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Composition of concentrate feed.
Source publication
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Ascophyllum nodosum, an edible brown macroalga, on some haematologic parameters of dairy cows. Nineteen clinically healthy Holstein cows, an average 4.3 years old, were divided into two groups for 49 days. Ten cows received control diet (roughages and concentrate) while the concentrate of 9 cows...
Citations
... In recent years, these macroalgae have been used as feed additives (Lordan et al. 2011). Numerous research studies have examined the effects of natural feed additives containing Ascophyllum nodosum meal and extract on the health and performance of lambs (Saker et al. 2004, Archer et al. 2007), cattle and dairy cows (Anderson et al. 2006, Karatzia et al. 2012, weaned piglets (Dierick et al. 2009), growing-finishing pigs (Gardiner et al. 2008) and chickens (Gravett 2000). The recommended inclusion levels range from 2 kg (German guidelines) to 10 kg of algal meal per ton of feed in dairy cattle and laying hens, and 20 kg in pigs and other livestock species (Scandinavian guidelines) (http://algavita.pl/ascophyllumnodosum/). ...
... The recommended inclusion levels range from 2 kg (German guidelines) to 10 kg of algal meal per ton of feed in dairy cattle and laying hens, and 20 kg in pigs and other livestock species (Scandinavian guidelines) (http://algavita.pl/ascophyllumnodosum/). In a study by Karatzia et al. (2012), the supplementation of concentrate feed for Holstein cows with 80 g of powdered Ascophyllum nodosum per day over a period of 7 weeks did not affect milk yield or the protein and fat content of milk throughout the experiment, relative to the control group. In the experimental group, the protein and fat content of milk increased from 3.2% and 3.8%, respectively (at baseline), to 3.3% and 3.9%, respectively, at the end of the study. ...
The aim of this review article was to present the characteristics and properties of marine algae and their potential applications in agriculture, biofuel production, the food industry, and livestock nutrition. Algae are autotrophic aquatic organisms with a varied morphological structure. The earliest forms of algae evolved in the sea 3.5 billion years ago. These are unicellular organisms or multicellular and tissue organisms. Brown, red and green algae have many industrial applications. The algal cytoplasm contains primary and secondary metabolites, minerals, and vitamins which are essential for bodily functions. Algal polysaccharides, in particular alginic acid, fucoidan, agar, carrageenan, carotenoids, chlorophylls, hyaluronic acid, and porphyran, are widely used in medicine, pharmaceutical industry, cosmetology and in the food industry. Algae can play an important role in sustainable agriculture. They are used in the production of dietary supplements owing to their high nutritional value. Algal biomass is a renewable source of valuable bioactive ingredients for food production, and also for the chemical sector. The use of algae in livestock nutrition has improved animal performance and the quality of animal-derived raw materials intended for processing. Feed additives containing nutrients and filtered algal suspen-sions deliver health benefits, thus increasing animal productivity and, consequently, farming profits. Algal species and the optimal harvesting times when seaweed is most abundant in nutrients should be analyzed to minimize the potential adverse effects of algae-based diets of human and animal.
... This result is supported by increased total leukocytic count in Spirulina algae fed group. These results agree with those finding by (Karatzia et al., 2012) who reported that total protein albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio, cholesterol and urea concentration. The increase of blood total protein and albumin in treated groups may be due to the addition of macroalgae and yeast culture stimulate the development of intestinal microflora resulting in improved feed digestion and utilization of feed nutrients (Karatzia et al., 2012) or may be due to macroalgae supplementation can enhance immune function and overall animal health in lambs (Saker et al., 2004). ...
... These results agree with those finding by (Karatzia et al., 2012) who reported that total protein albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio, cholesterol and urea concentration. The increase of blood total protein and albumin in treated groups may be due to the addition of macroalgae and yeast culture stimulate the development of intestinal microflora resulting in improved feed digestion and utilization of feed nutrients (Karatzia et al., 2012) or may be due to macroalgae supplementation can enhance immune function and overall animal health in lambs (Saker et al., 2004). Increase the total protein of plasma maybe it is why too high protein content in Spirulina algae (Gershwin and Belay, 2008). ...
