Table 2 - uploaded by Ivan Penchev Georgiev
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Composition of colostrum milkings, formula and milk replacer fed to calves during the first 7 days of life
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Intestinal development is modified by age and nutrition, mediated in part by insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II) and insulin. We have investigated whether expression of IGF-I, IGF-II and insulin receptors (IGF-IR, IGF-IIR and IR; measured by real-time RT-PCR) and binding capacity (Bmax) of IGF-IR, IGF-IIR and IR in the mucosa of the small a...
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Citations
... In agreement with animal experiments, Mank et al. investigated intestinal lactase activity, which was found to be significantly higher in preterm infants receiving enteral rh insulin [7][8][9]. Insulin receptors were detected on both the apical and basolateral enterocyte membranes of different animals and these receptors possibly control the effect of enteral insulin in the intestine [26][27][28][29][30]. Limited information is available about insulin receptor development on enterocyte membranes in fetuses [31]. ...
Background:
Infants have three options for feeding: their own mother's breast milk, donor milk, or infant formula. Insulin, testosterone, total protein, and albumin levels were measured in breast milk samples from the first 6 months of lactation, in donor milk samples, and in different infant formulas.
Methods:
Mothers who gave birth to term (n = 19) or preterm (n = 19) infants were recruited to collect breast milk samples during the first 6 months of lactation. The Breast Milk Collection Center (Unified Health Institution, Pécs, Hungary) provided 96 donor milk (DM) samples for analysis in our study. Insulin, testosterone, total protein, and albumin levels were measured in breast milk, donor milk, and infant formulas.
Results:
During the first 2 months of lactation, the concentration of insulin was lower (-27.4%) while the testosterone concentration was higher (+20.8%) compared to the period between the 3rd and 6th months only in the preterm breast milk samples. The infant formulas examined did not contain insulin or testosterone. Holder pasteurization (HoP) did not influence the level of testosterone in human milk, although HoP decreased the insulin (-53.6%) and albumin (-38.6%) concentrations.
Conclusions:
Diet impacts the hormone intake of infants, underlining the importance of breastfeeding and the possible supplementation of formula-fed infants.
... Given the established role of insulin in the maturation of intestinal epithelium [115] and in the development of pancreatic amylase [116], several authors have proposed that milk-derived insulin may have a role in the development of intestinal epithelium in neonates [117]. Studies performed in calves and piglets have also demonstrated the presence of epithelial cell insulin receptors in the intestine, and insulin has been suggested to play a role in influencing small intestine growth and development [118,119]. In this regard, a human study suggests that breast milk insulin and leptin may independently influence infant gut microbiome and reduce intestinal inflammation [120]. ...
Breastfeeding represents optimal nutrition during immediate postnatal life. Besides ensuring traditionally considered essential nutrients, breastfeeding has been associated to a number of beneficial outcomes in later life, such as protection against obesity and diabetes. Emerging knowledge points toward health benefits of breast milk being related to specific bioactive components, particularly endogenously synthesized peptide hormones, which are not significantly present in infant formula. Among them, leptin appears as the most biologically relevant. There is direct cause-effect demonstration from animal studies of the critical role of oral intake of leptin during the early postnatal period in metabolic programming of neonates, and relevant evidence from human studies suggesting milk-borne leptin provides protection to infants from excess weight gain. Other hormones with a relevant function in energy metabolism, such as insulin, adiponectin, and ghrelin, may also play a role in infant growth and development, although the concrete function of breast milk components is still unknown.
... Similarly, intestinal development is also modified by insulin-like growth factors (IGF). It has been shown that IGF-2 is involved in mechanisms that control the differentiation of the intestinal epithelium (Georgiev et al., 2003). In addition, IGF-2 plays an essential role in the growth process of skeletal muscle and the growth plate of developing bone. ...
