. In this paper, a critical review of MAC protocols and their Quality of Service (QoS) parameters for WMN is presented to attain a better understanding of MAC protocols. Furthermore, the critical comparative analysis and recommendation of MAC procedures for WMN using Multi-objective optimization and statistical testing framework are performed. This framework is used for the analysis and recommendation of different protocols available for QoS parameters.
... The network performance can be increased significantly if the routing protocol could optimally use the multiple beams of nodes, which requires the support of a medium access control (MAC) protocol that can enable concurrent communication on the multiple beams of a node [17]. However, the design of a multi-beam MAC protocol must address the following issues [1], [2], [10], [12], [13], [16]: ...
... The directional antenna technology can be divided into three broad categories: switched multi-beam antennas, adaptive array antennas, and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) links [1], [2], [12]. These technologies have been used in various applications, including the radar systems, wireless LANs, mobile ad hoc communication systems, and airborne networks [3]- [10]. ...
... A review of directional MAC protocols can be found in [1], [2], [10], [12], [13], [16], including the important issues that a multi-beam MAC protocol for the wireless networks must address. Note that only a limited number of multi-beam directional MAC protocols are available in the literature [6], [7], [9]- [16]; all of which have underlined the importance of CPT and CPR. ...
A node equipped with a multi-beam antenna can achieve a throughput of up to m times as compared to a single-beam antenna, by simultaneously communicating on its m non-interfering beams. However, the existing multi-beam medium access control (MAC) schemes can achieve concurrent data communication only when the transmitter nodes are locally synchronized. Asynchronous packet arrival at a multi-beam receiver node would increase the node deafness and MAC layer capture problems, and thereby limit the data throughput. This paper presents an asynchronous multi-beam MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless networks, which makes the following enhancements to the existing multi-beam MAC schemes (i) A windowing mechanism to achieve concurrent communication when the packet arrival is asynchronous, (ii) A smart packet processing mechanism which reduces the node deafness, hidden terminals and MAC-layer capture problems, and (iii) A channel access mechanism which decreases resource wastage and node starvation. Our proposed protocol also works in heterogeneous networks that deploy the nodes equipped with single-beam as well as multi-beam antennas. Simulation results demonstrate a superior performance of our proposed protocol.
... Recently, there has been increased interest in directional communication, which provides significant improvements by enabling the spatial reuse, extending coverage, mitigating interference, and thereby increasing the network capacity [1][2][3]. At the same time, the recent advances in antenna technology, along with the shift toward higher frequencies, have made the design and use of multi-beam directional antennas (MBA) more feasible [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Since the use of directional antennas divides the space around them in different beams, a multi-beam antenna with m beams can allow multiple (up to m) concurrent packet transmissions (CPT) or receptions (CPR) by a node using the same spatially overlapped channel, thus improving the throughput by up to m times as compared to the single beam directional antenna [1][2][3][4]. ...
... DCF-based, multibeam MAC scheme for multi-hop wireless networks on the Riverbed Modeler Wireless Suite [15]. The proposed work is important because none of the multi-beam MAC schemes available in literature (i.e., [4][5][6][7][8]10,13,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]) provide their implementation details. Further, the network simulation tools, such as Riverbed Modeler, NS3, and QualNet, do not provide any multi-beam directional module. ...
Recent advances in antenna technology have made the design of multi-beam antennas (MBA) feasible. Compared to an omni-directional or a single beam directional antenna, an MBA equipped node can achieve a throughput of up to m times, by simultaneously communicating on its m non-interfering beams. As a result, a few multi-beam directional medium access control (MAC) schemes have been proposed in the literature recently, which are implemented mostly on the in-house simulation setups in Matlab or C/C++. These implementations make many assumptions to simplify their design, without a thorough implementation of other network layers. However, the implementation of a multi-beam MAC scheme on the well-known discrete event network simulator platforms (such as the Riverbed Modeler, NS3, QualNet) is challenging as it requires extensive changes and additions to various source code modules. In fact, the network protocols in these simulator packages have been mainly designed for omni-directional communication, and very few implementations of directional MAC and other network protocols exist in the literature. This paper presents a framework to implement a multi-beam directional MAC scheme in multi-hop wireless networks, by using the Wireless Suite of Riverbed Modeler. The detailed implementation procedures are described for multi-beam antenna module, multi-beam node model, concurrent packet transmission and reception, scheduling, collision avoidance, retransmission, and local node synchronization. These MAC modules and methodology can be very helpful to the researchers and developers for implementing the single-beam as well as multi-beam directional MAC and routing protocols in Riverbed Modeler.
... Wireless ad-hoc network communications using directional antennas enhance network throughput because of high spatial reusability [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. A basic Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol using directional antennas is called directional MAC protocol (DMAC) [2]. ...
... A Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) handshake is usually applied prior to DATA-frame transmission in the DMAC. There are four major factors to limit the network throughput in the DMAC, which are RTS-to-RTS frame collisions [1][2][3][4][5]18] and RTS-to-DATA frame collisions [1,2,6,7,10,[16][17][18]20] due to the hidden-node problem, freezing-state durations due to carrier sensing [1,9,10], and continuous retransmission failures due to the deafness problem [1, 5-8, 10, 11]. ...