... Cole [17] demonstrated that Ascophyllum nodosum at 20 kg/metric ton of feed alleviated the magnitude of transport stress by minimizing the disruption of electrolyte balance. An extract of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum has been observed to lower the core body temperature of cattle in hot weather and also stimulate a greater core body temperature in cold weather [2,14,18,19]. Archer et al. [20,21] also observed decreased body temperature during transport or forced walking stress in sheep fed an extract of Ascophyllum nodosum. Archer et al. [20,21] also observed decreased basal cortisol and in response to transport stress. ...
Heat stress is one on the main welfare issues that broiler chickens face and it can lead not only to decreased welfare but production as well. The seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum has demonstrated the ability in several species to decrease body temperature and affect immune function. To determine whether adding an extract of this seaweed into the diet of broiler chickens would decrease the negative effects of prolong heat stress on broiler growth, a study was conducted. Broilers were fed a control diet with the seaweed extract added at a rate of 0.5 kg/metric ton of feed throughout a 42-day growout or just a control diet. Half of each feed treatment was exposed to two weeks of heat stress (35 °C for 16 h/day) starting at d28 and continued until the end of the trial. Therefore, there were four treatments: a control non-stressed (CNS), control heat stressed (CHS), seaweed-supplemented non-stressed (SWNS), and seaweed-supplemented heat stressed (SWHS). To determine stress susceptibility, the following measures were collected: bilateral asymmetry (ASYM, n = 60), heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (HL, n = 24), plasma heat shock protein 70 (HSP70, n = 24) and plasma corticosterone concentrations (CORT, n = 24). Feed conversion, uniformity and weight gain were also determined. The CHS birds had higher (p < 0.05) CORT, ASYM, HSP70 and HL than the CNS, SWNS and SWHS birds. The CNS and SWNS birds did not differ (p > 0.05) in body weight at d42 but they were both heavier (p < 0.05) than in both the heat-stressed treatments. Furthermore, the CHS weighed less (p < 0.05) that the SWHS birds. The non-heat-stressed treatments did not differ (p > 0.05) from each other in FCR, however the two heat-stressed treatments did differ (p < 0.05) from each other in FCR, with the SWHS birds having better FCR than the CHS birds. Heat stress affected bird uniformity with non-heat-stressed treatments having more (p < 0.05) uniformity of body weights within a pen than the heat stress treatments. These results demonstrate that adding this seaweed extract to the feed of poultry can reduce their stress during a prolonged heat stress event, though it had no effect on growth or feed conversion. This feed additive could be used to improve the welfare of poultry during heat stress events.
... It was also demonstrated that the dietary seaweed supplementation for dairy cows did not affect milk productivity and basic compositions (Lopez et al., 2016;Antaya et al., 2019;Hein, 2021). In addition, Karatzia et al. (2012) reported a lack of effect of dietary seaweed supplementation at 80 g/cow per day on the average daily milk production, milk protein and fat. Moreover, Hong et al. (2015) reported that the addition of seaweed by-products (2 -4% DM) in Holstein cattle diet during transition did not affect daily milk yield and compositions. ...