The effects of Lacto-Immuno-Vital synbiotic preparation on gene expression of IgA, MUC-2, and growth factor IGF-2 in the jejunum and on BW gain in broiler chickens were studied. A flock of 64,400 1-day-old Hybrid ROSS 308 chickens was inducted in the 42-day experiment. The chickens were divided into 2 equally size groups in separate halls. The chickens in the experimental (E) group received 500 g of Lacto-Immuno-Vital in 1,000 L of drinking water. The preparation was administered daily from the first day (day 1) to day 7 of the experiment. From day 7 to day 22, it was given in pulsed manner (every third day) at a dose of 300 g in 1,000 L of drinking water. The broiler chickens in the E group gained more weight (P < 0.001) compared with control from day 10 to day 42. Death of animals during feeding period was 1,078 chickens in the E group compared with 1,115 dead chickens in the control group. Feed conversion ratio was 1.61 kg of supplemented diet/kg of BW in the E group compare with 1.67 kg of nonsupplemented diet/kg of BW in control. The relative expression of IgA gene in the jejunum was upregulated on day 22 in the E group compared with control (P < 0.05), whereas relative expression of MUC-2 gene was upregulated in the E group compared with control on day 8 and day 22 (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). Similarly, relative expression of IGF-2 gene was upregulated in the E group compared with control on both samplings (P < 0.01). The composition of Lacto-Immuno-Vital synbiotic preparation showed beneficial effects on growth performance, feed conversion ratio, morbidity, mortality, and selected parameters of mucosal immunity in the chicken jejunum.
... Receptors for IGF-I, IGF-II and insulin (IGF1R, IGF2R and InsR, respectively) are present in the intestinal mucosa throughout the total gut in neonatal calves, and their expression and/or binding capacities are modified by colostrum feeding and orally administered rhIGF-I (Blum, 2006;Hammon et al., 2013;Ontsouka et al., 2016). The density of IGF1R and InsR, but not IGF2R, in the intestinal mucosa seems to be associated with crypt cell proliferation (Georgiev et al., 2003). ...
Feeding management of the postnatal and preweaning calf has an important impact on calf growth and development during this critical period and affects the health and well-being of the calves. After birth, an immediate and sufficient colostrum supply is a prerequisite for successful calf rearing. Colostrum provides high amounts of nutrient as well as non-nutrient factors that promote the immune system and intestinal maturation of the calf. The maturation and function of the neonatal intestine enable the calf to digest and absorb the nutrients provided by colostrum and milk. Therefore, colostrum intake supports the start of anabolic processes in several tissues, stimulating postnatal body growth and organ development. After the colostrum feeding period, an intensive milk feeding protocol, that is, at least 20% of BW milk intake/day, is required to realise the calf potential for growth and organ development during the preweaning period. Insufficient milk intake delays postnatal growth and may have detrimental effects on organ development, for example, the intestine and the mammary gland. The somatotropic axis as the main postnatal endocrine regulatory system for body growth is stimulated by the intake of high amounts of colostrum and milk and indicates the promotion of anabolic metabolism in calves. The development of the forestomach is an important issue during the preweaning period in calves, and forestomach maturation is best achieved by solid feed intake. Unfortunately, intensive milk-feeding programmes compromise solid feed intake during the first weeks of life. In the more natural situation for beef calves, when milk and solid feed intake occurs at the same time, calves benefit from the high milk intake as evidenced by enhanced body growth and organ maturation without impaired forestomach development during weaning. To realise an intensive milk-feeding programme, it is recommended that the weaning process should not start too early and that solid feed intake should be at a high extent despite intensive milk feeding. A feeding concept based on intensive milk feeding prevents hunger and abnormal behaviour of the calves and fits the principles of animal welfare during preweaning calf rearing. Studies on milk performance in dairy cows indicate that feeding management during early calf rearing influences lifetime performance. Therefore, an intensive milk-feeding programme affects immediate as well as long-term performance, probably by programming metabolic pathways during the preweaning period.
... Numerous nonnutritive bioactive peptides and hormones are present in colostrum and transition milk McGrath et al., 2016) to stimulate postnatal development of the neonatal calf gastrointestinal tract . Notably, IGF-1 is one of the most abundant bioactive factors present in colostrum McGrath et al., 2016) and is known to promote small intestinal maturation Georgiev et al., 2003). Colostrum consumption may potentiate a positive feedback cycle by which local endocrine cascades are stimulated and promote GIT maturation. ...
