Table 2 - uploaded by Nobuko Tuno
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Composition of insect species captured from mature sporocarps of Elfvingia applanata in 1991 and 1996
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最終稿を登録可能.但し、事前照会を要する. Insects visiting sporocarps of Elfvingia applanata, a wood-rotting bracket fungus, were examined in Kyoto, central Japan. Mycodrosophila flies (Drosophilidae: Diptera) were predominant and visited the spore-producing sporocarps exclusively. They were observed feeding on the spores, and a number of spores seemed to be alive eve...
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... a total of 151 individuals, 126 were drosophilids, all belonging to Mycodrosophila, and 125 were col- lected at the mature stage. Species compositions of insect assemblages collected from mature sporo- carps were compared at the species level among three sporocarps sampled in 1991 and 1996 in Table 2. Mycodrosophila species (mostly My. gratiosa and My. ...
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Citations
... Typically, host fungi have been perceived as trophic resources, with mycelia being foraged upon by both adult insects and larvae. Additionally, insects may promote the dispersal of fungal propagules such as spores, hyphae, or yeast cells, which is advantageous for the fungus (Tuno, 1999;Birkemoe et al., 2018). From the insects' perspective, various studies have underscored the importance of ecological partitioning (Takahashi et al., 2005), specialization (Yamashita et al., 2015;Valer et al., 2016;Jacobsen et al., 2018;Lunde et al., 2023), intra-and interspecific competition (Grimaldi and Jaenike, 1984;Grimaldi, 1985), aggregation of adults and larvae, spatiotemporal dynamics (Takahashi et al., 2005), and tolerance to toxic compounds (Spicer and Jaenike, 1996;Stump et al., 2011). ...
Ecological interactions are diverse, variable across space and time and not always well understood. The use of interaction network analysis has become a tool that promotes a deeper understanding on ecological and evolutionary processes. The interaction between insects and fungi is an interesting research model, helping to understand colonization dynamics and species specialization in spatially aggregated and ephemeral resources. Here, we describe the interactions between Drosophilidae species and the fungal basidiocarps in a subtropical forest in Brazil. Flies were collected when were visiting basidiocarps and then the basidiocarps themselves were also collected to obtain the emerging flies whose larvae fed on the fungi. We observed 31 species of drosophilids interacting with basidiocarps of 23 fungi species. An ecological network analysis was performed for the drosophilids breeding on basidiocarps and for those visiting them as adults. We found a specialized breeding network, with stronger interactions involving Hirtodrosophila and Auricularia and Zygothrica bilineata and a Marasmius species. Our results indicate the generalist habit of most Zygothrica species. The visitation network was highly specialized. Despite being well represented in the sampling, most Zygothrica species did not emerge from any fungal species. This study advances the knowledge on patterns of Drosophilid-fungi interactions and provides insights into their drivers.
Keywords:
Ecological guild; Mycophily; Mushrooms; Resource utilization; Subtropical ecology
... Figure 2 and photographs provided by Grimaldi (1987), Beppu (2006), Ševčík (2010), and Policha et al. (2019) show that a number of Zygothrica and Hirtodrosophila individuals perch on fresh or mature fruiting bodies and show feeding behaviour (they lick the gill surface). In some Mycodrosophila and Drosophila species, the presence of fungal spores has been confirmed in their intestines (Tuno 1999a, b, Tuno 2001, Kobayashi et al. 2017, indicating that they feed on spores. ...
... As argued earlier, fruiting bodies of Phallaceae and Coprinaceae fungi are assumed to emit strong odours to attract saprophagous drosophilid flies for spore dispersal (Shorrocks 1982, Tuno 1998. Adult flies of Mycodrosophila species are suggested to carry spores (Tuno 1999a). In addition to these species, adult flies of Zygothrica and Hirtodrosophila species are attracted to fresh and mature fruiting bodies (Kimura 1976, Bock and Parsons 1978b, Grimaldi 1987, Toda and Kimura 1997, Tuno 1999b and are expected to carry their spores as argued earlier. ...
