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Architects, urban designers, and city planners witness a contemporary lack of imagination regarding new urban form typolo-gies. Most proposals have swung between two well-defined extremes: the dense, traditional block and the strips/towers defined by the modernist principles. More recent yet distinctive proposals are rare, even as the challenges of...
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... morphological proposals appeared until 1995, when the Pritzker-awarded, French architect Christian de Portzamparc won the masterplanning competition for the Masséna district (12.5 hectares by the river Seine in south-east Paris, Fig. 1). His proposal was a new urban type based on the concept of diversity: the open block (in French, l'îlot ouvert, Fig. 2), which aimed at retaining the best of both MM and pre-MM forms. Portzamparc has designed other developments under the same principles in different cities -Brussels, New York, Grenoble, Montpellier, Nantes or Annecy-, but never to the extent of Masséna in Paris. His proposal paid special attention to relevant issues in the contemporary ...
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... sunscore average 0.3 value achieved by the open block was not meaningful unless compared with the sunscore values achieved by its alternatives. As alternatives, the two radical opposites that Portzamparc used as negative references: the traditional, pre-MM blocks, and the MM isolated buildings (Fig. 2). For that, the sunscore analysis was run for ten grades of urban fabric, going from 100% of pre-MM blocks to 100% MM isolated volumes at the block centre (as per Fig. 11). The latter consist of standalone towers off the block perimeter, while the former align their facades on top of the block perimeter (100% built perimeter). The ...
Citations
... Courtyards, visible to the street, might be assumed to contribute to their social or even biological diversity, but are not consistently designed for such uses. Some planning academics, however, have welcomed his design principles in the name of (architectural) diversity and as an alternative to the dichotomy between traditional and modernist urban structure (Carpio-Pinedo et al. 2020). The project is also relevant for evaluating current town planning in Helsinki as the city's new inner-city districts on former harbour areas partly approach his idea with their broken-up quasi-perimeter blocks. ...
... This is a broad concept that comes under travel demand and transportation studies which also incorporate into urban planning studies [62]. Here they argued that entire urban density can be made with the combination of three factors: proxies of urban density, proxies of urban diversity, and proxies of urban design [63,64]. To attain these goals, new urbanists, neo-traditionalists, and other designers advocate for altering the built environment's three dimensions, or the 3Ds: density, diversity, and design [63]. ...
Assessing the influence of urban density on surface runoff volume is vital for guiding the built-form expansions toward flood-resilient cities. This paper attempts to develop a spatial simulation framework to assess the impact of urban density on the level of surface runoff (SR), at the scale of the micro-watershed. This paper proposes a spatial simulation framework that comprehensively captures the influence of urban density dynamics over surface runoff. The simulation model consists of 13 proxies of urban density that are identified through a systematic literature review. The model is formulated through three case applications in Colombo, Sri Lanka; and validated statistically and empirically with reference to flooding events that occurred in 2021–2022. The possible planning interventions for reducing urban flooding are analyzed through an AI-based application of Decision Tree Analysis. The model results indicated that impervious coverage, open space ratio, and road density have the most significant impact on surface runoff volumes in selected micro-watersheds. The decision-making process for planning the built environment for reducing urban flooding is demonstrated by three possible density control options with a prediction accuracy of 98.7%, 94.8%, and 93.5% respectively. This contributes a novel framework to capture the density dynamics of built form in surface runoff simulations by three density areas (3Ds): density, diversity, and design; and to demonstrate the decision-making process for controlling the density of built form in reducing urban flooding.
... Typo-morphological research has been used as a planning instrument throughout architectural history. The work of the Krier brothers [70] and Aldo Rossi [71] has been quite fruitful, especially in the context of the metropolitan fabric form, housing, and open spaces. As well as in respect to socioeconomic procedures. ...
The built environment witnessed rapid transformation after the industrial revolution. This transformation came along with some negativities, which gave rise to the concept of sustainability in urban form. In this regard, the current study aimed to assess and validate the reciprocal relationship between urban morphology and sustainable urban form. This study proposes a conceptual model which integrates and presents the holistic correlation between sustainable urban form and urban morphology, by using qualitative grounded theory as the research methodology. The model was developed by introducing analytical tools to evaluate sustainability, along with integrating typo-morphology and the concept of scale hierarchy. The findings of this study reveal that every single component of sustainable urban form interacts significantly with the typo-morphology approach. Consequently, the outcomes help urban planners to get more informed decisions about the geometric analysis of urban morphology from a sustainability point of view.