... Ibrahim et al. (2020) showed the effect of dietary seaweed addition in lamb diets in heat stress conditions was significantly different at a level of 2 or 4%; in particular, a significant increase in total protein at 4% but not at 2%, a considerable rise in blood glucose at 2% but not at 4%, and a remarkable decrease in total cholesterol at both levels, as compared with con-trol. Besides, Karatzia et al. (2012) also revealed that seaweed supplementation at 80 g/cow per day for dairy cows markedly improved blood glucose, but not for the other parameters. In fact, the current results indicated that the blood glucose levels in both groups were slightly lower than the normal level of dairy cows (≤ 2.22 mmol/L) (Dubuc & Buczinski, 2018). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of dietary supplementation of a seaweed-originated product (SOP) on milk productivity, milk quality and health of milking cows under Vietnam weather conditions at the dairy farm of One Member Dairy and Beef Joint Stock Company HCMC, Vietnam from October 2019 to February 2020. A total of 40 Holstein Friesian crossbred cows were randomly allotted into 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design. The 2 dietary treatments included (1) cows fed a basal ration without SOP supplementation (control) and (2) control plus 70 g SOP/cow per day (about 0.35% dry matter intake/day). Parity, days in milk, body weight, and milk yield of cows in both treatments were almost equal (P > 0.05). The results showed that the average milk yield of cows over the experimental period was not different between the two treatments (P > 0.05), but the lactation stability curve was better in SOP group. The SOP supplementation also did not improve milk quality indicators (fat, protein, solids not fat, lactose, somatic cell count) as compared with the control (P > 0.05). The blood ketone level of cows in the control group was higher than that of cows in the SOP group (P < 0.05), although there were no differences in the blood levels of AST, ALT, protein, glucose, cholesterol, cortisol (P > 0.05). The SOP supplementation did not affect BW, body condition score, and locomotion score as well as the prevalences of lameness and digestive diseases (P > 0.05). Briefly, these results suggest that the dietary SOP addition of 70 g/cow per day appears not to improve milk productivity, milk quality and health of milking cows.
... The serum haematological analysis showed no significant influence on WBC, RBC, Hb, and PCV among the groups and was within the normal physiological range as reported by Karatzia et al. (2012). A significant period effect was observed as the age of the calves advanced in the study. ...
... A significant period effect was observed as the age of the calves advanced in the study. Similar findings of these experiment agree with some previous studies which reported that WBC, RBC, Hb, and PCV was not significantly influence by feeding seaweeds (Karatzia et al., 2012;Chugh 2020). Munde (2018) also reported no change in counts of PCV, RBC, and WBC during his study period when both K. alvarezii and G. salicornia were supplemented in the diet of crossbred cattle. ...
We evaluated the effects of the inclusion of Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA), Gracilaria salicornia (GS) and Eucheuma spinosum (ES) as feed additives on the growth, immune and antioxidant status, endocrine variables, nutrient utilization, and nitrogen balance in growing Karan fries calves. Twenty-four growing crossbred calves (body weight 104.00 ± 2.0 kg) were randomly blocked into four groups, each comprising six animals. The feeding schedule was similar in all the groups except that the treatment groups were supplemented with red seaweed (KA, GS, and ES) at 2.5% of dietary concentrate mixture during 180 days of the trial. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was noticed in body weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio among the groups. Nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance remained unaffected. There was no effect (p > 0.05) on haemato-biochemical parameters due to red seaweed supplementation. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and serum GSH-Px were similar in all the treatment groups. The addition of seaweeds did not exert any effect on mean serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and cortisol. The serum concentration of immunoglobulin (IgG) was significantly higher among the seaweed-supplemented groups than the control group. Conclusively, the dietary supplementation of tropical red seaweeds at 2.5% in the concentrate mixture may significantly influence immunity without any alteration in hormonal profile, antioxidant status, serum metabolites, enzymes, and performance of growing crossbred calves.
... Sargassum sp. of seaweed could be fed up to the extent of 30% in the concentrate mixture without any significant changes in milk yield and FCM production in Kankrej cows (Desai and Shukla, 1975). Supplementation of A. nodosum @ 80 g /cow/day (Karatzia et al. 2012) or hydrolyzed A. nodosum (Cermak et al. 2011) did not affect milk production in cows. Increase in milk production was also observed due to brown seaweed waste supplementation (4% of diet) in Holstein dairy cows fed for 90 days (Lee et al. 2005). ...
