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Despite their tiny eyes and brains, nocturnal insects have remarkable visual abilities. Recent work—particularly on fast-flying moths and bees and on ball-rolling dung beetles—has shown that nocturnal insects are able to distinguish colors, to detect faint movements, to learn visual landmarks, to orient to the faint pattern of polarized light produ...
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... first of these mechanisms involves the possession of an eye type that maximizes light capture. In nocturnal insects, including most moths and many beetles, this eye type is typically a refracting superposition compound eye. Like all compound eyes, superposition eyes (one of the two main types of compound eye; see Fig. 3) are composed of individual optical units known as ommatidia [ Fig. 3(a)]. These units are tubular in shape and consist of one or more lenses: typically an outer transparent cuticular corneal facet lens (which is typically hexagonal in shape, as seen from the outside of the eye) and an inner crystalline cone. These supply light to a ...
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... possession of an eye type that maximizes light capture. In nocturnal insects, including most moths and many beetles, this eye type is typically a refracting superposition compound eye. Like all compound eyes, superposition eyes (one of the two main types of compound eye; see Fig. 3) are composed of individual optical units known as ommatidia [ Fig. 3(a)]. These units are tubular in shape and consist of one or more lenses: typically an outer transparent cuticular corneal facet lens (which is typically hexagonal in shape, as seen from the outside of the eye) and an inner crystalline cone. These supply light to a number of photoreceptor cells (or retinular cells) assembled underneath, ...
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... ommatidia receive light from two neighboring such re- gions. Thus, the greater the number and density of omma- tidia in a compound eye, the more finely sampled is visual space. In superposition eyes, single photoreceptors in the retina receive focused light from hundreds (and, in some extreme cases, thousands) of corneal facet lenses [ Fig. 3(b)]. This eye type represents a vast improvement in sensitivity over the apposition compound eye [Fig. 3(c)], an eye type in which single photoreceptors receive light only from the single corneal facet lens residing in the same ommatidium. Not surprisingly, apposition eyes are typical of diurnal insects active in bright sunlight, and this ...
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... density of omma- tidia in a compound eye, the more finely sampled is visual space. In superposition eyes, single photoreceptors in the retina receive focused light from hundreds (and, in some extreme cases, thousands) of corneal facet lenses [ Fig. 3(b)]. This eye type represents a vast improvement in sensitivity over the apposition compound eye [Fig. 3(c)], an eye type in which single photoreceptors receive light only from the single corneal facet lens residing in the same ommatidium. Not surprisingly, apposition eyes are typical of diurnal insects active in bright sunlight, and this in- cludes all diurnal bees. Strangely, apposition eyes are also found in nocturnal bees such as ...
Citations
... Nocturnal insects need to cope with the degradation of visual information arising from shot noise and transducer noise. Filtering in the spatial and temporal domains has been realized in denoising algorithms developed for removing noise from movies that were recorded under dim light conditions (e.g., [4,5]). The elimination of noise from static images is an even more difficult task because the temporal domain is not available for filtering. ...
The noise statistics of real-world camera images are challenging for any denoising algorithm. Here, I describe a modified version of a bionic algorithm that improves the quality of real-word noisy camera images from a publicly available image dataset. In the first step, an adaptive local averaging filter was executed for each pixel to remove moderate sensor noise while preserving fine image details and object contours. In the second step, image sharpness was enhanced by means of an unsharp mask filter to generate output images that are close to ground-truth images (multiple averages of static camera images). The performance of this denoising algorithm was compared with five popular denoising methods: bm3d, wavelet, non-local means (NL-means), total variation (TV) denoising and bilateral filter. Results show that the two-step filter had a performance that was similar to NL-means and TV filtering. Bm3d had the best denoising performance but sometimes led to blurry images. This novel two-step filter only depends on a single parameter that can be obtained from global image statistics. To reduce computation time, denoising was restricted to the Y channel of YUV-transformed images and four image segments were simultaneously processed in parallel on a multi-core processor.
