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Nuclear power plants are designed to prevent the hazardous effects of the earthquakes and any external events to keep the safety of the plant. Ninety-one shallow seismic refraction profiles were performed to determine shear wave velocity of the engineering layers at the site of El Dabaa area that is situated to the northern coastline of Egypt for s...
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ABSTRACT
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The seismic hazard assessment for mitigating the seismic risk is an essential step before starting construction of a new settlement. One of the tools that could help in achieving this goal is the application of seismic refraction method for evaluating the geotechnical characteristics and dynamic properties o...
Citations
... The peak ground acceleration, PGA, constitutes a critical factor in estimating seismic hazard because ground motion damages the structures (e.g., Abudeif et al. 2017;Dhar et al. 2016;Frolova et al. 2016). The PGA represents the maximum possible horizontal acceleration of the ground surface produced during an earthquake. ...
... We performed a systematic search of articles that estimated seismic hazard or seismic risk or both. Although with different approaches, we found several previous works that performed seismic hazard based on the characteristics of the territory (e.g., Abudeif et al. 2017;Amram et al. 2011;Anbazhagan et al. 2009;Anbazhagan et al. 2010;Armas 2012;Davidson and Freudenburg 1996;Dhar et al. 2016;Dwyer et al. 2004;Ebert and Kerle 2008;Erden and Karaman 2012;Falcone et al. 2020;Flores et al. 2020;Ganaphaty 2011;Giannaraki et al. 2018;Haas et al. 2016;Kossobokov and Nekrasova 2018;Mohanty et al. 2007;Nath and Thinbaijam 2009;Pal et al. 2008;Pekkan et al. 2015;Rashed and Weeks 2003;Rezaie and Panahi 2015;Silva et al. 2014;Slovic et al. 1982;Walker et al. 2014;Mohsen et al. 2012;Zebardast 2007). Similarly, we selected and ranked the criteria set to estimate social vulnerability. ...
... The seismic hazard microzonation shows a homogeneous distribution of the seismic hazard levels; in other words, we can identify subareas of specific seismic hazard levels within the studied area. Several previous works have also observed this trend using similar criteria set (e.g., Abudeif et al. 2017;Flores et al. 2020). Although the seismic risk microzonation shows a heterogeneous distribution of the seismic risk levels (Fig. 12), similar to previous works (e.g., Nath and Thinbaijam 2009), other studies found a homogeneous distribution (e.g., Walker et al. 2014). ...
Destructive effects of an earthquake are enhanced when the population is unprepared. The experiences from the past highlighted the importance of proper planning based on adequate scientific data. The Puerto Vallarta metropolitan area (PVMA) comprises medium-sized, rapid-growing urban areas of independent administrative and political entities that maintain a constant, direct socioeconomic interrelation. The PVMA is located in a region with a complex tectonic setting that produces important seismic activity and is affected by beaches, rivers, and estuary systems that produce complex soils and subsoil conditions. Moreover, the PVMA constantly undergoes anthropogenic processes that modify the local geomorphology and produce improper urbanization. Therefore, the PVMA constitutes an ideal natural laboratory to implement and test techniques to estimate seismic hazard, social vulnerability, and seismic risk. These techniques can be later implemented in other similar cities around the world. To determine the seismic hazard, social vulnerability, and seismic risk of the PVMA, we implemented the multicriteria evaluation method within a graphical information system considering geomorphological (i.e., bedrock, soil, slope, curvature, flow accumulation), geophysical (peak ground acceleration, shear velocity, vibration frequency), and social information (population density, age, disabilities, health access, housing, and economic activity). We estimate the seismic hazard, social vulnerability, and seismic risk by considering three possible earthquakes. The results indicate a heterogeneous distribution of seismic risk with levels between moderate to high. Finally, a seismic risk microzonation in terms of the percentages of the seismic risk levels is proposed for the Puerto Vallarta metropolitan area.
... On the other hand, structure refers to the relationship between the basic concepts, principles, and laws of various disciplines. In the context of a specific field, it refers to the concepts, principles, and legal system that are crucial to the field [18]. ...