... Singh et al. (2015) also reported that milk composition was not affected in lactating Sahiwal cows given Sargassum wightii seaweed powder in concentrate mixture at 20% level. Supplementation of A. nodosum @ of 80 g/cow/day did not affect milk protein and fat production in lactating Holstein cows (Karatzia et al. 2012). Daily milk yield and composition (fat, protein, SNF) were not affected by fermented brown seaweed waste (180 or 360 g; 1-2% of basal diet) supplementation in Holstein dairy cows for 60 days (Hong et al. 2010), inclusion of hydrolyzed A. nodosum in dairy cows (Cermak et al. 2011) or A. nodosum on heat stressed dairy cows (Pompeu et al. 2011). ...
Eighteen crossbred cows were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each based on milk yield, body weight, parity and days in milk to study the effect of supplementation of K. alvarezii based SWP on feed consumption, milk production and composition for a period of 150 days. The cows in group T1 were fed rations as per their nutrient requirements (ICAR, 2013). The cows in groups T2 and T3 were fed the similar rations as in control group (T1), however, the diets were supplemented with 1.5 and 3% of K. alvarezii based SWP (K. alvarezii powder: Gracilaria salicornia powder: K. alvarezii sap powder in 1: 1: 1 ratio) on DM basis through concentrate mixture in groups T2 and T3, respectively. Daily feed consumption, milk composition and organoleptic appraisal of milk were not influenced by SWP supplementation, however, persistency of lactation seemed to be better in group 3 supplemented with 3% SWP in the ration of crossbred cows particularly post  5th fortnight after start of the experiment.
... However, response of smaller amount of seaweed supplementation on production performance of ruminants is also inconsistent. There are reports that indicate positive influence of seaweed supplementation on growth (Hwang et al. 2014;Chaji et al. 2020) and lactation performance (Cvetkovic et al. 2004;Bendary et al. 2013), other reports indicate no influence of seaweed supplementation on milk yield (Karatzia et al. 2012;Antaya et al. 2015Antaya et al. , 2019. On the other extreme, seaweed supplementation may even decrease milk yield (Roque et al. 2019). ...
... Milk yield and 6% FCM (kg day −1 ) and milk composition Supplementation of SWBF increased milk and FCM yield of lactating Murrah buffaloes. This is in contradictions with some previous reports which indicate that supplementation of brown seaweed did not show any change in milk yield (Pompeu et al. 2011;Karatzia et al. 2012; Antaya et al. (2013), without any supplementation of seaweed; however, the diets of animals in groups T 1 and T 2 were supplemented with SWBF-1 and SWBF-2 respectively @ 2.5% of concentrate feed offered a,b Mean(±SE) with different superscripts in a row vary significantly (P<0.05) 2015; Antaya et al. 2019). ...
... On the contrary, several previous studies have shown changes in the milk composition due to feeding of seaweeds. In general, finding of this experiment corroborates well with those available in literature indicating no influence of seaweed supplementation on milk composition (Karatzia et al. 2012;Sharma 2018;Roque et al. 2019). ...
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of supplementation of seaweed-based formulation (SWBF) on performance of lactating Murrah buffaloes. Eighteen lactating Murrah buffaloes were divided into 3 groups (T0, T1 and T2) based on their body weight, parity, days in milk and milk yield following randomized block design. Two SWBF were tested; SWBF-I was combination of two tropical red seaweed species namely Kappaphycus alvarezii) and Gracilaria salicornia, whereas SWBF-II was combination of the two red seaweeds and one brown seaweed species Turbinaria conoides. All the animals were fed to meet their requirements (ICAR 2013). Animals in control (T0) group were fed concentrate mixture, Hybrid Napier fodder and wheat straw without any supplemental seaweed. However, SWBF-I and SWBF-II were supplemented at 2.5% of the concentrate feed of groups T1 and T2, respectively. Intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients, plasma concentrations of selected metabolites, enzymes and hormones were similar among the groups. A tendency of decreased (P=0.060) plasma concentration of cortisol was observed in treatment groups. Total antioxidant capacity was improved (P=0.001) due to SWBF supplementation; the best response was observed in group T2, followed by T1. Concentration of lipid peroxides decreased (P<0.004) in treatment groups as compared to control. Supplementation of SWBF-augmented cell-mediated (P=0.002) and humoral (P<0.001) immune response in treatment groups as compared to the control group. Milk yield and the 6% fat corrected milk yield (kg day⁻¹) were higher (P=0.002) in T2, followed by T1 and minimum in T0. Thus, supplementation of both the SWBF improved antioxidant status, cellular and humoral immunity, and milk yield; the best response was obtained in T2. It is concluded that supplementation of SWBF-II (K. alvarezii, G. salicornia and T. conoides) at 2.5% in the concentrate mixture of lactating Murrah buffaloes improves antioxidant status, immunity and milk yield.
