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The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating fly ash in clay bricks to produce an industry-acceptable bricks. The effect of fly ash with high replacing ratio from (0% to 50%) of clay on properties of bricks was analyzed. The tests of bulk density, porosity, water absorption, compressive strength, and fl...
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... perform mechanical compressive strength test, the brick was placed horizontally between the flat plates of the testing machine (50 kN capacity) with displacement rate of 0.5 mm/min. An axial load was applied until brick failure occurs, as shown in Figure 8. Then, the compressive strength was cal- culated by dividing the maximum load by the average area of the brick face. ...
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... The high compressive strength and low water absorption are characteristics of fired bricks with high flyash volume ratios [38]. Further work enhanced the radiation shielding performance using various external natural or manufactured doping materials [39][40][41][42]. ...
The objective of this study is to increase the natural clay mineral-based bricks’ ability to shield γ-rays without the use of external doping materials. Six brick samples were consequently developed at various pressure rates (PRs). The chemical composition and structure of the manufactured bricks are unaffected by the PR applied. The main constituents in the clay used to make bricks are illite and quartz minerals, according to an X-ray diffraction pattern. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion X-rays have demonstrated the morphology and chemical composition of the used clay. Besides, the Mh-300A density meter shows an increase in the fabricated bricks’ density by increasing the PR, where the brick’s density increased by 32.92% by increasing the PR from 7.61 to 114.22 MPa, respectively. Also, the effects of the PR on the radiation shielding properties of the fabricated bricks were investigated using a NaI (Tl) detector. The data reveal that increasing the PR between 7.61 and 114.22 MPa improved the linear attenuation coefficient by 44.5, 23.8, 24.2, and 24.8%, respectively, for gamma-ray energies of 0.662, 1.173, 1.252, and 1.332 MeV. The capacity of fabricated bricks to shield against radiation increases as the linear attenuation coefficient increases. The lead’s equivalent thickness and half-value thickness of the fabricated clay-based bricks, on the other hand, decreased. As a result, the compacted natural clay brick, which is a lead-free material, provides a suitable alternative for gamma-ray shielding in radioactive locations.
... The water absorption coefficient is an important property of unfired earth bricks, as it affects the durability of brick samples. It measures the open porosity and the quality of bricks, as well as their resistance to weathering [119]. A notable correlation exists between water absorption and the strength of bricks: as water absorption decreases, the strength of the bricks tends to increase. ...
In recent years, the construction sector has significantly increased demand for new building materials that can reduce environmental impact and promote sustainable design strategies. In this context, the use of earth for construction purposes has received increasing attention in the last decade owing to its low environmental impact, local availability, and recyclability. The literature survey indicates that the incorporation of waste materials in the production of unfired earth bricks holds significant potential to partly substitute earth by satisfying specific requirements. Additionally, utilizing these waste materials for the development of unfired earth bricks provides a solution that conserves natural resources, reduces energy consumption, and contributes to efficient waste management. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of recent research focusing on the recycling of various types of waste into eco-friendly unfired earth bricks. Also, the effect of the incorporation of waste materials on the thermal and mechanical properties of unfired clay bricks is reviewed. The most common results, organized based on the type of additive (industrial or agricultural waste), are shown and discussed.
... All samples o the same kind showed similar microstructures beore and ater the reeze-thaw testing, thus suggesting that the ailures o the ash-clay bricks while reezing were caused by the shaping method and not the composition. However, despite the positive examples shown in the literature or applying 50% o the y ashes to raw clay (Andreola et al., 2005;Arsenović et al., 2015bArsenović et al., , 2015cChou et al., 2010;Eliche-Quesada et al., 2018;Fatih and Ümit, 2001;Lingling et al., 2005;Makaka, 2014;Pawar and Garud, 2014;Sarkar et al., 2007;Singh et al., 2017), it is concluded that kind o mixture might not show satisying binding properties since the samples peel o in the damaged part ater reeze-thaw testing. ...