A number of species and taxa of Drosophilidae (Diptera) are used as model clades in various fields of biology, but our knowledge on their ecology and co-evolution (e.g. how their populations are regulated and how they interact with host organisms, enemies, and competitors) is still limited. According to studies on their host use, their primary larval resources are fruits, flowers, plant leaves and stems, tree sap, and fungal fruiting bodies, and most species are specialized to one of these resources. Among these species, those exploiting fungal fruiting bodies (i.e. mycophagous species) have been relatively well studied for their ecology, because their resources are commonly found in the field, hence their interactions with enemies and competitors can be assessed rather easily. So far, a review article has been published on their ecology in 1990. Since then, remarkable advances have been achieved on their taxonomy, phylogeny, diversity, and interactions with parasites, parasitoids, and competitors. This article reviews literature mainly published since 1990 to provide a basis for the future study of their ecology and evolution.
... While detection of DNA is far from evidence of dispersal, successful transfer of viable spores has been demonstrated, for example by true flies (Diptera) in Ganoderma spp. (Lim 1977;Nuss 1982;Tuno 1999). Theoretically, the most beneficial type of animal vector for an early-colonizing wood decay fungus would deposit spores on fresh dead wood, for instance on a dying or recently dead tree. ...
Wood decay fungi are considered to be dispersed by wind, but dispersal by animals may also be important, and more so in managed forests where dead wood is scarce. We investigated whether beetles could disperse spores of the keystone species Fomitopsis pinicola. Beetles were collected on sporocarps and newly felled spruce logs, a favourable habitat for spore deposition. Viable spores (and successful germination) of F. pinicola were detected by dikaryotization of monokaryotic bait mycelium from beetle samples. Viable spores were on the exoskeleton and in the faeces of all beetles collected from sporulating sporocarps. On fresh spruce logs, nine beetle species transported viable spores, of which several bore into the bark. Our results demonstrate that beetles can provide directed dispersal of wood decay fungi. Potentially, it could contribute to a higher persistence of some species in fragmented forests where spore deposition by wind on dead wood is less likely.
... It has been considered that wind plays an important role in dispersion of their spores and conidia between wood debris (Ingold, 1971;Ingold & Hudson, 1993). Insects that move between wood debris would also be efficient vectors of fungal propagules (Jacobsen, 2017;Seibold, 2019;Tuno, 1999;Vašutová et al., 2019). Well-known examples are bark and ambrosia beetles that carry fungal hyphae or propagules of wood-decaying fungi species-specifically; nutritional conditions of newly colonized wood debris are largely improved for these beetles by actions of these fungi (Crowson, 1984). ...
... In consideration with that individual coarse wood debris are usually colonized by several fungal species (Harmon & Hua, 1991), generalist consumers feeding on wider ranges of fungal species may also play important roles in fungal dispersal. In fact, Tuno (1999) suggested that spore-feeding beetles and flies that show specific preference to wood-decaying fungi efficiently disperse their spores by moving between coarse wood debris. Jacobsen (2017) and Seibold (2019) also provided firm evidence that beetles and some other invertebrates play important roles in the dispersion and colonization of wooddecaying fungi. ...
... If wood-and litter-decaying fungi have also such threshold spore densities for successful colony formation, spore dispersal by animals or insects would be important for their colonization, because they carry a large number of spores (Kitabayashi & Tuno, 2018;Kobayashi et al., 2017;Tuno, 1998Tuno, , 1999. Particularly, slugs are large and excrete a very large number of spores at once. ...
