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This article aims to narrate the various oral complications in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. Google search for “diabetes mellitus and oral complications” was done. The search was also carried out for “diabetes mellitus” and its oral complications individually. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that is a global epidem...
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... According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), almost half of the world's population suffers from oral diseases [1]. Furthermore, oral infections and associated inflammatory responses can have a negative impact on blood glucose levels, and a previous study reported that more than 90% of diabetic patients experienced oral complications [2,3]. The α-glucosidase enzyme affects blood glucose levels in people with oral infections. ...
To decrease periodontal pathogens and increase the number of beneficial bacteria, probiotics and bioactive compounds made via microbial bioconversion are recently used. In addition, the interest regarding probiotics-mediated bioconversion with popular medicinal plants is increasing. Artemisia herba-alba, a type of wormwood, has recently been attention as a medicinal plant due to its various bioactive compounds. Therefore, we developed bioconverted milk containing A. herba-alba that effectively inhibited periodontal pathogens and α-glucosidase. To select the appropriate lactic acid bacteria for the probiotic candidate strain, 74 strains of lactic acid bacteria were screened. Among them, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SMFM2016-RK was chosen as the probiotic due to its beneficial characteristics such as high acid and bile tolerance, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibition. Based on the minimal bactericidal concentration against three periodontal pathogens, the following appropriate concentrations of Artemisia herba-alba extract were added to milk: 5 mg/mL of A. herba-alba ethanol extract and 25 mg/mL of A. herba-alba hot-water extract. Four bioconverted milks (BM), BM1, BM2, BM3, and BM4, were produced by combining L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK alone, L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK and ethanol extract, L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK and hot-water extract, and L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK with both extracts. As a result of antimicrobial activity, BM3 inhibited the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis the most, and BM4 suppressed the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum the most. In addition, bioconverted milk containing A. herba-alba (BM2, BM3, and BM4) inhibited α-glucosidase more effectively than BM1. The whole genome of L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK was obtained, and 3135 CDS, 67 tRNA, and 16 RNA were predicted. The genome annotation of L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK revealed 11 CDS related to proteolysis and amino acid metabolism and 2 CDS of phenolic acid-metabolizing enzymes. In conclusion, A. herba-alba-added milk bioconverted by L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK displayed both the growth inhibitory effect on periodontal pathogens and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity; thus, it necessitates to evaluate the effects on the alleviation of periodontal diseases and glycemic control through future animal experiments.
... Therefore, decayed teeth were higher in poorly controlled type 2 DM 14 where calcium levels are severely affected that facilitates in demineralization. 15 Glucose in saliva is converted to lactic acid by dental plaque lowering the salivary pH. Aciduric bacterial growth increases suppressing the oral protective bacteria. ...
Introduction Oral health is an integral part of general health. Systemic diseases such as diabetic condition and local factors have an impact on oral health of individuals. Dental caries is one of the most common oral health conditions affecting 60 to 90% of the population. Acrylic removable partial denture (RPD) is one of the most widely accepted means of tooth replacement. Its insertion in the mouth leads to altering the oral environment and increases plaque formation, particularly on tooth surface of those in contact with the acrylic partial denture facilitating the initiation of caries.
Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of acrylic RPDs on caries prevalence in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.
Methodology This comparative study was performed on 400 patients of age between 20 and 64 years visiting JSS Dental College and Hospital in Mysuru. Patients participating in this study were explained regarding the survey analysis and informed consent was taken. It was a questionnaire-based clinical study. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered for the selection of the study sample and categorize the patients into one of the following groups, with prostheses (Group A) and without prostheses (Group B) and subgroups diabetic patients with prostheses (Group A1) and nondiabetic patients with prostheses (Group A2). Diabetic patients without prostheses (Group B1) and nondiabetic patients without prostheses (Group B2). Sociodemographic information of each patient was recorded, and clinical examination was performed for decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) using DMFT index.
Results A statistically significant high prevalence of dental caries was observed among nondiabetic patients with acrylic RPD (Group A2).
Conclusion Acrylic RPD and diabetes had least role in caries prevalence.
... Patients with diabetes are especially prone to developing dental caries due to hyposalivation and increased levels of glucose in saliva, which may be a consequence of insulin deficiency. 35 In people with diabetes, saliva loses its protective, buffering, and cleansing function. Damage to microvasculature leads to changes in the basement membrane of the salivary glands. ...