Finding a solution to the problem of the large buildup of coal ashes is a vital necessity. Although the use of coal ashes in fired clay bricks has been thoroughly investigated, there is insufficient information on their industrial utilization and researchers do not agree on whether or not this addition improves the quality of the final products. Therefore, a database has gathered 20 years of research containing key factors related to the quality of the bricks (i.e., chemical composition, firing temperature, soaking time, open porosity, water absorption and compressive strength). Then, random forest regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) modeling were used to separately predict the parameters concerning the quality of the final products. The overall conclusions were that the compressive strengths were the highest when using fly ashes and that class F ashes were highly suitable to be used in the brick industry as a replacement material for brick clay. In addition, the ANN models showed higher coefficients of determination and an overall better fit to the experimental data. By changing the chemical makeup of the initial materials and their proportions, the particle size of the ashes, the firing temperature and soaking time, as well as the size of a product, the created models can be used to estimate the quality of the brick containing coal ash. That is crucial because the inconsistent chemical composition of ash is generally the main obstacle to its utilization. The local sensitivity analysis revealed the highest influence of the content of the alkali oxides in the initial clay on the fired clay bricks due to their fluxing effect. In the case of ash-clay bricks, the decisive factors were the type of furnace used, the ashes' class, the Na2O content in raw clay, and the K2O introduced with the ash. The F class ashes containing about 2–3% of K2O and <5% of CaO gave the highest compressive strength in bricks fired at 1000–1100 °C.
Additional analyzes were made for 50% pond ash and 50% clay bricks to test the best-suited model and fill in the knowledge gap. The results obtained in this study are important for supporting the decision in the selection of materials and process parameter values that will increase the quality of the ash-clay-fired bricks.
... However, the highest values of these are reported when 10% RHA is used. The main objectives of the study (Singh, Brar, and Mudahar 2017) assess the technical feasibility of integrating fly ash into clay bricks to yield industrially acceptable bricks. The properties of bricks are studied as a result of using fly ash using clay at high replacement rates (0-50%). ...
This manuscript proposes an experimental analysis for clay bricks manufacturing with partial replacement of glass wool. The physical, mechanical and durability features of bricks infused with various percentage of glass wool are tested. Thermal conductivity, water absorption, compressive strength, density and linear shrinkage are the properties tested for the bricks. These tests indicated that 4% glass wool infused bricks gave maximum compressive strength and minimum thermal conductivity compared to control brick. Life cycle assessment on construction of a residential building indicated that clay brick masonry causes the highest environmental impacts among all construction materials. The addition of glass wool to clay bricks may be a convincing alternative to traditional clay bricks. The quantity of clay used in brick manufacturing can be reduced by infusing glass wool into the bricks.
... Singh et al. [159] reported that the maximum utilization of fly ash has remained at 44.26% in the cement sector, followed by the reclamation of low-lying areas (10.77%), mine filling (13.0%), fly ash dyke raising, roads and embankments (12.88%), bricks and tiles (11.72%), and agriculture (1.93%) in recent years. Even after application in these sectors, only 55.69% of the total fly ash is utilized. ...
Incessant generation and mismanagement of industrial waste, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation have created non-sustainability in human life. Though industrial wastes are hazardous or non-hazardous in nature based on their source, open dumping disposal is commonly done for both types of waste. The adversity associated with waste enhances the environmental and health impacts. However, this waste has the potential to recycle and minimize resource scarcity. The circular economy works on the concept of reuse, recycling, and recovery to convert waste into a resource. Thus, industrial waste can benefit the environment and economic growth to build industrial ecology. However, the opportunities and challenges associated with industrial ecology for the reuse and recycling of waste have to be identified and preserved. Therefore, this study has identified challenges associated with waste, analyzed their impact, and industrial regulations, prioritized their criticality, and developed solution strategies to alleviate them. Two case studies on industrial byproducts, i.e., fly ash and red mud, based on different income groups are discussed in this study. It highlights the circular economy has minimized waste generation and enhanced the recovery of secondary resource materials. In addition, this study supports achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 11 and 12 to build a sustainable industrial ecosystem.