... plasma total protein albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio, cholesterol and urea concentration. The increase of blood total protein and albumin in treated groups may be due to the addition of macroalgae and yeast culture stimulate the development of intestinal microflora resulting in improved feed digestion and utilization of feed nutrients (Karatzia et al., 2012) or may be due to macroalgae supplementation can enhance immune function and overall animal health in lambs (Saker et al., 2004). ...
... There are some European companies that offer macroalgae products made of Ascophyllum nodosum (Norwegian kelp) to be used as meal for fish, horses, pigs, and ruminants. This brown seaweed has a long record for animal feed use due to its high content on fatty acids, polyphenols, peptides, and polysaccharides such as alginic acid (28%), fucoidan (11.6%), laminarin (4.5%), and mannitol (7.5%), not found in terrestrial plants (Karatzia et al. 2012). ...
Macroalgae-based products are increasing in demand also in Europe. In the European Union, each category of macroalgae-based products is regulated separately. We discuss EU legislation, including the law on medicinal products, foods including food supplements and food additives, feed and feed additives, cosmetics, packaging materials, fertilizers and biostimulants, as well as biofuels. Product safety and consumer protection are the priorities with any new products. Macroalgae products can be sold as traditional herbal medicines. The novel food regulation applies to macroalgae foods that have not previously been used as food, and organic macroalgae are a specific regulatory category. The maximum levels of heavy metals may be a barrier for macroalgae foods, feeds, and fertilizers. Getting health claims approved for foods based on macroalgae is demanding. In addition to the rules on products, the macroalgae business is strongly impacted by the elements of the general regulatory environment such as agricultural/aquacultural subsidies, maritime spatial planning and aquaculture licensing, public procurement criteria, tax schemes, and trade agreements.
... The activity of SDH in the blood of healthy animals is low, whereas its elevation above normal range implies hepato-cellular injury. The authors suggested that this result may indicate a hepatoprotective effect of the seaweed, in concert with improved energy utilization [85]. ...
Marine macroalgae (seaweeds), are amongst the first multicellular organisms and, as such, the precursors to land plants. By the time ‘land’ animals arrived on the scene, terrestrial plants were plentiful and varied, and herbivorous diets developed in concert with the food sources most commonly available. However, skip forward several hundred millennia, and with the advent of agriculture, approximately 10,000 years ago, dietary diversity began to change. Today, the world is experiencing increasingly higher rates of debilitating, non-communicable diseases—might there be a connection? This paper reviews scientific evidence for the judicious use of various seaweeds in the reduction of heat stress, enhanced immunity, improved growth performance, and methane reduction in animals. The extensive, (super) prebiotic effects of selected macroalgae will also be highlighted. Key studies conducted across the animal kingdom provide considerable support that there is an overwhelming need for the guided and wise applications of increased usage of selected seaweeds in feed, food and supplements. Particular attention will be paid to the bioactive components, and nutraceutical qualities, of various seaweeds, i.e., the brown, Saccharina (Laminaria) spp. and Ascophyllum nodosum, and the red alga Chondrus crispus. Suggestions are put forward for benefits to be derived from their further applications.