Background: Diabetes mellitus causes a number of complications in various regions of the body including the oral cavity, the type and degree of which depends on the duration of the disease, its severity, and the age of the patient. Objective: The aim of this literature review was to summarize Oral manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: Search strategy was applied with the aim of identifying as many relevant publications as possible. Data Sources four electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The key words used for the search were Diabetes mellitus, Oral complications in Diabetes, Oral manifestations, Periodontal disease, Xerostomia. Of the 146 studies identified, a total of 67 articles that met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review were included. Results: The results of a systematic review showed that oral manifestations and complications in patients with diabetes mellitus are one of the main complications of diabetes mellitus. There is more evidence that chronic oral complications in patients with diabetes negatively affect blood glucose control. Oral complications include many complications that patients with diabetes suffer from, including caries teeth, painful gingival swelling, periodontal disease and mobility of teeth, oral infections, salivary gland dysfunction, taste dysfunction, tongue abnormalities, bad breath and lichen planus. Knowledge of the characteristic clinical changes in oral tissues caused by diabetes mellitus helps medical professionals diagnose and treat diabetes. Conclusion: Prevention and treatment of complications with aspects of the oral cavity, especially periodontal disease, are important in patients with diabetes because of their possible adverse effects on glycemic control. Restoring sugar metabolism by correcting insulin deficiency can control diabetes mellitus. Promoting for healthy oral cavity for patients with diabetes mellitus is of paramount importance
... Notably, individuals with poorly managed diabetes are more susceptible to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Various studies have shown an association of diabetes with a burning mouth syndrome, dysgeusia, sialadenosis, candidiasis, lichen planus, hyposalivation, or xerostomia [9,10]. Several studies have shown that diabetic individuals have a lack of awareness of fundamental oral health problems. ...
... Poor glycemic control is associated with the development and progression of gingivitis, periodontitis, and alveolar bone destruction. The prevalence of periodontitis in diabetic patients has been estimated to be between 39% and 59.6% [41][42][43]. ...
The close interrelationship between chronic oral and dental inflammatory diseases, such as periodontal and
apical abscesses (AA), with the patient's systemic condition, is one of the most interesting topics of study
common between dentists and the medical staff. Chronic apical periodontitis and periodontal diseases are
chronic infections of the oral cavity in which similar Gram-negative anaerobic microbiota are found and in
both infectious diseases increased local inflammatory mediators, levels may influence overall systemic
conditions. One of the most important systemic diseases linked to periodontal, as well as AA, is diabetes
mellitus (DM); likewise, the prognosis of chronic apical periodontitis and endodontic treatment is also
associated with how DM is controlled in the patient. periapical and periodontal diseases may also contribute
to the quality of DM control. DM affects many systems in the body, the most important; cardiovascular and
renal systems, and this necessitates obeying several keynotes to provide safe endodontic and periodontal
disease control in these patients that is the aim of this article to clarify for clinicians.
Categories: Dentistry, Internal Medicine, Health Policy
Keywords: periodontal, management, endodontic, diseases, diabetic patients
... Various oral mucosal lesions such as recurrent aphthous stomatitis, lichen planus, and angular stomatitis have been identified in DPs [14] . Complications with T2DM in the oral cavity are caused by neutrophil dysfunction, microangiopathy, neuropathy, decreased collagen synthesis, and decreased collagenase activity [15] . Multidisciplinary strategies are needed for prevention, early detection and adequate management of oral complications [16] . ...
... P eriodontal diseases are a group of oral inflammatory diseases that affect the periodontium [1]. Periodontal disease is a serious oral health problem that affects 20%e50% of adults worldwide [2]. Gingivitis is an acute, reversible inflammation of the gingival tissues that can progress to periodontitis, a more advanced, irreversible, and destructive form of periodontitis if left untreated [3]. ...
... Probing depth is measured from the gingival margin to the sulcus base at 6 points (midbuccal, midlingual, mesiobuccal, mesioligual, distobuccal, and distolingual) around each tooth. It was obtained by measuring the probing pocket per site using a William periodontal probe with the following graduation (1,2,3,5,7,8,9, and 10 mm) as shown in Fig. 1. ...
