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To investigate the growth efficiency of harvesting organs of rice, winter wheat, oat, barley, maize, sorghum, soybean, field bean, lupin, pea, adzuki bean, chick pea, peanut, sunflower, safflower, flax, rape, castor bean, cotton, and potato, the dry weight and respiratory rate of the harvesting organs were measured and the composition of crude chem...
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Context 1
... of crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash In the Gramineae and cotton, the content of crude protein was 9-13% and the content of crude lipid was lower than 5% (Table 2). ...Context 2
... to the theoretical value of the production value reported recently by Vertregt and Penning de Vries (1987), the GEpv value of soybean pod was 57% (Table 4), which was only 15% lower than that of Gramineae. Furthermore, the protein content of the Leguminosae except for soybean and peanut was about 10% higher than that of Gramineae (Table 2), although the GE2 value was almost similar in the Gramineae and Leguminosae. Thus, it is likely that the low productivity of the Leguminosae is due to the high respiratory rate in the leaf and/or stem ( Shinano et al. 1991). ...Citations
... The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important legumes for human consumption because of its high nutritional value and protein content (Shinano et al., 1993;Fageria, 2002). In many areas, common bean is the second most important source of calories after maize. ...
The demonstration of yield potential of crops depends on genetic factors, favorable conditions of envi ronment, and management. The sowing time can significantly affect the common bean grain yield. The aim of this research was to study the behavior of Brazilian cultivars and sowing times on the yield components and grain yield of common bean grown in the environmental conditions of Lichinga, Province of Niassa, Mozambique. The field trial was performed for two growing seasons, using the experimental as a randomized block in factorial 5 × 3 × 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of five common bean cultivars (BRS Pontal, BRS Agreste, Perola, and BRS Requinte, developed by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), and a local variety, Encarnada) with three sowing dates (beginning of the rainy season, and 15 and 30 days after), during two growing seasons. The Brazilian cultivar of common beans BRS Pontal was the most productive in all sowing times, followed by BRS Agreste, which was not the most productive only in the second sowing time of 2013/2014 growing season. The cultivar Encarnada, from Mozambique, was the less productive cultivar in all sowing times and in all growing seasons. The best sowing time for common bean cultivars is in the beginning of the rainy season. The use of technologies such as use of seeds of new cultivars, proper sowing time, fertilization, and control of weeds allow significant increase of common bean grain yield in Lichinga, Mozambique.
... Indeed, a wide range of DH C is found among organs and species (Table 1) and, especially, among plant biochemical constituents (Table 2). Differences among organs harvested from different crop species can be noteworthy: values for potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers, wheat (Triticum aestivum) ears, maize (Zea mays) seeds, lupin (Lupinus albus) pods, soybean pods and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds were 16.8, 17.3, 18.2, 19.1, 21.1 and 26.9 MJ kg )1 , respectively (Shinano et al., 1993). Unfortunately, DH C is infrequently measured in plant production studies. ...
The relationship between solar radiation capture and potential plant growth is of theoretical and practical importance. The key processes constraining the transduction of solar radiation into phyto-energy (i.e. free energy in phytomass) were reviewed to estimate potential solar-energy-use efficiency. Specifically, the out-put:input stoichiometries of photosynthesis and photorespiration in C(3) and C(4) systems, mobilization and translocation of photosynthate, and biosynthesis of major plant biochemical constituents were evaluated. The maintenance requirement, an area of important uncertainty, was also considered. For a hypothetical C(3) grain crop with a full canopy at 30°C and 350 ppm atmospheric [CO(2) ], theoretically potential efficiencies (based on extant plant metabolic reactions and pathways) were estimated at c. 0.041 J J(-1) incident total solar radiation, and c. 0.092 J J(-1) absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). At 20°C, the calculated potential efficiencies increased to 0.053 and 0.118 J J(-1) (incident total radiation and absorbed PAR, respectively). Estimates for a hypothetical C(4) cereal were c. 0.051 and c. 0.114 J J(-1), respectively. These values, which cannot be considered as precise, are less than some previous estimates, and the reasons for the differences are considered. Field-based data indicate that exceptional crops may attain a significant fraction of potential efficiency.
... Because different compounds have different ΔH C values, differences in crop composition can cause differences in whole-organ and whole-crop ΔH C s. For example, measured ΔH C values were 16.8, 17.3, 17.6, 18.2, 21.1, and 26.9 kJ g -1 for potato tubers, wheat ears, rice ears, maize seeds, soybean pods, and sunflower seeds, respectively (Shinano et al. 1993). ...