Deep learning is an important concept introduced into modern learning science. It is different from the surface learning of mechanically and passively acquiring knowledge and storing individual information but emphasizes learners’ active and critical learning. It wants them to understand the full meaning of what they have learned. By establishing a link between existing knowledge and new knowledge, it transfers existing knowledge to a new environment, makes decisions, and solves problems. Deep learning plays an important role in students’ learning. Deep learning ability is the key factor affecting the quality of learning and the development of students’ academic ability. The quality of in-depth teaching is difficult to guarantee, which requires a complete, comprehensive, and evaluation system to evaluate it. This paper introduces the analytic hierarchy process to weight the indexes in mathematics deep learning and puts forward some suggestions on creating an environment for deep learning. The experimental results show that teachers’ teaching accounts for the highest proportion of primary indicators, reaching 67%. Multimedia resources account for the highest proportion of secondary indicators, reaching 73.01%. This paper then puts forward some suggestions for indicators with large weights.
... The peak ground acceleration, PGA, constitutes a critical factor in estimating seismic hazard because ground motion damages the structures (e.g., Abudeif et al. 2017;Dhar et al. 2016;Frolova et al. 2016). The PGA represents the maximum possible horizontal acceleration of the ground surface produced during an earthquake. ...
... The seismic hazard microzonation shows a homogeneous distribution of the seismic hazard levels; in other words, we can identify subareas of speci c seismic hazard levels within the studied area. Several previous works have also observed this trend using similar criteria set (e.g., Abudeif et al. 2017;Flores et al. 2020). However, the seismic risk microzonation shows a heterogeneous distribution of the seismic risk levels (Fig. 11), similar to previous works (e.g., Nath and Thinbaijam 2009). ...
... The criterion that has the signi cant effect on the seismic hazard microzonation is the PGA, an observation consistent with previous works that used a similar set of criteria (e.g., Abudeif et al. 2017;Flores et al. 2020;Mohanty et al. 2007; Nat and Thingbaijam 2009). These results lead to the conclusion that despite the complex site effects characteristics the earthquake has a major impact on the seismic hazard at a large territorial scale. ...
The destructive effects of an earthquake are enhanced when the population is not prepared. The experiences from the past highlighted the importance of proper planning based on adequate scientific data. The Puerto Vallarta metropolitan area (PVMA) comprises medium-sized, rapid-growing urban areas of independent administrative and political entities that maintain a constant, direct socioeconomic interrelation. The PVMA is located in a region with a complex tectonic setting that produces important seismic activity and is affected by beaches, rivers, and estuary systems that produce complex soils and subsoil conditions. Moreover, the PVMA constantly undergoes anthropogenic processes that modify the local geomorphology and produce improper urbanization. Therefore, the PVMA constitutes an ideal natural laboratory to implement and test techniques to estimate seismic hazard, social vulnerability, and seismic risk. These techniques can be later implemented in other similar cities around the world. To determine the seismic hazard, social vulnerability, and seismic risk of the PVMA, we implemented the Multicriteria Evaluation Method within a Graphical Information System considering geomorphological (i.e., bedrock, soil, slope, curvature, flow accumulation), geophysical (peak ground acceleration, shear velocity, vibration frequency), and social information (population density, age, disabilities, health access, housing, and economic activity). We estimate the seismic hazard, social vulnerability, and seismic risk by considering three possible earthquakes. The results indicate a heterogeneous distribution of seismic risk with levels between moderate to high. Finally, a seismic risk microzonation in terms of the percentages of the seismic risk levels is proposed for the Puerto Vallarta metropolitan area.
... Given the importance of the issue, determining earthquake-prone locations is important to reduce the financial and human risks in Iran. There are various methods for determining earthquake-prone areas using geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS) technique, digital elevation model (DEM), and hierarchical fuzzy rulebased method (Martinelli et al. 2008;Xu 2015;Abudeif et al. 2017;Ranjbar and Nekooie 2018;Harirchian and Lahmer 2020;Mokarram et al. 2020;Yariyan et al. 2020;Ketsap et al. 2019;Shahriar et al. 2012;Demartinos and Dritsos 2006;Ramirez-Mendoza et al. 2020; Mokarram and Pourghasemi 2019a, b). ...