Slugs are important consumers of fungal fruiting bodies and expected to carry their spores. In this study, we examined whether slugs (Meghimatium fruhstorferi) can act as effective dispersers of spores of basidiomycetes. The microscopic observation confirmed the presence of basidiospores in feces of field‐collected slugs, and the DNA metabarcoding study revealed that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were major fungal taxa found in the feces. In Basidiomycota, the dominant order was Agaricales followed by Trichosporonales and Hymenochaetales. The laboratory experiments using Tylopilus vinosobrunneus showed that slugs carried a large number of spores in their digestive tracts. It was also observed that Pleurotus, Armillaria, and Gymnopilus spores excreted by slugs had a higher germination capacity than control spores collected from spore prints. The field experiments showed that slugs traveled 10.3 m in 5 h at most by wandering on the ground, litter layers, wood debris, and tree trunks. These results suggest that slugs could carry spores of ectomycorrhizal, saprophytic, and wood‐decaying fungi to appropriate sites for these fungi to establish colonies. We examined whether slugs (Meghimatium fruhstorferi) can act as effective dispersers of spores of basidiomycetes. Our results suggest that slugs could carry spores of ectomycorrhizal, saprophytic, and wood‐decaying fungi to appropriate sites for these fungi to establish colonies.
... Numerous studies have investigated the insect communities present on fungal fruit bodies, the majority of which are basidiomycetes [5,9,10]. Host specificity [11][12][13][14], the evolution of host use [15], and spore dispersal [16][17][18][19][20] have been intensively studied for a variety of fungus-insect relationships. Furthermore, topics in general ecology (e.g., coexisting patterns on patchy resources [21,22]) and applied ecology (e.g., effects of forest management on ecological communities [23,24]) have also been investigated using the insect-basidiocarp system. ...
Dead wood is an important habitat for both fungi and insects, two enormously diverse groups that contribute to forest biodiversity. Unlike the myriad of studies on fungus–insect relationships, insect communities on ascomycete sporocarps are less explored, particularly for those in hidden habitats such as underneath bark. Here, I present my observations of insect community dynamics on Biscogniauxia spp. on oak dead wood from the early anamorphic stage to matured teleomorph stage, aided by the debarking behaviour of squirrels probably targeting on these fungi. In total, 38 insect taxa were observed on Biscogniauxia spp. from March to November. The community composition was significantly correlated with the presence/absence of Biscogniauxia spp. Additionally, Librodor (Glischrochilus) ipsoides, Laemophloeus submonilis, and Neuroctenus castaneus were frequently recorded and closely associated with Biscogniauxia spp. along its change from anamorph to teleomorph. L. submonilis was positively associated with both the anamorph and teleomorph stages. L. ipsoides and N. castaneus were positively associated with only the teleomorph but not with the anamorph stage. N. castaneus reproduced and was found on Biscogniauxia spp. from June to November. These results suggest that sporocarps of Biscogniauxia spp. are important to these insect taxa, depending on their developmental stage.
... This attracts insects including Drosophila and plays the role in basidiospore dispersal through these insects [7][8][9][10]. It has also been observed that Drosophila species feed on Ganoderma applanatum and the spores of this fungus could retain their germination capacity even after passing through the gut of the Drosophila species that may also help in fungal spore dispersal [11]. Previously, seven different species of Drosophila have been shown to breed in stinkhorn mushrooms, particularly on Phallus impudicus [12,13]. ...
The majority of Suhomyces species have been isolated from fungus-feeding insects and particularly from the gut of beetles. In the present study, seven yeast strains were isolated from the gut of Drosophila species feeding on gleba, the spore-bearing inner mass, of a stinkhorn mushroom belonging to the family Phallaceae . Based on phenotypic, biochemical characterization and sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, two of these yeast strains, DGY3 and DGY4, represented a novel species of the genus Suhomyces . The novel species is closely related to an undescribed species of Candida ST-370 (DQ404513) and with Suhomyces canberraensis, wherein, the novel species differs from S. canberraensis by 40 nucleotide substitutions and three gaps (7.7 % sequence variation) in the D1/D2 region and 50 nucleotide substitutions and seven gaps (13.7 % sequence variation) in the ITS region. Several morphological and physiological differences were also observed between S. canberraensis and the strains obtained during this study. These data support the proposal of Suhomyces drosophilae as a novel species, with DGY3 T as the holotype and CBS 16329 T and MCC 1871 T as ex-type strains.