Crop yield is fundamentally related to the (a) amount of solar radiation absorbed; (b) efficiency of solar energy use in photosynthesis; (c) translocation of photosynthate to sinks, especially sinks later harvested; (d) capacity for growth in sinks; (e) efficiency of converting photosynthate to new biomass; and (f) metabolic cost of maintenance. Yield potential has been defined as the yield of a cultivar grown in an environment to which it is suited, with ample nutrients and water, and with pests, diseases, weeds, lodging, and other stresses effectively controlled (Evans and Fischer 1999). In principle, it integrates the genetic limitations on (a)–(f) as expressed in yield. It is an upper limit to on-farm yield of a cultivar, based on empirical study of that cultivar. As distinct from yield potential, potential yield is the yield theoretically possible from a given amount of absorbed solar energy and a specified crop biochemical composition. It is a theoretical construct based on known stoichiometries of biochemical reactions.
... However, Osaki et al. (1992) suggested that since dry matter production per unit amount of nitrogen accumulated was not different between isogenic lines of soybean [A62-1 (nodulated) and A62-2 (non-nodulated)]' carbohydrate requirements for nitrogen fixation were not very high. Also Shinano et al. (1993) indicated that the low productivity of legume crops could not be mainly ascribed to the high respiratory loss of carbohydrates in harvesting organs because the growth efficiency (GE, GE= DW I(DW + R), where DW is the amount of dry matter accumulated, R is the respiration) of pods of soybean, which was 0.65 (corresponding to the value of an ear of rice), was not as low as the GE of pods of soybean which was 0.45 as reported by Yamaguchi (1978). On the other hand, although Yamaguchi (1978) reported that the GE of shoot was similar in rice and soybean, the GE of shoot of soybean was distinctly lower than that of rice (Shinano et al. 1995). ...
... Thus, it was confirmed that the respiratory rate in shoot of soybean was higher than that of rice. However this high respiratory rate in shoot of soybean could not be explained by the composition of chemical components of leaves (Shinano et al. 1993(Shinano et al. , 1994(Shinano et al. , 1995. Shinano et al. (1994) showed that the I'C distribution ratio to organic acids (TCA cycle metabolites) and amino acids from photosynthesized I'C was higher in soybean leaf than in rice leaf regardless of nitrogen application. ...
CO2 was assimilated during 10 min in leaf of rice and soybean under 21 kPa O2 (21% O2 treatment) and 2 kPa O2 (2% O2 treatment) at the vegetative growth stage and flowering stage. The C distribution ratio to respired CO2 and crude chemical components (sugars, polysaccharides, amino acids, organic acids, and proteins) was determined. In this paper, since emphasis was placed on the C distribution mechanism to carbon compounds and nitrogen compounds, the terms carbon metabolism pool (C-pool) composed of sugars and polysaccharides, and nitrogen metabolism pool (N-pool) composed of organic acids, amino acids and proteins were used. The results obtained were as follows. C distribution ratio to N-pool at 0 min after C assimilation was higher in soybean than in rice regardless of the treatments and stages, and that at 30 min after C assimilation under light condition markedly decreased both in rice and soybean. Therefore, especially in soybean, a large amount of photosynthesized C was once distributed to the N-pool, then C compounds in the N-pool were reconstructed into the C-pool. During this reconstruction process, C compounds in the N-pool were actively respired. C distribution to N-pool at 0 min after C assimilation changed slightly or did not change by the N treatment. C distribution to N-pool in the - N treatment of soybean (13–29 mg N g content in leaves) was higher than that in the + N treatment of rice (31–48 mg N g content in leaves). Photosynthesized carbon distribution to N-pool in rice decreased with growth, while it remained constant in soybean. Accordingly, in soybean, photosynthesized carbon was predominantly distributed to the N-pool through photorespiration and/or Calvin cycle (supplying triose-P), which was less affected by nitrogen nutrient and aging. Thus, the mechanism of photosynthesized carbon distribution to carbon and nitrogen compounds was basically regulated by inherited characters of each plant more than by the nitrogen status of leaves.By the 2% O2 treatment, C distribution to N-pool decreased in both crops regardless of N treatment, indicating that photorespiration plays an important role in the supply of the preliminarily photosynthesized carbon compounds to N-pool. In the 2% O2 treatment, C distribution to N-pool was higher in soybean than in rice, indicating that triose-P transported from chloroplast was preferentially distributed to N-pool in the case of soybean.
... Balance of photosynthesis and respiration is estimated by the growth efficiency (GE), defined by Tanaka and Yamaguchi (1968) as GE=accumulated dry matter/ (accumulated dry matter+substance respired). The GE of the harvesting organs was similar in Gramineae and Leguminosae, in spite of the higher protein content in the harvesting organs of Leguminosae (Shinano et al. 1993). Thus, the difference in the efficiency of dry matter production based on the amount of nitrogen accumulated between Gramineae and Leguminosae could not be attributed to the carbon economy of the harvesting organs. ...