This study evaluated how feeding colostrum- or a colostrum-milk mixture for 3 d postnatal affects plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and small intestinal histomorphology in calves. Holstein bulls (n = 24) were fed colostrum at 2 h postnatal and randomly assigned to receive either colostrum (COL), whole milk (WM), or a 1:1 COL:WM mixture (MIX) every 12 h from 12 to 72 h. A jugular venous catheter was placed at 1 h postnatal to sample blood frequently for the duration of the experiment. Samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, and 12 h. Following the 12-h meal, blood was collected at half-hour intervals until 16 h and then at 1-h intervals from 16 to 24 h. A 27-h sample was taken, then blood was sampled every 6 h from 30 to 60 h. Again, blood was taken at half-intervals from 60 to 64 h, then at 65 and 66 h, following which, a 2-h sampling interval was used until 72 h. Plasma GLP-2 (all time points) and serum IGF-1 (at time points: 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h) were both analyzed. Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal tissues were collected at 75 h of age to assess histomorphology and cellular proliferation. Feeding COL, rather than WM, increased plasma GLP-2 by 60% for 2 h and tended to increase GLP-2 by 49.4% for 4 h after the 60-h meal. Insulin-like growth factor-1 area under the curve (from 12 to 72 h) tended to be 27% greater for COL than WM calves but was otherwise unaffected by treatment. Ileal crypts tended to proliferate more with MIX than WM, whereas ileal crypt proliferation did not differ for COL compared with MIX or WM and was not different between treatments in the proximal jejunum. Villi height was increased 1.8 and 1.5× (COL and MIX vs. WM) in the proximal and distal jejunum, respectively, whereas MIX duodenal and ileal villi height tended to be 1.5 and 1.4× that of WM. Crypt depth did not differ in any region. Surface area of the gastrointestinal tract was reduced for WM by 60 and 58% (proximal jejunum) and 38 and 52% (ileum) relative to COL and MIX and was 54% less than MIX in the distal jejunum. Overall, extended COL feeding minimally increased plasma GLP-2 and serum IGF-1 compared with WM feeding. As COL and MIX similarly promoted small intestinal maturation, feeding calves transition milk to promote intestinal development could be a strategy for producers.
... 20,37 Furthermore, these hormones can act like growth factors, influencing the differentiation of gut epithelia. 38 Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone with multifunctional effects during human development. Its early neurotrophic effect on the hypothalamus has been previously described. ...
... 47,48 Epithelial cell insulin receptors exist in the intestine of both piglets and calves, and insulin has been suggested to play a role in influencing growth and development of the small intestine. 38 Shehadeh et al. 34 recruited nondiabetic mothers of preterm or term infants, and consistent with our data, they noted no effect of gestational age on breast milk insulin levels. Our results revealing increased insulin levels in the breast milk of women with increased BMI identifies a potential etiology for the development of hypoglycemia in infants of obese mothers, 49 but limited bioavailability may minimize the impact oral insulin has on the blood glucose levels of most infants. ...
After birth, breastfeeding is the exclusive source of hormonal signaling between mother and infant. Hospitalized infants often receive donor milk when their own mother’s milk is unavailable.
The presence of insulin, leptin, cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone was examined in samples from milk bank donors and mothers of preterm infants. We further investigated the effect of Holder pasteurization (HoP) on hormone levels.
Comparing nonpasteurized samples, leptin levels were nearly threefold higher in milk from mothers of preterm infants versus donated milk, and regardless of milk source, leptin levels were significantly decreased by HoP. Insulin concentrations were also decreased by HoP, and among mothers of preterm infants, obesity was associated with significantly higher content of leptin and insulin. While combined use of donor milk and HoP was associated with cortisol levels nearly threefold higher than those in nonpasteurized own mother’s milk, progesterone and testosterone content did not differ by source or pasteurization.
The hormonal composition of breast milk is impacted by HoP and maternal obesity. Compared to nonpasteurized maternal milk, use of pasteurized donor milk dramatically decreases the intake of leptin while increasing the intake of cortisol. Further research is necessary to define optimal breast milk processing practices.
... The systemic and local somatotropic axis is involved in diet-dependent intestinal growth regulation of calves preweaning (Blum, 2006;Connor et al., 2010;Steele et al., 2016). Intestinal mucosa tissue contains IGF and insulin receptors that mediate IGF-1, IGF-2, and insulin action in the intestine Georgiev et al., 2003;Ontsouka et al., 2016). Interestingly, even growth-stimulating effects by butyrate treatment seem to be regulated by the local IGF system (Guilloteau et al., 2010;Steele et al., 2016;Górka et al., 2018). ...
