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... vertical structure and composition of the seabed are shown in Figure 2. The oceanic crust is made up of layers. ...
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... vents, for instance, are commonly found along the oceanic ridge. The knowledge on the physical properties of sediments and rock on top of the seabed (Figure 2) is required for the estimation of resources and design of exploitation tools. Generally, the typical soils and sediments which are found in deepsea environments are soft or silt clays (Bridge and Howells, 2007;Dunlap et al., 1990). ...
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... ISA discussed environmental impacts by nodule exploitation in numerous workshops. Liu and Yang (2001) allocated the environmental impacts to three schematic zones indicated by Figure 12. ...
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... depicted in Figure 20 various deepwater floaters including Spar, Tension Leg Platform (TLP), Semisubmersible and Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) are applied in offshore industries. These floater types have distinct application areas that are subject to water depths and facility payloads ( Bell et al., 2005). ...
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... selection of a riser system type depends on the meta-ocean data and water depth. As shown in Figure 21. Several types of risers are available extending from the flexible riser, SCR, and free-standing hybrid riser to the top-tensioned rigid riser combination of these two (Bai, 2001;Bai, Y. and Bai, Q., 2005). ...
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... structure of the flexible riser, as illustrated in Figure 22, is made up of several different layers: an inner metallic carcass for collapse resistance; a plastic pressure sheath fluid containment that is leak-proof; a zeta and flat steel spiral for resisting internal pressure, external crushing loads and hoop stress resistance; steel armours to resist axial tensile loads; ...
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... are a completely vertical riser system that terminates directly below the surface unit, such as TLPs and spars (see Figure 26). These floating units are able to move laterally with wind, waves and current even though they are moored. ...
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... convention contains 320 articles that specify ocean space borders, environmental issues, marine research, commercial activities, technology collaborations and dispute instruments. Figure 29 gives an overview of the zones and definitions detailed in the following. Relevant to the research at hand are the territorial seas, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zones and the continental shelf as well as the high sea legislations. ...
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... massive sulphide deposits are rich in multi minerals such as Copper, Zinc, Lead, Silver and Gold. Nearly all of these minerals are considered as scarce, with reserve/consumption rates of 10 to 25 years (see Figure 32). They occur in water depths of 1000 to 4000m, which is in scope of current technology developments. ...
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... addition, the participants were asked for their personal opinion on seabed mining from an environmental point of view. Figure 42 shows that 79.4% (strongly) disagreed with the statement that seabed mining should not be considered at all. On the other hand, only 24.4% stated that seabed mining should be considered right away. ...
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... seabed mining operation at the Solwara 1 site will have inevitable environmental impacts on the seafloor and its biological communities, which will arise from a number of sources during exploration and extraction of massive sulphide deposit, as demonstrated in Figure 52. The impacts can be categorised as follows: direct material and habitat removal; sediment plumes; light, noise and vibration impacts; waste water disposal and potential machinery leaks and malfunctions. ...
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... ensure the reestablishment of the ecosystem and lower the risks of loss of biodiversity and endemism, the following mitigation strategies was proposed by (Nautilus Minerals Inc, 2008) to protect seafloor biodiversity and maintain nearby communities of animals to enhance the rate of recovery. First, provide an unmined reference area at South Su close to Solwara 1 to provide parent stock for repopulation and a control site for environmental monitoring, see Figure 52. Second, create a temporary refuge area within Solwara 1 to allow progressive rehabilitation. ...
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... direct in-situ impacts of seabed mining activities are demonstrated in Figure 52. The post-process from ore to pure copper and gold as part of the mining production chain could cause even severe and lasting environmental impact. ...
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... collection machine can move on one pair of tracks and be electrically powered from the surface. Within this concept, this machine is developed with a buoyant configuration as shown in Figure 61 and Figure 62. It can be fitted with buoyancy and thrusters to improve the manoeuvrability and provide bouncy characteristics for the machine (SRK Consulting, 2010). ...
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... risers can be attached to the floating vessel by way of a hang-off system. Generally, three hang-off systems have been used: flex joint, taper stress joint (TSJ) and pull tube as shown in Figure 71, Figure 72 and Figure 73 respectively. SCR hang-off systems typically include a porch structure on the hull or pull tubes and a connection of the top of the SCR to the porch structure. ...
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... better understanding of flex joint stiffness is necessary in determining strength behaviour and fatigue performance at the SCR top end. (2007) A TSJ is typically a tapered tubular system as shown in Figure 72. A TSJ simulates a rigid attachment and may be used in place of flex joints but reveals larger bending loads to the floating vessel. ...
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... developed economic model for Atlantis II Deep sea bed mining is shown in Figure 82. Useful metal resources will be produced in a certain rate of production from the deposit. ...
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... II Deep, knowledge of the dredging industry may be conferred. Figure 92 indicates an exemplary pipe loading of sands and gravel to a flatboat dump barge with a tugboat for maneuvering. The barge and handling equipment needs to be chosen or designed according to the outcomes of a logistics optimisation that analyses the transport and storage processes and costs. ...
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Citations
... Whereas a number of publications on the Atlantis II Deep appeared during the period of exploration dormancy, none of these examined further any risk that exploitation of the metalliferous mud might introduce into this unique habitat and its microbial and potential invertebrate life. Only two papers refer to some of the environmental studies and related problems: Whereas the book by Egorov et al. (2012) results from a training exercise of potential and young scientists and ignores almost all pertinent literature, the work of Bertram et al. (2011) essentially represents an economic evaluation and a discussion of the legal situation concerning the Atlantis II Deep resources. They briefly mention, but do not discuss, the " possible adverse environmental impacts " and the " high degree of uncertainty regarding possible environmental risks. ...