... Heat of combustion was measured with a calorie meter (Ogawaseiki, Model OSK-150), and carbon content was determined by the formula; heat of combustion (J kg-')=0.05813• content (g kg-~) -1.745 (Shinano et al. 1993). ...
... The composition of the chemical components can be divided into crude protein, crude lipids, and crude carbohydrates. The carbon contents of the respective chemical components were 558, 769, and 420 g kg -I (Shinano et al. 1993). To adjust the effect of the difference in the carbon content on the GE, the GE based on carbon content (GEc) was calculated (Table 2). ...
To investigate the cause of the low productivity per unit amount of nitrogen absorbed in Leguminosae compared to Gramineae, the respiratory rates of shoot, root, and a single leaf of rice and soybean were monitored during the vegetative growth stage at 3 levels of nitrogen application using hydroponic culture. The results obtained were as follows.1. The respiratory rate of shoot and a single leaf in soybean was higher than that in rice. The growth efficiency [accumulated dry matter/(accumulated dry matter + respiration)] of whole plant of soybean was lower than that of rice, regardless of nitrogen treatment. The low productivity based on nitrogen accumulation in soybean during the vegetative growth stage was ascribed mainly to the higher respiratory activity of shoot and single leaf.2. As the effect of nitrogen application on the growth efficiency in both rice and soybean was negligible, and the nitrogen (protein) content of each organ and whole plant was not always high in soybean, it is suggested that the high respiratory rate in soybean is not due to energy supply for the construction of protein, which is normally considered to account for a major part of growth respiration.3. Nitrogen application rate and temperature did not exert an appreciable effect on growth efficiency. Since, maintenance respiration is generally considered to be affected by the temperature and protein turnover, the contribution of maintenance respiration to total respiration may be negligible.
... In the harvesting organs, growth efficiency experimentally obtained (GE = W~ ( W + R), where W is the amount of dry matter expressed on a carbon basis and R is the amount of respired carbon) was higher than the theoretically estimated GEpv, which was calculated from the biochemical pathways of synthesis of chemical components (Shinano et al. 1993). Therefore, it was assumed that there was a reassimilation in the harvesting organs of CO2 produced. ...
... 'The GEpv value was higher especially in soybean and peanut than that of the experimentally measured GE of harvesting organs (Shinano et al. 1993). Since it is unlikely that the biochemical pathways of synthesis of chemical components are different among plants, translocation of high energy compounds or reassimilation of respired CO2 and/or assimilation of CO2 in the atmosphere may occur in the harvesting organs. ...
... , and cotton (Gossypium spp.) were cultivated in a field of Hokkaido University in 1991. Varieties, the date of sowing, planting density and cultivation conditions are described in the previous paper (Shinano et al. 1993). ...
To investigate the growth efficiency of harvesting organs of rice, winter wheat, oat, barley, maize, sorghum, soybean, field bean, lupin, pea, adzuki bean, chick pea, peanut, sunflower, safflower, flax, rape, castor bean, cotton, and potato, the dry weight and respiratory rate of the harvesting organs were measured and the composition of crude chemical components was determined during maturation.1. The experimental value of the growth efficiency was generally higher than the theoretical value for biochemical data (Vertregt and Penning de Vries 1987) except for safflower and castor bean.2. The difference between the experimental value and the theoretical value was especially large in soybean, peanut, safflower, rape, and castor bean, in which the lipid content was high, and cotton.Thus, as there was no clear relationship between the composition of the chemical components and the growth efficiency among the crops, it was difficult to estimate the conversion efficiencies for the production of each chemical component using a unit of glucose based on the experimental data. It is, therefore, suggested that reassimilation of respired CO2 or photosynthesis should be included to estimate the carbon balance in the harvesting organs.
... production is calculated on the basis of the energy required to produce each chemical component using unit glucose, which was referred to as production value (PV) by Penning de Vries et al. (1974) and Penning de Vries (1975). Shinano et al. (1993) compared these parameters, i.e. experimentally obtained G E and theoretically calculated PV in harvesting organs of 20 field grown crops. The GE of harvesting organs was generally higher than PV, especially in Leguminosae. ...
... In general, it has been postulated that the low productivity of soybean was due to the high content of protein and lipid in seeds, because the construction of these compounds from photosynthates requires a large amount of energy (Yamaguchi 1978). Based on studies on GE in the harvesting organs (Shinano et al. 1993) and in the whole plant during the vegetative growth stage (unpublished data), the low productivity of Leguminosae was mainly ascribed to the high respiratory loss of carbohydrates in leaves and stems and not in the harvesting organs in contrast to the findings reported by Yamaguchi (1978). Tanaka and Osaki (1983) fed 14C0 2 to whole plant of rice, wheat, maize, soybean, and field bean, then analyzed the release of 14C0 2 from the plant. ...