... However, not all the clays and fly ashes are suitable for brick making. Many previously published studies [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] concluded that fly ash can be used as a partial replacement for clay in ceramic materials. Some of them [13,16,18,[20][21][22]24] replaced clay with fly ash in a high ratio (up to 80 mas%). ...
... However, when it comes to strength, the results differ significantly. Some of the researchers reported an increase in strength [13][14][15][16][17] while most noted a decrease in strength [18][19][20][21][22][23]. This paper contributes to solving the problem of large amounts of fly ash "Stanari" which has not found application in the cement or other industry. ...
... This shape of the particles, with a much larger specific surface area compared to most ashes that have a lot of spherical particles, with additional porosity of some particles, explains the phenomenon of increasing the amount of water in the preparation of mixtures with fly ash (Table 1). Several other papers have reported an increase in the amount of water required to form mixtures of clay with fly ash [16,23]. ...
Fly ash class F from Thermal Power Plant "Stanari" was used in combination with highly plastic brick clay from Busovača to develop building bricks. The brick clay and fly ash were characterized for chemical and mineralogical composition, grain size distribution, and specific gravity. The fly ash has a higher proportion of larger particles and lower specific gravity than clay. The brick clay was mixed with 20, 40, and 60 wt. % of fly ash, formed in a prismatic shape, dried and then fired at 800 o , 900 o , and 1000 °C. The fired prisms were characterized for water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent density, and strength and compared with conventional clay prisms. The addition of fly ash of 20, 40, and 60% reduced the mass of the samples by 14, 23, and 31%, increased apparent porosity by 60, 100, and 160%, and reduced the compressive strength by 50, 80 and 90%, respectively. Conducted tests and comparative studies have shown that the fly ash "Stanari" can be used as an additive to the clay "Čavka" in the maximum amount of 20 % and the optimum firing temperature is 900 °C.
... The substantial difference between its production and utilization provides an opportunity for the researchers to think of new areas of application. Fly ash contains pozzolanic properties and can be used in the manufacture of bricks as a reinforcing agent [2]. Nanomaterials like nano silica, nano lime etc. [20−26] have been used to improve the properties of soil with which bricks are manufactured. ...
The major goal of this research is to propose an energy-efficient process to produce economical bricks in a very short amount of time. These bricks were prepared by baking cylindrical clay specimens in a muffle furnace at 900 degrees Celsius for 6 hours. The clay specimens were reinforced with fly ash and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The influence of MWCNT in various proportions such as 0.1 %, 0.01 %, 0.001% of water by weight, was observed with a high clay replacement ratio (10 %, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) on various properties of bricks. Soil, fly ash, and MWCNT used in the study were characterized using microscopic techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The findings demonstrate that adding up to 50% (by weight) fly ash along with MWCNT (0.1 %, 0.01 %, 0.001% of water by weight) to normal cylindrical clay bricks can improve their characteristics when baked at 900 degrees Celsius for 6 hours in a muffle furnace. The combination of clay, fly ash, and MWCNT performed remarkably well in laboratory testing due to its efficient void filling capacity and pozzolanic nature. These bricks have a higher compressive strength, less water absorbent, are structurally homogeneous, sound, and less harmful to the environment. The effective use of fly ash addition is not only beneficial to the protection of natural clay resources, but it is also a viable option for challenging and expensive waste disposal issues.
... The results indicate that adding fly ash up to 50% by weight improves the performance of sintered bricks at 1000 • C. The test findings indicate that the combination of clay and fly ash performs rather well due to their effective micro-filling capacity and pozzolanic activity. These bricks have a higher compressive strength and the added benefit of being lighter and more eco-friendly [117]. f. ...
