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Composition of milk in different animal species
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Traditionally, camel milk is served as a biomedicine for many health problems throughout the world. Modern-day camel regains its importance due to its recognition as ‘Diary Camel’ that manufactures ‘White Gold’ for the desert. Camel milk is being used for the treatment of various ailments, since time immemorial, and the scientific evidences also su...
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... milk is popularly referred as 'The White Gold of the Desert'. There are considerable compositional differences in milk from camel and other species (Table 1), the most significant being no milk-lactoglobulin as in human milk. The distinctive feature of camel milk is its minimal allergic effects due to a lower concentration β-lactoglobulin and α-casein (Sahoo, 2020). ...Citations
... Small ruminants play an important role in the livelihood of a large proportion of landless as well as small and marginal farmers (Paris, 2002;Sahoo, 2021). These two species are predominantly reared under extensive range management on community rangeland employing self or family labour under low input-low output (LIPLOP) system of production management. ...
... In general, small ruminant management of does not require specialized skill and manpower hence the surplus family labours are gainfully employed for grazing management and upkeep of the animals. They contribute to the national income in term of meat, milk, fiber (wool, hair), manure (dung, urine) and leather (skin) besides other minor components like offal, slaughter-house byproducts etc. (Table 2), and therefore justifiably can be termed as '5'-STAR animal (Sahoo, 2019a;Sahoo, 2021). The small ruminants, thus provide employment opportunity to rural artisans who depend on their produce to manufacture speciality products or the youth who can take up it as a job opportunity or expand it as an avenue for commercial farming and entrepreneurship. ...
... Source: Khalesi et al., 2017;Singh et al., 2017;Sahoo, 2020Sahoo, ,2021Swelum et al., 2021 Therapeutic/functional attributes The unique properties of camel milk make it an important health promoter having nutraceutical value and used in different parts of the world for supportive treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, jaundice, hypertension, tuberculosis, cancer, asthma, dropsy and leishmaniasis or kala-azar, etc. (Sahoo, 2020). Camel milk is also recommended to be consumed by children who are allergic to human/bovine and other nonbovine milk. ...
The non-bovine livestock species are key drivers for sustainable development in agriculture and allied sectors. They contribute to food security, nutrition, poverty alleviation, and economic growth. The interactions of these animal species with its environment is somewhat complex compared to other animal species domesticated by human. The non-bovine population, viz. donkey, sheep, goat, camel has a pastoral-linkage involving traditional animal husbandry on natural resources thereby directly addressing the livelihood security of the community. Concurrently, one of the important production outputs, the non-bovine milk is considered to have huge economic and social importance in specific regions where it can serve as a tool for the improvement of food and economic security. It has covered the following topics: The chapters 1. Non-bovine population: sheep, goat & camel - status and prospects; 2. Spatial distribution of equines in India; 3. Changing landscape of donkeys in India: from beast of burden to dairy/production donkeys; 4. Policy dialogues for donkeys and their owning communities in India; 5. Donkey milk: perspectives and challenges; 6. Small ruminants: supporting socio-economic livelihood; 7. Importance of sheep milk: 'dairy sheep' a perspective avenue; 8. Importance of goat milk: a promising nutraceutical adjuvant; 9. Camel milk: nutraceutical & therapeutic properties; 10. Non-bovine milk: socioeconomic constraints and marketing challenges.
... Source: Khalesi et al., 2017;Singh et al., 2017;Sahoo, 2020Sahoo, ,2021Swelum et al., 2021 Therapeutic/functional attributes The unique properties of camel milk make it an important health promoter having nutraceutical value and used in different parts of the world for supportive treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, jaundice, hypertension, tuberculosis, cancer, asthma, dropsy and leishmaniasis or kala-azar, etc. (Sahoo, 2020). Camel milk is also recommended to be consumed by children who are allergic to human/bovine and other nonbovine milk. ...