... Floral visitor assemblages differed significantly between A. sikokianum and A. tosaense (PerMANOVA, r 2 = 0.21, P < 0.001) ( Fig. 6; Appendix S2). We collected numerous insects, includ ing drosophilids (mainly Mycodrosophila spp.) and staphylinids (mainly Gyrophaena spp., Scaphisoma spp., and Sepedophilus spp.), which are fungivores (Tuno, 1999;Takahashi et al., 2005;Irmler and Lipkow, 2018), from both natural and lateflowering A. sikokianum plants (Appendix S2). Vogel and Martens (2000) suggested that A. sikokianum mimics the mushroom cap, because of its capitate spadix appendage, which is snowwhite in color (Fig. 1A, C), and the dis tinct funguslike smell (Vogel and Martens, 2000;Kakishima et al., 2019 [preprint]). ...
... Of the collected fungivorous insects, drosophilids and staphyli nids seemed to be effective pollinators of A. sikokianum because of their extremely high visitation frequency (Fig. 6), and they were ex clusively dominated by a few genera (Appendix S2). Other dipteran families (e.g., Cecidomyiidae, Mycetophilidae Psychodidae, and Sciaridae), which were frequently captured or reared from mush room fruiting bodies in previous studies (Tuno, 1999;Takahashi et al., 2005;Jakovlev, 2012), could also have been attracted by fungal mimicry. However, these families included many morphospecies, and the floral visitation by each morphospecies was infrequent com pared to drosophilids and staphylinids in the present study (T. ...
Premise:
The genus Arisaema (Araceae) has rapidly diversified in Japan, and multiple species often coexist in the field. Although Japanese Arisaema species hybridize from artificial crossing, hybrid individuals are rare in mixed populations; suggesting the presence of effective pre-pollination barriers. We examined the following reproductive barriers between A. sikokianum and A. tosaense: habitat, phenology, and pollinator isolations.
Methods:
Habitat isolation was examined by interspecific comparisons of microhabitat conditions at a mixed site and of altitude at the sampling site of herbarium specimens. Phenological isolation was evaluated by comparing seasonal transition in apparent spathe condition and frequency of insect visitation. Pollinator isolation was examined by comparing floral visitor assemblages between the two Arisaema species. To avoid overestimation of pollinator isolation due to seasonal changes in insect assemblages, we also compared visitor assemblages between natural and late-flowering A. sikokianum, where the latter was experimentally introduced and blooming with a natural A. tosaense population.
Results:
Microhabitat conditions and sampling elevations of herbarium specimens overlapped between the two Arisaema species. At the population level, A. sikokianum and A. tosaense flowered for 39 and 52 days, respectively, with 13 days overlap. Insect visitation in A. sikokianum decreased before the seasonal overlap. Floral visitor assemblages differed between the two Arisaema species, while the difference between natural and late-flowering A. sikokianum was less distinct.
Conclusions:
Phenological and pollinator isolation contribute to reproductive isolation between the two Arisaema species and should enable the two species to coexist in this area.
... Mycodrosophila spp. visit fruiting bodies of some bracket fungi, such as Ganoderma applanatum, only to feed on spores on the surface (Tuno 1999, Kobayashi et al. 2017, although fragmentary information suggests that they breed in the fruiting bodies of other fungi (Kimura et al. 1977). Therefore, A. sikokianum likely exploits adult foraging behavior rather than the oviposition of the pollinators, so it might be considered a special case of Batesian food-source mimicry. ...
Despite its potential effectiveness for outcrossing, few examples of pollination via mushroom mimicry have been reported. This may be because the conditions under which the strategy can evolve are limited and/or because demonstrating it is challenging. Arisaema is a plant genus that has been suggested to adopt mushroom mimicry for pollination, although no compelling evidence for this has yet been demonstrated. Here, we report that Arisaema sikokianum utilizes mostly a single genus of obligate mycophagous flies ( Mycodrosophila ) as pollinators, and that the insect community dominated by Mycodrosophila is strikingly similar to those found on some species of wood-decaying fungi. Comparative chemical analyses of Arisaema spp. and various mushrooms further revealed that only A. sikokianum emits a set of volatile compounds shared with some mushroom species utilized by Mycodrosophila . Meanwhile, other closely related and often sympatric Arisaema species do not possess such typical traits of mushroom mimicry or attract Mycodrosophila , thereby likely achieving substantial reproductive isolation from A. sikokianum . Our finding indicates that mushroom mimicry is an exceptional and derived state in the genus Arisaema , thus providing an unprecedented opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying the coordinated acquisition of mimicry traits that occurred during a recent speciation event.