... As the harvesting organs of soybean contain a large amount of proteins and/or lipids, it was assumed that a significant amount of carbohydrate might be respired to obtain a large amount of energy to construct proteins and lipids (Vertregt and Penning de Vries 1987), and Yamaguchi (1978) reported that the growth efficiency (GE) value of pods of soybean was 0.45. However, the G E value of pods of soybean was 0.77, which was slightly lower than that of rice (Shinano et al. 1993). On the other hand, the GE value of whole plant at the vegetative growth stage was 0.10 to 0.15 lower in soybean than in rice (unpublished data) compared with the data of Yamaguchi (1978) in which the GE value of whole plant at the vegetative growth stage was similar in rice and soybean. ...
CO2, C-[U]-sucrose, and C-[U]-asparagine were introduced to the flag leaf of rice or fully-expanded leaf of soybean. The C-distribution to respired CO2 and each organ as well as to crude chemical components (sugars, amino acids, organic acids, protein, and the “others”) was determined in the flag leaf of rice and fully-expailded leaf of soybean and the sink organ. The results obtained were as follows.1. A large amount of CO2 was released rapidly from the leaf which assimilated CO2 in soybean both under dark and light conditions compared to rice.2. A larger amount of C in the flag leaf which assimilated CO2 was distributed to sugars after 24 h in rice than in soybean, regardless of light conditions. However, a larger amount of C was distributed to protein and organic acids in soybean.3. The CO2 release rate from the leaf to which C-sucrose and C-asparagine had been introduced was similar in rice and soybean, regardless of nitrogen supply. The CO2 release rate from the sink organ was higher in soybean than in rice when sucrose was introduced, but similar in both crops when asparagine was introduced.The above results indicate that the current photosynthates during CO2 assimilation were actively catabolized and respired in the source leaf of soybean compared to rice. As the utilization of C-sucrose or C-asparagine in the leaves did not differ significantly between rice and soybean, it is assumed that the use of these translocating compounds for respiration in the leaves was similar in rice and soybean.The low growth efficiency of soybean was partly due to the high respiratory loss of current photosynthates in leaves compared to rice, regardless of light or nitrogen conditions.
In this mini review, the importance of rhizosphere is focused. As the rhizosphere is underneath the soil, the analytical approach is still required from the viewpoints of understanding the interaction among root, soil and its interface. For this purpose, multi omics approach has been carried out with the effort to visualize the active rhizosphere area. ARTICLE HISTORY
The biological yield (Yb, glucose basis) of crops can be expressed by the following formula: Yb= Eu× Ea, and Yb= NAR × LAD, where Euis the solar radiation use efficiency; Eais the amount of solar radiation received by the plant canopy; NAR is the average net assimilation rate; and LAD is the leaf area duration. The results of parameter analysis obtained under various growing conditions were as follows 1. When the Ybvalues of all the crops were pooled together, the Ybwas closely related to the Euand LAD parameters, but not to the Eaor NAR ones. 2. In rice and soybean, the Ybwas low due to the low values of Eu, Ea, and LAD. In winter wheat and maize, the Ybwas high due to the high values of Euand LAD. In potato and sugar beet, the Ybwas high due to the intermediate or high values of Eu, Ea, NAR, and LAD in comparison with other crops.
The soybean, a native of eastern Asia, is one of the oldest crops of that area and is considered to be a vital grain crop. The soybean belongs to the family Leguminosae, subfamily Papilionideae, and the genus Glycine. Glycineis composed of two subgenera, glycine and soja. The cultivated soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., and its wild counterpart, G. soja, are now classified as species of the subgenus soja. G. max, G. soja, and most species of the subgenus glycine are diploid (2n = 40) (Hymowitz and Singh 1987). Soybean was first domesticated in China from the 11th to the 7th century B.C as understood by pictographic evidence of the ancient Chines word “shu”. The wild annual soybean G. sojais the ancestor of G. max. It has been crossed with G. tomentella, a wild perennial relative of the subgenus glycine. G. tomentella and G. tabacina, both perennials, overlap geographically with G. soja and are thought to be the closest relatives of G. max from the subgenus glycine (Hymowitz and Singh 1987). The genus of Glycineis characterized by trifoliolate leaves, flowers inserted singly at each node of the raceme, a five-toothed calyx with the upper pair of teeth not well united, a glabrous corolla with long clawed petals, a keel which is shorter than the wings, and estrophilate seed (Hymowitz and Newell 1981). There are two types of stem growth habit and floral initiation in soybean. One type is the indeterminate stem, in which the terminal bud continues vegetative activity during most of the reproductive flowering period. The second type is the determinate stem, in which the vegetative activity of the terminal bud ceases when it becomes an inflorescence.