... On the other hand, the systemic IGF system was clearly stimulated by the ad libitum MR feeding but not by the butyrate treatment . Although the intestinal mucosa possesses specific receptors for IGF-I and insulin Georgiev et al., 2003) and both hormones were elevated in Adl calves (Frieten et al., 2017, systemic in-sulin and IGF-I are obviously not the only drivers of mucosa growth in the small intestine because villus size was stimulated by butyrate, but systemic insulin and IGF status was not affected by butyrate treatment (Frieten et al., 2017. Interestingly, growth hormone treatment depressed the villus height: crypt depth ratio and stimulated crypt depth, whereas oral or systemic administration of IGF-I had no effect on the intestinal mucosa growth of neonatal calves (Bühler et al., 1998). ...
Intensive milk feeding and butyrate supplementation
in calves stimulate body growth and affect gastrointestinal
development. The aim of the present study was
to investigate the synergistic effects of ad libitum milk
replacer (MR) feeding and butyrate supplementation of
MR on rumen and small intestinal growth and on gene
expression in the small intestine related to growth and
energy metabolism at weaning. Male Holstein calves (n
= 32) received colostrum from birth to d 3 of age and
MR either ad libitum (Adl) or restrictively (Res; 6 L of
MR/d; 12.5% solids) with (AdlB+, ResB+) or without
(AdlB−, ResB−) 0.24% butyrate from d 4 until wk 8 of
age. From wk 9 to 10, all calves were weaned and were
fed 2 L/d until the end of the trial. Concentrate, hay,
and water were freely available. At d 80, calves were
slaughtered, volatile fatty acids were measured in rumen
fluid, and rumen and small intestine samples were taken
for histomorphometric measurements. The expression
of mRNA associated with the local insulin-like growth
factor (IGF) system and glucose metabolism as well as
lactase and maltase activities were measured in the intestinal
mucosa. The small intestine was 3 m longer in
Adl than in Res. In the atrium ruminis, papilla width
was greater in Res than in Adl. Villus circumference,
cut surface, and height in the duodenum, proximal jejunum,
and ileum were greater in Adl than in Res and in
the proximal, mid, and distal jejunum and ileum were
greater in calves treated with butyrate. Crypt depth
in the duodenum and proximal jejunum was greater in
Adl than in Res and in the ileum was smaller in calves
treated with butyrate. The villus height: crypt depth
ratio was greatest in AdlB+ calves. In the proximal
and mid jejunum, IGF1 mRNA abundance was lower in calves treated with butyrate. In the proximal jejunum,
INSR mRNA abundance was greater in Res than in
Adl. The abundance of PCK2 mRNA was greater in
Res than in Adl in the duodenum and was greatest in
ResB− in the mid jejunum. Lactase activity tended to
be greater in Res than in Adl and after butyrate treatment
in the proximal jejunum. The results indicated an
elevated growth of the small intestinal mucosa at weaning
due to intensive milk feeding and butyrate supplementation,
and the local IGF system was involved in
intestinal growth regulation. Rumen development was
not affected by butyrate supplementation of MR and
was slightly delayed due to ad libitum MR feeding.
... The IGF I mediates growth and differentiation of tissues during postnatal period (Hammon and Blum, 2002). It influences enterocyte proliferation and maturation and GIT morphology and functions in calves (Georgiev et al., 2003a;Roffler et al., 2003). In turn, IGF II expression, has been found to be involved in the mechanisms affecting the intestinal epithelium differentiation in calves, and is mostly important during prenatal period and for fetal growth and development (Georgieva et al., 2003a;Ontsouka et al., 2004b). ...
... It influences enterocyte proliferation and maturation and GIT morphology and functions in calves (Georgiev et al., 2003a;Roffler et al., 2003). In turn, IGF II expression, has been found to be involved in the mechanisms affecting the intestinal epithelium differentiation in calves, and is mostly important during prenatal period and for fetal growth and development (Georgieva et al., 2003a;Ontsouka et al., 2004b). Besides, it has been shown that age-dependent decrease in IGFs transcripts is related to the reduction in rumen papillae length and tunica muscularis thickness in calves (Flaga et al., 2011). ...