Earthquakes have caused considerable economic damage and loss of lives. The ability to determine earthquake-prone areas has utmost importance to crisis management. Given the gravity of the issue, this research proposes to incorporate geographic information system-based fuzzy-analytic network process (FAHP) and fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process (FANP) methods to determine earthquake-prone areas in the southwest of Iran. In addition, this paper is to utilize the feature selection algorithm (FSA) to select the most relevant parameters influencing earthquakes and prepare seismic activity maps. The final maps obtained using the relevant data were compared with maps obtained using the entire data. For this aim, a fuzzy membership function was initially employed to generate a fuzzy map for different layers, after which the analytic network process and analytic hierarchy process methods were utilized for assigning proper weights to each layer and eventually procuring earthquake maps. The input information for the mentioned methods consisted of landscape, slope, elevation, lithology, land use, soil, road, and fault maps. According to the FSA approach, the most relevant parameters include distance to fault (DTF), lithology, slope, and landscape. The results of FANP and FAHP methods utilizing the receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that the FANP method has a higher accuracy for determining earthquake-prone areas. As the areas located in the northern parts of the region are more at risk. In addition, Finally, the results of earthquake maps obtained using solely the relevant data from FSA were compared with the maps obtained using the entire data. The results of FSA showed that the Best first and Greedy-Stepwise models have high accuracy (R = 0.99) and the most important data for determining earthquake-prone areas using these models are DTF, lithology, slope, aspect. Therefore, by saving time and money, it is possible to prepare maps of earthquake-prone areas with high accuracy.
... MCE-GIS solves the spatial dimension, giving the evaluator a flexible environment to process geospatial data and estimate solutions to problems by evaluating different alternatives based on multiple criteria. This methodology is extensively described in several previous works (e.g., Abudeif et al. 2017;Mohanty et al. 2006;Motlagh and Sayadi 2015;Chen 2014;Dhar et al. 2016;Moradi et al. 2017). We briefly described the implementation of the method to perform the seismic hazard assessment in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. ...
... The harm to structures is associated with ground motion, instead of the earthquake magnitude. Therefore, ground shaking is a critical factor to consider in seismic hazard assessment since it is the physical phenomenon that causes the damage (e.g., Abudeif et al. 2017;Dhar et al. 2016;Frolova et al. 2016). Synthetic PGA values were obtained from PRODISIS, a platform developed by the National Institute of Electricity and Clean Energies, a subsidiary of the Federal Commission of Electricity (CFE, for its Spanish acronym) that is the government energy company, which provides official data for the seismic design. ...
... Type of rock. According to Abudeif et al. (2017), the meaning of bedrock may differ from discipline. In this study, we consider bedrock as the older consolidated rock below unconsolidated deposits. ...
Puerto Vallarta, a medium-size tourist city, located in the Pacific Coast of Mexico, in a similar way as many other coastal cities, combines human activity with the potential occurrence of natural hazard events. In this way, the use of new tools to evaluate the impact of such events seems imperative. Puerto Vallarta is located within a tectonic setting where the Rivera microplate subducts beneath the North American plate and is affected by seismic activity. We performed a seismic hazard assessment by implementing a GIS-based multicriteria evaluation model. The seismic microzonation map of Puerto Vallarta was performed using a criteria set of six thematic layers, i.e., peak ground acceleration values, soil, bedrock, slope gradient, curvature, and flow accumulation. We performed the integration of the criteria set by implementing the Analytical Hierarchy Process to assign a weight to each criterion according to its contribution to the seismic hazard, i.e., PGA (0.38), soil (0.25), rock (0.14), curvature (0.10), slope (0.08), and flow accumulation (0.07). The thematic maps were integrated using GIS according to the normalized weights. We classified the seismic hazard microzonation of Puerto Vallarta into five hazard levels, i.e., low (18%), low-medium (28%), medium (22%), medium–high (20%), and high (12%). The map shows heterogeneous distribution over the territory. However, the study area can be divided into three zones, i.e., the northern mountainous area, the Ameca River Valley, and the southern mountainous area. There is an overall increment of seismic hazard from south to north. However, the highest seismic hazard levels dominate the Rio Ameca Valley showing that it is more susceptible to deposits of soft sediment and thus can be affected in the occurrence of a major earthquake. The main objective of this paper was to implement a technique to quickly estimating seismic hazards levels using available data when there is no sophisticated geophysical and engineering analysis. Using the GIS-based multicriteria techniques in seismic hazard assessment allows to elucidated areas where factors influencing surface response to earthquakes interact and raise the soil amplification susceptibility.