China will enter a deeply aging society in 2025, and home care is the most common way for elderly care. However, many old communities where the elderly live are facing problems such as insufficient public space and outdated facilities. This article takes Taogu New Village and its surrounding areas in Gulou District, Nanjing as the research object to explore how to carry out aging-friendly renovation and pedestrian system optimization on the premise of "minimizing demolition and construction" as much as possible. The research is carried out based on the idea of combining points and lines. "Point space" includes two types referring spatial nodes and building units, and "line space" refers to urban streets. A variety of computational tools and methods such as Grasshopper and Gephi are comprehensively used in order to optimally utilize the existing resources in the neighborhood. This study makes an effective exploration of the application of computational methods in urban renewal, and also provides a useful reference for the aging-friendly renovation model of old urban communities.
In the last decades, a tendency towards urban tissue densification has been observed to counteract the urban sprawl. Densification may be achieved through more compact built areas, preferring the vertical to the horizontal development of buildings but avoiding bulky high-rise building blocks. This strategy significantly affects several aspects of the microclimate and produces direct and indirect effects on human health and well-being. In this regard, air pollution and heat stress constitute two increasing threats to human health and well-being that need to be faced immediately. The involved phenomena are various, intertwined, and may lead to conflicting results. Hence, regenerating existing, well-structured, and stratified urban areas by densification is not an easy challenge. Urban ventilation may favor the mitigation of detrimental effects of air pollution and heat stress on human life. Therefore, a multidisciplinary methodology is presented for embedding urban ventilation performance evaluation into urban management and planning processes. The scope is to propose a framework for urban renewal plans that is citizens-centered and aims at improving their health and well-being in existing urban areas. The methodology builds upon the performance-based approach and is supported by the conceptual framework and the literature reviews provided through the paper.
Principles of sustainability defend compactness, density and diversity as main characteristics of the optimal development of cities. These factors support public transport efficiency, economic activity, accessibility to equipments and services, proximity and walkability of streets and social exchanges in open public spaces. The Covid-19 pandemic crisis has called into question these factors perceived as booster of infections. However, dense and compact cities can also be the synonym of a more efficient provision of services, along with solidarity networks and creative solutions to fight the sanitary and economic crisis. Based on Alexander's (1965) concepts of 'tree' and 'semi-lattice', this study aims to identify areas in the urban tissue that could be self-sufficient, that is functionally autonomous to manage epidemics from the neighbourhood scale. Encouraging healthier lifestyles during lockdown is fundamental for social resilience. What alternative spatial approach to fighting epidemics could perform better? How could an "intermediate confinement" based on self-sufficiency and the promotion of healthier environments become a major priority for action? The analysis of Madrid (Spain) offers a suitable case study due to its density, diversity and high contagiousness during the Covid-19 crisis, revealing also some issues to apply such 'intermediate confinement' strategy, due to major spatial imbalances.
Desde Fernando de Terán, la historiografía del desarrollo urbano madrileño dio el protagonismo principal en primer lugar, durante el desarrollismo, a una versión bastarda del bloque abierto, luego, a partir del PGOU de 1985 a la manzana residencial periférica, pero, según Ramón López de Lucio, también, antes y después, a formas de transición entre el bloque abierto y la manzana cerrada. A partir de datos de más de 80 desarrollos urbanísticos madrileños , en esta comunicación se analiza: (1) hasta qué punto pervive o incluso se ha generalizado dicho modelo entre 1990 y 2012; (2) los grados y factores por los que el mismo se torna anti-urbano, según criterios de "ciudad paseable"; (3) la relación del modelo con la promoción inmobiliaria; y, (4) una aproximación conceptual a la definición de los grados de dicho modelo transicional, a fin de consolidarlo como categoría, en la que poder focalizar su regulación por los instrumentos de planeamiento y control urbanístico. 1 Esta investigación confirma la pervivencia e importancia de dichas agrupaciones de transición y su capacidad de encarnar un producto inmobiliario de gran éxito, versión local de las "gated communities" y apunta a que su grado de impacto sobre la urbanidad depende de las diversas soluciones espaciales posibles.