... Numerous investigations on the thermal performance of permeable and water-retentive pavements have been conducted. Five experimental studies [114][115][116][117][118] compared the thermal performance of various types of permeable and water-retentive pavements with that of conventional pavements. The primary conclusion gained from the comparative evaluation of these five experimental projects is that the performance of permeable pavements is highly dependent on their design parameters and the experimental limitation conditions. ...
With growing urban populations, methods of reducing the urban heat island effect have become increasingly important. Cool pavements altering the heat storage of materials used in pavements can lead to lower surface temperatures and reduce the thermal radiation emitted to the atmosphere. Cool pavement technologies utilize various strategies to reduce the temperature of new and existing pavements, including increased albedo, evaporative cooling, and reduced heat conduction. This process of negative radiation forces helps offset the impacts of increasing atmospheric temperatures. This paper presents an extensive analysis of the state of the art of cool pavements. The properties and principles of cool pavements are reviewed, including reflectivity, thermal emittance, heat transfer, thermal capacity, and permeability. The different types, research directions, and applications of reflective pavements are outlined and discussed. Maintenance and restoration technologies of cool pavements are reviewed, including permeable pavements. Results show that cool pavements have significant temperature reduction potential in the urban environment. This research is important for policy actions of the European Union, noting that European and international business stakeholders have recently expressed their interest in new ways of reducing energy consumption through technologically advanced pavements.
... respectively. This result showed that a high percentage of FH in clay bricks caused high porosity in specimens (Singh et al., 2016). Porosity in brick affected on good and inferior. ...
The main objective of this study was the utilization of fly ash (FH) additive in the fired clay brick mixtures. The effects of FH additions (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% by weight) incorporated in clay brick compositions on the physical properties and mechanical strength had been investigated. The green clay brick specimens were fired at 800-1,000C to obtain vitreous phase connection. Behavior of packed particles associated apparent porosity (APP), bulk density (BD) and water absorption (WA) values were reported, which were directly cased in the compressive strength (CS) of the fired specimens. The results showed that the APP and WA values were also decreased, while BD values were improved with an increase in sintering temperatures. The CS of clay brick specimens with 10 and 20 wt% of FH after fired at 1,000C had higher than of the CS strength standard value as required by ASTM C62-13a. The optimum FH addition in the fired clay bricks at 1,000C was achieved in 10 wt% FH, which confirmed a partial replacement of additive wastes in making fired clay bricks.
... As such, since harvesting depends on maturity and economic issues/demand in relation to individual crops, the availability of the wastes in question may be negatively affected by seasonal influence on crops. Moreover, several researchers have also reported that fly ash and slag [19][20][21][22][23], nano iron oxide [24], nano aluminium [25], nano silica [26,27], nano magnesium oxide [28] are useful stabilizers for the improvement of mechanical and resistance properties of clay. ...
It has been observed that clay soil cannot be used for building design, unless it is modified by firing or with cement. Either method of stabilization can adversely affect the environment and public health just like indiscriminate dumping or open burning adopted in developing countries as the prevalent disposal technique for waste papers. This paper sought to examine the feasibility of using assorted waste papers to derive an alternative stabilizer to Portland Limestone Cement for modification of clay soil into composite materials suitable for building design. Specifically, clay-based composites were fabricated at 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20% replacement levels by weight with cement, and then hydrothermally-calcined waste paper ash nanomaterial (HCWPAN). Water absorption, sorptivity, bulk density, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, flaking concentration, flexural strength, and compressive strength were investigated for each of the fabricated samples. Irrespective of the stabilizing agent utilized, 10% loading level was found to be the optimum for possession of maximum mechanical strength by the samples. Only samples with the HCWPAN content were found to be capable of reducing building dead loads and improving thermal insulation efficiency over un-stabilized clay material, if applied as walling elements in buildings. Generally, it was revealed that the cement and HCWPAN have comparable influences on the properties of clay soil, thus indicating that HCWPAN could be utilized as an alternative stabilizer to cement. In addition, the preparation of HCWPAN was found to be more energy-saving than that of the cement.