... El desarrollo tecnológico de lasúltimas cinco décadas ha regresado la atención al estudio de los eventos sísmicos, en cuanto a sus causas. La predicción sísmica antepone un reto para distintas ramas de las ciencias de la tierra y en particular a la geomática aportando herramientas computacionales y metodologías adaptables al tipo de fenómeno que se analizará, todo ello con el objetivo de dar respuesta al problema de "¿dónde y cuando se presentará un sismo?" (ver Abudeif et al. (2017); Ghorbanzadeh et al. (2018)). La geomática como herramienta de gestión de datos geo-espaciales, incorpora distintasáreas de la geodesia, además ha facilitado el estudio y comprensión de fenómenos geodinámicos que ocurren sistemáticamente en nuestro planeta ya que permite integrar técnicas geoespaciales y grandes cantidades de datos para el análisis de los eventos sísmicos. ...
... A decision matrix to select the most suitable remediation options using multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach is developed (Abudeif et al. 2017;Benedetti et al. 2010;Mendoza and Martins 2006). The five options are evaluated against the comparison criteria. ...
... A decision matrix to select the most suitable remediation options using multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach is developed (Abudeif et al. 2017;Benedetti et al. 2010;Mendoza and Martins 2006). The five options are evaluated against the comparison criteria. ...
Freshwater groundwater resources at north Kuwait were contaminated by infiltrated oil as well as sea water that was used to fight the oil-well fires during the liberation of Kuwait in 1991. This paper investigates the feasibility of five remediation options to restore the polluted aquifers. These options include: (i) pump and treat of contaminated groundwater; (ii) cleaning the aquifer formation; (iii) construction of additional desalination plant; (iv) constructing additional storage tanks, and (v) development of artificial aquifer recharge schemes. The basis for this assessment study is to supply minimum basic drinking water to Kuwait City at a total rate of 50,000 m³/day in an emergency for up to one year based on essential basic need of 32 liters per capita per day. To compare these options, a decision matrix to select suitable remediation options using Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach is developed. The cost was given a relative weight of 20 whereas other criteria are given weight of 10. Based on these MCDA scores, it was found that option 3, namely, establishing an additional water desalination plant, is the most feasible option followed by option 5, artificial recharge of aquifers.
Site selection for nuclear power plants (NPPs) is an important government policy that has received widespread public attention. This situation led researchers to develop several criteria for determining NPP location. Therefore, our study aims to summarize several criteria and methods associated with NPP siting using systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Previous studies published between 2014 and 2021 across three scientific databases (Scopus, EBSCO, and ProQuest) were used. There were 18 articles containing the criteria and methods for NPP siting from screening to inclusion. It was discovered that the siting process involves 7–25 criteria divided into (1) bio-geophysical (BGP), (2) social-economic and policy (SEP), and (3) disaster and extreme event (DEE) aspects. BGP was found to be the main criterion considered to be always present in NPP siting, in particular water coolers. Each SEP and DEE paid more attention to population and seismicity. Furthermore, WLC and AHP were the most widely used (18%), even though our analysis showed 18 other methods to weight each criterion. We found that China (17%, 26%), Turkey (22%, 12%), and Iran (11%, 11%) are very concerned about NPP due to the direct participation of national-affiliated researchers. NPP siting in the future requires a geospatial approach to provide a detailed description. In addition, sensitivity analysis should be used, especially if more than one decision-making method is used.
The present study aims to discuss the assessment and impact of hydrogeomorphological and natural hazards on urban centers on the western coast of the Gulf of Suez. These urban centers included four urban cities (Suez, Ain Sokhna, Zafarana, and Ras Gharib), as well as the new Galala city. The study also discuss the impact of these natural hazards on future sustainable development in the area. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted some approaches and methods, most notably the regional, applied, quantitative, morphometric, and cartographic methods focused on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) technology and remote sensing. the processing of topographic maps and space imagery is performed using several software packages, ArcGIS v.10.5, ERDAS IMAGINE v.14, ENVI v.5.3, Global Mapper v.19. and application of multi-criteria evaluation models (MCEM) to illustrate the impact of geomorphological hazards on urbanization in the study area. In addition, the field study contributed to illustrating the geomorphological hazard environment and its impact on anthropogenic activities. The results revealed that the study area is subjected to several geomorphological potential hazards, such as flash floods, the movement of materials on slopes, seismic activity, marine erosion, salt weathering, waterlogging, and surface landing, as well as natural, human, and ecological impacts on coral reefs. Accordingly, the results introduced the relationship between humans and geomorphological phenomena in terms of their impact on urbanization, as well as the factors and processes that influenced its development. Scenarios of rational land use planning and suitability for future safe development sites in the region are offered; Finally, the study introduce some the recommendations to the decision-makers and local authorities to take them in their considerations