... Moreover, surplus camel milk is generally processed into naturally fermented products. Camel milk is less readily converted into butter, cheese, and yogurt, but is known for its healthpromoting properties and a lot of research has been performed to explore and characterize these properties (Sahoo, 2021). The protein composition and colloidal structure of camel milk differs from cow milk. ...
... Compared to bovine milk, camel milk is closer to mother milk and the peculiarities, viz. absence of -lactoglubulins, presence of smaller immunoglobulins, concentration of low fat with smaller fat globules, richness in vitamin C, Ca, Zn, Mn, Fe, electrolytes (Sahoo, 2021) may play a greater role in enriching the formula with lesser adverse effect. Diluted skimmed camel milk is being used by nomads in the deserts of Egypt, Sudan, Mauritania, Kenya, China, Kazakhstan for feeding their babies and thus camel milk might be a promising new protein source for children allergic to cow milk protein (El-Agamy et al., 2009). ...
Camel's milk is an important part of staple diet in several parts of the world, particularly in the arid and semi-arid zones. The nutraceutical and therapeutic properties of camel milk are associated with its unique compositional and biomolecular characteristics that provide particular health benefits to the consumer depending on their bioactive properties. Camel milk is being used for the treatment of various ailments, since time immemorial, and the scientific evidences also support that the camel milk possesses antiallergic, anti-ulcerogenic, antibacterial, antiviral,
antiparasitic, antihyperglycemic, anticholesterolemic, antihypertensive, anticancerous effects etc. Camel's milk is rich in health-beneficial substances, such as bioactive peptides, lactoferrin, micro-minerals, antioxidant vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, etc. These substances could help in the treatment of some important human diseases like autism, tuberculosis, asthma, gastrointestinal diseases, and jaundice. A higher concentration of insulin has proven therapeutic efficacy against type1 diabetes. Correlation and validation of biomolecules having pharmaceutical properties will pave the way for camel milk as a nutraceutical adjuvant in many human ailments.
... But, the tree leaves of this region are mostly tanniferous Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) and Pala (Ziziphus nummularia) leaves, which may exert antinutritional effect if not fed judiciously. Various approaches involved in the use of these unconventional feed resources have delineated newer concepts that implies inclusion at low levels to explore pro-nutritional effect for improving animal production (Singh and Sahoo, and Blache, 2012;Xiao and Bai, 2019) that often alters the quality milk, meat and their products (Vasta and Bessa, 2012;Morales and Ungerfeld, 2015;Jerónimo et al, 2016;Sahoo, 2021a). There is limited information on modulation of antioxidant properties of camel milk. ...
Effect of tannin containing tree leaves in the diet on camel milk production and its quality was studied in 15 lactating camels (average body weight 554 kg) in mid-lactation stage. The animals were distributed following randomised-block design into 3 groups on the basis of similar live weight and milk production. The control group (GG) was fed with a standard basal diet of roughage and supplemental concentrate in the ratio of 70:30, where the roughage component included equal proportions (1:1) of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) straw (GS), guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) phalgati (GP). The treatment groups GGK received a similar ration with a varied roughage combinations, one having tanniferous Khejri leaves (KL) at GS40:GP40:KL20 ratios and the other GGP received pala leaves (PL) at GS40:GP40:PL20 ratios. Milk yield was recorded daily and the milk samples were collected fortnightly for assessing the quality parameters. The milk yield (kg/d) of camel increased to 7.11±0.14 in GGK and 6.65±0.21 in GGP compared to 6.15±0.24 in GG. The physical parameters of camel milk like electrical conductivity and freezing point decreased in the tree-forage fed groups. Amongst the chemical constituents, milk protein content increased and fat:SNF ratio decreased in GGK and GGP compared to control. An improvement in antioxidant properties of camel milk was observed in the test groups due to consumption of tanniferous tree leaves. It may thus be concluded that incorporation of tanniferous tree forages of hot-arid climatic regions at 20% level by replacing the basal crop-residues in the diet of lactating camel had positive influence on milk quality and its antioxidant properties, which will have far-reaching economic impact in the trade of camel milk and milk products and thus uplifting the socio-economic status of camel rearers.