... Some insect groups (e.g. moths, bees, dung beetles) are able to distinguish colors, to detect faint movements, to learn visual landmarks, to orient to the faint pattern of polarized light produced by the moon, and to navigate using the stars [28]. High intensity public illumination can lure away nocturnal and night-swarming aquatic insects from their natural habitats and if this distraction happens around a polarizing surface, like an asphalt road, most insects get trapped until they die of dehydration [29][30][31] Observation plans are prepared to study for example the behaviour of pollinating insects and singing birds in the presence and absence of these light sources. ...
The International Dark Sky Association has a flight of rules for public lighting in dark sky parks. In Hungary, many settlements still illuminate with compact fluorescent lights and sodium lamps, that do not fulfill these rules. In our research project, financed by a grant of the European Union, we established a system of Living Environmental Laboratory for Lighting at two settlements in dark sky parks in Hungary. As the first step, the public lighting system was reconstructed, so that it satisfied the rules of IDA. We designed new LED luminaires with optimal illumination and optical properties to provide the necessary luminous intensity and reduce light pollution at the same time. The new system has a two-step illumination profile: (i) Early night, after sunset, when the traffic is still high, warm white LEDs are applied to ensure sufficient lighting coming to the roads and pavements with a wide beam of light. (ii) Late night, when the traffic is low, the illumination switches to amber LEDs that have a narrower light beam to minimize light pollution and provide sufficient visibility. This approach can be an optimal illumination construction to reduce the light pollution of public lighting at night.
... Insects equipped with such neural apposition eyes can even see at star light conditions [3]. Filtering in the spatial [4] and temporal domains is mirrored in some denoising algorithms that are available for cleaning up noisy films (e.g., [5]). However, there is still a lack of image enhancement methods that improve the quality of underexposed static images while avoiding artifacts and preserving image sharpness. ...
... To reduce the noise of input images, it may be helpful to insert an additional processing step that performs a temporal summation of grey values by averaging across subsequent frames. A bionic method that operates in the spatial and temporal domains was described by Warrant et al. [5]. The night vision method described there is based on a smoothing kernel that is constructed for each pixel in three dimensions (two in space and one in time). ...
Night active insects inspired the development of image enhancement methods that uncover the information contained in dim images or movies. Here, I describe a novel bionic night vision (NV) algorithm that operates in the spatial domain to remove noise from static images. The parameters of this NV algorithm can be automatically derived from global image statistics and a primitive type of noise estimate. In a first step, luminance values were ln-transformed, and then adaptive local means’ calculations were executed to remove the remaining noise without degrading fine image details and object contours. Its performance is comparable with several popular denoising methods and can be applied to grey-scale and color images. This novel algorithm can be executed in parallel at the level of pixels on programmable hardware.
... Warrent et al. [47] described an algorithm inspired by nocturnal visual processing strategies that increase the visual reliability of dim light video with color preservation. This approach utilized the strategies of the nocturnal visual processing system which reduces noise by amplification of primary image signals to optimize spatio temporal summation. ...
Video surveillance systems substitute manual efforts in various safety critic domains such as border area, assisted living, banking, service stations, and transportation. The multimedia-based surveillance system has a significant role in security and forensic systems because people tend to be easily convinced after observing voice, image, and video. Hence, these videos are strong evidence in the forensic investigation. However, most of the criminal activities such as ATM robbery and assassination are occur at nighttime because of the crime supporting dark environment. Many of the night surveillance systems in military, as well as commercial applications, are equipped with infrared and thermal based night vision systems. Its poor capability of texture and color interpretations are the major issues to ensure secure nighttime video monitoring. Specifically, visual refinements of nighttime surroundings and foreground objects provide a valuable assistance in the nighttime security system. In this scenario, it is highly recommended a review of the state-of-the-art nighttime visual refinement approaches. We conducted an extensive literature review and classified the nighttime visual refinement approaches into nighttime restoration and enhancement. This comparative literary analysis identified the research gap fields to explore future research directions in nighttime visual enhancement techniques. Finally, we discussed various open issues and future directions in the context enhancement based nighttime enhancement research.