... A Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) handshake is usually applied prior to DATA-frame transmission in the DMAC. There are four major factors to limit the network throughput in the DMAC, which are RTS-to-RTS frame collisions [1][2][3][4][5]18] and RTS-to-DATA frame collisions [1,2,6,7,10,[16][17][18]20] due to the hidden-node problem, freezing-state durations due to carrier sensing [1,9,10], and continuous retransmission failures due to the deafness problem [1, 5-8, 10, 11]. ...
This paper proposes a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol using directional antennas in wireless ad-hoc networks, which achieves frame-collision reduction, freezing-state duration reduction, and deafness-problem mitigation simultaneously. The idea of the proposed protocol is that Pulse/Tone exchange is applied to the Opportunistic Directional MAC protocol (OPDMAC). By applying the Pulse/Tone exchange prior to Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) handshake, RTS-to-RTS frame collisions are reduced dramatically. Additionally, RTS-to-DATA frame collisions in the OPDMAC are changed to Pulse signal-to-DATA frame overlaps in the proposed protocol. This change makes the DATA-frame transmissions in success because the Pulse signal-to-DATA frame overlaps are regarded as a deafness problem. On that basis, the deafness-problem mitigation can be obtained in the proposed protocol by adaptive transmission-direction switching, which follows the OPDMAC technique. The freezing-state durations can be also reduced by the transmission-direction switching. As a result, the proposed protocol provides high network throughput compared with conventional protocols. Simulation results show the validity and effectiveness of the proposed protocol.
... In the paper [48], Wang et al. proposed a MAC protocol for multi-beam directional antennas, in which each beam-sector has its own control channel, and the communications among different beam-sectors are independent. It utilizes the directional network allocation vector (DNAV) to record the establishment processes. ...
Multi-beam antenna technologies have provided lots of promising solutions to many current challenges faced in wireless mesh networks. The antenna can establish several beamformings simultaneously and initiate concurrent transmissions or receptions using multiple beams, thereby increasing the overall throughput of the network transmission. Multi-beam antenna has the ability to increase the spatial reuse, extend the transmission range, improve the transmission reliability, as well as save the power consumption. Traditional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for wireless network largely based on the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) mechanism, which cannot take the advantages of these unique capabilities of multi-beam antennas. This paper surveys the MAC protocols for wireless mesh networks with multi-beam antennas. The paper first discusses some basic information in designing multi-beam antenna system and MAC protocols, and then presents the main challenges for the MAC protocols in wireless mesh networks compared with the traditional MAC protocols. A qualitative comparison of the existing MAC protocols is provided to highlight their novel features, which provides a reference for designing the new MAC protocols. To provide some insights on future research, several open issues of MAC protocols are discussed for wireless mesh networks using multi-beam antennas.
... Let us consider, for example, two of the most known synchronization MAC strategies: the distributed and the global optimization . The distributed approach is local and requires that the receiver node remains in omni mode until it receives the preamble; once the preamble is captured it changes its state to directional; In the global optimization , it is assumed that a node is the master of the network and this node distributes between the neighbors a synchronization map and the simulation time; The first approach has the advantage of the simplicity and scalability [70] while the second has the benefit of potential higher performance [71] . However, the computation of the optimal time-slot map is an NP-Complete problem and presents scalability issues. ...
... In contexts in which directional smart antenna systems are used, the beamforming issue has to be deeply investigated. The use of DRTS and DCTS messages along with directional network allocator vector (DNAV) aims to reduce the excessive burden of collisions occurring when omnidirectional antennas are used; however, when SASs are employed, it is not sufficient to adopt these expedients [16][17][18][19]. The most common drawback in this field is represented by the fact that, in literature, there is an important lack relating to directional MAC proposals that could be synthesized by two main aspects: Primarily, most directional MAC works are designed for classical directional antennas and do not address issues involved by the use of an SAS. ...
The use of smart antenna systems (SASs) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) has been promoted as the best choice to improve spatial division multiple access (SDMA) and throughput. Although directional communications are expected to provide great advantages in terms of network performance, directional MAC (medium access control) protocols introduce several issues. One of the most known problems in this context is represented by the fact that, when attempting to solve or at least mitigate the problems introduced by these kinds of antennas especially at MAC layer, a large amount of energy consumption is achieved; for example, due to excessive retransmissions introduced by very frequently issue such as deafness and handoff. The expedients proposed in order to reduce these drawbacks attempting to limit beamforming time of nodes in cooperation with a round-robin scheduling can grant high performance in terms of fairness and throughput. However, the overall energy distribution in the network is not efficient due to static approach. In view of this, we propose adaptive beamforming time with round-robin MAC providing a dynamic assignment of the beamforming time with the aim to limit the waste of energy of nodes. The proposed approach provides benefits in terms of energy consumption distribution among nodes in sectorized antennas environments and, simultaneously, improves MAC packet performance.