This study was designed to investigate the effects of physical forms and hay contents of
diets on gene expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and II in rumen epithelium
of Holstein calves. Twelve male calves were assigned to 4 treatments: ground (GR),
texturized (TX), pellet (PL), and ground+10% forage (GF). Calves were weaned on day
50 of age and then slaughtered on day 70 after birth. Rumen epithelial tissue samples
were immediately collected for quantification of mRNA abundance. Results indicated that
only IGF I expression was influenced by the dietary treatments. A significant (p<0.05)
correlation between IGF I expression and each of histological parameters denoted as
length of rumen villi and diameter of keratinocyte layer was observed. No significant
correlation between IGF II expression and rumen histological parameters was found
(p>0.05). Regarding the results, higher IGF I expression in PL and TX treatments despite
the low growth rate might be due to the challenging condition of developing rumen in
calves. In fact, the rumen tissue attempted to maintain rumen pH at least by induction of
a higher IGF I expression
... Consequently, it is tempting to speculate that diminished IGF-I status associated with iron deficiency (Prodanovic et al., 2014) might be one of the predisposing factors for the increased incidence of diarrhea in anemic calves. The major findings indicate that IGF-I could influence the growth and development of intestines, respectively their morphological and functional maturation after binding to respective receptors as also shown in neonatal calves (Georgiev et al., 2003;Hammon and Blum, 2002). Additionally, malabsorptive changes and the incidence of diarrhea in anemic calves could have resulted from changes in the IGF-I induced nutrient uptake (Donovan et al., 2004) or from a lack of iron-dependent enzymes (Nadadur et al., 2008;Larkin and Hannan, 1985). ...
Introduction. Neonatal calves are often deficient in iron. Accumulating
evidence indicates that iron status is associated with disease pathologies
including diarrhea. Our objective was to examine the association between iron
status and gut function in neonatal calves with and without a history of calf
diarrhea. Materials and Methods. Calves were divided into two groups based on
their history of diarrhea; the first group were diarrheic calves (n=6) and
the second group were non-diarrheic healthy calves (n=6). Blood samples
(n=12) were collected at day 12 of age and erythrogram determination and
measurements of serum iron and total iron binding capacity were performed.
Hematological values were measured using an automatic analyzer, and
biochemical properties were determined spectrophotometrically. Fecal samples
were obtained from all calves and pH measured using semi quantitative test
strips as well as being examined by bacterial cultivation for enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Clostridium perfringens, by RT-PCR for
the presence of bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus and bovine viral
diarrhea virus, and by microscopy for the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum.
Results and Conclusions. There were significant iron-related changes for most
hematological indices in diarrheic calves; and iron (Fe) deficiency and
microcytic, hypochromic anemia were diagnosed. The pH of the feces was
significantly higher in diarrheic calves than in the non-diarrheic healthy
group (P
... Additionally, insulin levels in milk appear to have a beneficial effect on gut maturation and prevent later diseases such as Crohn's disease, celiac disease and type 1 diabetes [25][26][27][28] . Studies have documented the presence of insulin receptors in the mammalian intestine, in the jejunal and ileal brush border and intestinal crypt, in the fetal period, during the suckling period, at weaning, and in adults 20,[29][30][31][32] . ...
Low intensity exercise during pregnancy and lactation may create a protective effect against the development of obesity in offspring exposed to overnutrition in early life. To test these hypotheses, pregnant rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups: Sedentary and Exercised, low intensity, on a rodent treadmill at 30% VO2Max /30-minute/session/3x/week throughout pregnancy and the lactation. Male offspring were raised in small litters (SL, 3 pups/dam) and normal litters (NL, 9 pups/dam) as models of early overnutrition and normal feed, respectively. Exercised mothers showed low mesenteric fat pad stores and fasting glucose and improved glucose-insulin tolerance, VO2max during lactation and sympathetic activity. Moreover, the breast milk contained elevated levels of insulin. In addition, SL of sedentary mothers presented metabolic dysfunction and glucose and insulin intolerance and were hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic in adulthood. SL of exercised mothers showed lower fat tissue accretion and improvements in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, insulinemia and glycemia. The results suggest that maternal exercise during the perinatal period can have a possible reprogramming effect to prevent metabolic dysfunction in adult rat offspring exposed to early overnutrition, which may be associated with the improvement in maternal health caused by exercise.