... Halo artifacts appearing in diagrams in tone are avoided by local tone mapping algorithms. In most applications the role of TMO (tone mapping operator) is different, but the ability to capture both the brightest and most dark,, E.g., images taken under poor lighting [21,36]. In the number of criteria, the ideal TMO was displayed, (1) from complications such as erosions, ghosting, and temporary hassle areas is important. ...
The high dynamic range (HDR) imaging and displaying a wide range of imaging levels in the imaging industry is found in the world using devices with limited dynamic range. Generally, the clustering system plays an important role in tone mapping. Clustering is a combination of similar properties based on their properties. Maximum detection and cluster core initiation is a major problem in the cluster; has been used to remove and identify abnormal data from the database. The data value can be represented by the value data outside the boundary of the sample data. In this paper, we have suggested clustering-based release detection and cluster core initialization protocols for open tone mapping, which uses the modified K-object clustering algorithm in the cluster the data sets. A density-based multi-level data suppression (DBMSDC) algorithm is used the early cluster centers calculated using the DBMSDC algorithm have been found to be very close to the desired cluster centers. Exposure has been detected using a weight based center approach and the change K-material clustering has been removed. Test results show that the proposed methods reach advanced and efficient solutions, while the art tone mapping protocols.
... However, it is possible to form images from radiation wavelengths to which the human eye is insensitive, or to amplify visible light levels so low that they appear dark to the human eye. Modern digital cameras are equipped with night surveillance robot for conveying high assurance pictures that deal with the growing interest for more dynamic range, shading significance, and precision [22,31]. Extending use of such cameras has provoked the creating field of high dynamic range (HDR) imaging [7,26,27]. ...
Night vision system has become a critical component of modern warfare and the ability to see in nighttime conditions allows military maneuvers and a potential advantage to the forces equipped with this technology. These night vision systems rely on the very low light levels of night sky illumination to help image the targeted scene and its surroundings. Many research works have been undertaken to overcome issues in hardware implementation. In this paper, we contribute to enhance night vision sources by hybrid vision enhancement (HVE) system without affecting performance of hardware implementation. The proposed hybrid system consists of two algorithms such asoptimizedtone mapping (OTM) and adaptive gamma correction (AGC) algorithm. Normally, hybrid systems are not an area efficient, here we modify the tone mapping algorithm byoptimized filter design with the exponential basis. The differential evolution optimization algorithm is used to enhance the filter design. The proposed HVE system implementation is designed in Verilog language and synthesized with different FPGA device families in Xilinx tool. Simulation result shows that our proposed HVE system is able to enhance vision of wide dynamic range (WDR) images to good visual quality. The synthesis result shows that our proposed HVE system perform very efficient than existing system in terms of hardware utilization, maximum clock frequency, and power. © 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
... However, it is possible to form images from radiation wavelengths to which the human eye is insensitive, or to amplify visible light levels so low that they appear dark to the human eye. Modern digital cameras are equipped with night surveillance robot for conveying high assurance pictures that deal with the growing interest for more dynamic range, shading significance, and precision [22,31]. Extending use of such cameras has provoked the creating field of high dynamic range (HDR) imaging [7,26,27]. ...
Night vision system has become a critical component of modern warfare and the ability to see in nighttime conditions allows military maneuvers and a potential advantage to the forces equipped with this technology. These night vision systems rely on the very low light levels of night sky illumination to help image the targeted scene and its surroundings. Many research works have been undertaken to overcome issues in hardware implementation. In this paper, we contribute to enhance night vision sources by hybrid vision enhancement (HVE) system without affecting performance of hardware implementation. The proposed hybrid
system consists of two algorithms such asoptimizedtone mapping (OTM) and adaptive gamma correction (AGC) algorithm. Normally, hybrid systems are not an area efficient, here we modify the tone mapping algorithm byoptimized filter design with the exponential basis. The differential evolution optimization algorithm is used to enhance the filter design. The proposed HVE system implementation is designed in Verilog language and synthesized with different FPGA device families in Xilinx tool. Simulation result shows that our proposed HVE system is able to enhance vision of wide dynamic range (WDR) images to good visual quality. The synthesis result shows that our proposed HVE system perform very efficient than existing system in terms of hardware utilization, maximum clock frequency, and power.