... Mutualism is found in various cross-kingdom interactions, including plant-animal interactions (Bascompte and Jordano 2007). Plant seed dispersal by animals are well-known mutualistic plant-animal interactions (Bascompte and Jordano 2007), but fungus-eating insects can disperse fungal spores through feces and/or on their body surfaces (Tuno 1999). Although many studies have investigated the seed dispersal of vascular plants by birds and mammals (Bascompte and Jordano 2007), relatively few studies have reported on propagule dispersal mutualism in other interactions. ...
Mutualism is found in various cross‐kingdom interactions, including plant–animal interactions (Bascompte and Jordano 2007). Plant seed dispersal by animals are well‐known mutualistic plant–animal interactions (Bascompte and Jordano 2007), but fungus‐eating insects can disperse fungal spores through feces and/or on their body surfaces (e.g., Tuno 1999). Although many studies have investigated the seed dispersal of vascular plants by birds and mammals (Bascompte and Jordano 2007), relatively few studies have reported on propagule dispersal mutualism in other interactions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Fungal fruiting bodies are an organ for the production and dispersion of spores and are often exploited by insects belonging to Diptera, Coleoptera and some other orders (Hackman & Meinander 1979;Guevara et al. 2000;Kadowaki et al. 2011). Some fungal species have evolved specific traits to attract insects in order to use them as spore dispersers (Ingold 1971;Malloch & Blackwell 1992;Tuno 1998Tuno , 1999, but most fungi have evolved chemical defenses to avoid insect and animal attack (Besl et al. 1987;Mier et al. 1996;Tuno et al. 2010). Such interactions between fungi and their consumers are expected to lead to their complicated associations. ...
... It has been observed that these adult drosophilid flies show feeding behavior on fruiting bodies or lamellae (Tuno 2001;Kobayashi et al. 2017). In addition, a large number of fungal spores were observed in their intestines (Tuno 1998(Tuno , 1999Kobayashi et al. 2017). These facts suggest that they feed on fungal spores or microorganisms growing on fruiting bodies. ...
To clarify the diversity and host associations of dipteran insects exploiting fungal fruiting bodies, we collected fruiting bodies at 18 localities in Hokuriku region, central Japan, from 2012 to 2015 and examined them for the emergence of insects. In total, 14,107 dipteran individuals belonging to 20 families emerged from fungi of 8 orders, 25 families, 49 genera and 129 species. Approximately 79% of dipteran individuals belonged to three families, Phoridae, Muscidae and Drosophilidae. The faunal similarity at the family level was relatively high between central (warm‐temperate) and northern (cool‐temperate) areas of Japan. However, the species composition of Drosophilidae was much different between central and northern Japan. The difference in the species composition was discussed in relation to the climatic conditions and fungal flora. None of the species from Drosophilidae, Phoridae, Muscidae, Mycetophilidae, Lonchaeidae and Chloropidae were specialists (they exploited more than one species of fungi), but they showed differences their fungi preference. Adults of some families, especially Drosophilidae, were frequently collected from fruiting bodies, but those of other families were seldom collected, probably reflecting differences in adult feeding ecology. To clarify the diversity and host association of dipteran insects exploiting fungal fruiting bodies, we collected fruiting bodies from 18 localities in Hokuriku region, central Japan, from 2012 to 2015 and examined them for the emergence of insects. In total, 14,107 dipteran individuals belonging to 20 families emerged from fungi of 8 orders, 25 families, 49 genera and 129 species. Approximately 79% of dipteran individuals belonged to the three genera, Phoridae, Muscidae and Drosophilidae.