... As previously mentioned, decreases in spatial resolution may compensate for increases in visual sensitivity and/or temporal resolution (Warrant 1999). In arthropods, such decreases are accomplished by widening acceptance angle, measured electrophysiologically or structurally (Bryceson and McIntyre 1983;Hiller-Adams and Case 1988;Hariyama et al. 2001), or by neurally pooling visual information, e.g. through laterally spreading neurons and combining input from individual channels (Greiner et al. 2004(Greiner et al. , 2005Warrant et al. 2014). Our data suggest that kairomones increase both visual sensitivity and temporal resolution in A. franciscana. ...
... However, acceptance angle did not vary after kairomone exposure (Table 2). Hence, further work is needed to determine whether the observed changes are at the cost of spatial resolution and if these crustaceans use similar methods of neural spatial summation as those described in insects and other arthropods (Warrant et al. 2014). ...
Chemical cues from fish, or kairomones, often impact the behavior of zooplankton. These behavioral changes are thought to improve predator avoidance. For example, marine and estuarine crustacean zooplankton become more sensitive to light after kairomone exposure, which likely deepens their vertical distribution into darker waters during the day and thereby reduces their visibility to fish predators. Here, we show that kairomones from an estuarine fish induce similar behavioral responses in adult brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) from an endorheic, hypersaline lake, Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. Given downwelling light stimuli, kairomone-exposed A. franciscana induce a descent response upon dimmer light flashes than they do in the absence of kairomones. Using extracellular electroretinogram (ERG) recordings, we also find that kairomones induce physiological changes in the retina that may lead to increased visual sensitivity, suggesting that kairomone-induced changes to photobehavior are mediated at the photoreceptor level. However, kairomones did not induce structural changes within the eye. Although A. franciscana inhabit endorheic environments that are too saline for most fish, kairomones from an estuarine fish amplify photobehavior in these branchiopod crustaceans. The mechanism for this behavioral change has both similarities to and differences from that described in marine malacostracan crustaceans.
... Despite minuscule light receptors, multi-lens eyes and heads in nocturnal insects they possess extraordinary capability to visualize in dark. M. Oskarsoon and Eric Warrant [33] described and proposed an algorithm in 2014 that was inspired by nocturnal visual processing techniques. Their method replicated computationally the amplification process of prime image signals. ...
... They can orient to the weak outline of polarized light reflected by the moon as well as they can even plot a route using the stars. In 2014 from Sweden M. Oskarsoon and Eric Warrant [33] knew the neural mechanisms that was involved for this naturally consistent nocturnal vision. They found that it could be translated into; what we call a computer language. ...
... On the basis of perceptual assessment so far the fast color enhancement technique [24] looks more welcoming with highest mean OEI as shown in Table 4. Tian Si's pseudo-color fusion algorithm which reserved elegant YCbCr color space for the complete color transfer through the color mapping from another image shows that the histogram position is totally dependent upon the type of source image used for pseudo color transfer. The luminosity channel and separate RGB histograms of Xuebo Jin's Retinex fusion algorithm [10], Huiyuan Fu night removal [3] and Eric Warrant nature inspired night-vision Algorithm [33] have one thing common in their result. All of them have more acceptable perceptual results as compared to previous techniques. ...
In this article a vast literary and ample historic review has been examined to provide in detail introduction, knowledge and comparison of night vision imaging techniques. It unveils night vision enhancement methods described in the recent times such as contrast enhancement; color transfer based clustering, fast color contrast enhancement and pseudo-color fusion algorithm for self-adaptive enhancement system along many others. Furthermore, the scientific and mathematical details are elaborated along with the mechanisms used image fusion techniques, color mapping, histogram matching and statistical evaluation. Conclusively, the channel based color fusion technique stood out through statistical and perceptual analysis.
... Note that the development of image enhancement can be inspired by the image processing taking place in the visual tract of different organisms (Herault et al., 2015) (Warrant et al., 2014) (Benoit et al., 2010) (Medathati et al., 2016). ...