... For individuals with DM, taste disturbances might lead to poor dietary choices, contributing to a vicious cycle of worsening glycemic control and further exacerbating their metabolic disorder [5]. Moreover, altered taste perception can lead to inadequate nutrition, as individuals may avoid certain foods or consume others in excess, potentially resulting in malnutrition or the exacerbation of obesity, which are both common challenges in diabetic care [34]. Furthermore, taste disturbances may deter patients from adhering to dietary recommendations, which is critical for managing DM and preventing its associated complications [13]. ...
Taste perception plays a crucial role in health and well-being but can be compromised by conditions such as diabetes mellitus (DM). This study delved into the efficacy of 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) in mitigating taste bud apoptosis, particularly in relation to DM-induced taste issues. Two primary rat groups were investigated: healthy rats and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Each group was further divided into control and experimental subsets, with the experimental group receiving 4-HR injections. A histological analysis of the circumvallate papillae (CVP) highlighted significant taste bud deterioration in the STZ subgroup, including loss of cellular content and a deviation from their typical morphology. Quantitatively, the control group had a mean of 39.6 ± 14.3 taste bud pores/mm2, contrasting with the 4HR, STZ, and STZ/4HR groups, which had means of 33.7 ± 14.2, 20.3 ± 6.1, and 28.0 ± 8.3, respectively. Additionally, a TUNEL assay and IHC staining for c-caspase-3 both identified increased apoptotic cells in the STZ subgroup, with the mean number of apoptotic cells per taste bud profile being notably higher in the STZ group at 3.2 ± 1.6. This study underscores the profound impact of diabetes on taste bud physiology and the potential therapeutic benefits of 4-HR. Further research is essential to delve deeper into its mechanisms and to ascertain optimal dosages, with the aim of enhancing the quality of life of diabetic patients.
... In addition, previous studies have speculated that glycemic traits are correlated with dental caries because it is thought that the increase in blood glucose in T1DM would also bring about a rise in saliva glucose levels, which would alter the efficacy of salivary protection against dental caries (Miko et al., 2010;Sampaio et al., 2011;Ahmad and Haque, 2021). This is based on physiological assumptions that increased glucose content in the entire saliva is a direct reflection of the blood glucose levels that are derived from the ultrafiltrate of the plasma through three mechanisms: passive diffusion, active transport, and ultrafiltration (Miller, 1993). ...
Background: Regarding past epidemiological studies, there has been disagreement over whether type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is one of the risk factors for dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the causative links between genetic susceptibility to T1DM, glycemic traits, and the risk of dental caries using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches.
Methods: Summary-level data were collected on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T1DM, fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FI), and dental caries. MR was performed using the inverse-variance weighting (IVW) method, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using the MR-Egger method, weighted median, weighted mode, replication cohort, and multivariable MR conditioning on potential mediators.
Results: The risk of dental caries increased as a result of genetic susceptibility to T1DM [odds ratio (OR) = 1.044; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.015–1.074; p = 0.003], with consistent findings in the replication cohort. The relationship between T1DM and dental caries was stable when adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in multivariable MR. However, no significant correlations between the risk of dental caries and FG, HbA1c, or FI were found.
Conclusion: These results indicate that T1DM has causal involvement in the genesis of dental caries. Therefore, periodic reinforcement of oral hygiene instructions must be added to the management and early multidisciplinary intervention of T1DM patients, especially among adolescents and teenagers, who are more susceptible to T1DM.
... In addition, previous studies have speculated that glycemic traits are correlated with dental caries because it is thought that the increase in blood glucose in T1DM would also bring about a rise in saliva glucose levels, which would alter the efficacy of salivary protection against dental caries (Miko et al., 2010;Sampaio et al., 2011;Ahmad and Haque, 2021). This is based on physiological assumptions that increased glucose content in the entire saliva is a direct reflection of the blood glucose levels that are derived from the ultrafiltrate of the plasma through three mechanisms: passive diffusion, active transport, and ultrafiltration (Miller, 1993). ...
Background: Regarding past epidemiological studies, there has been disagreement over whether type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is one of the risk factors for dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the causative links between genetic susceptibility to T1DM, glycemic traits, and the risk of dental caries using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches.
Methods: Summary-level data were collected on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T1DM, fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FI), and dental caries. MR was performed using the inverse-variance weighting (IVW) method, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using the MR-Egger method, weighted median, weighted mode, replication cohort, and multivariable MR conditioning on potential mediators.
Results: The risk of dental caries increased as a result of genetic susceptibility to T1DM [odds ratio (OR) = 1.044; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.015–1.074; p = 0.003], with consistent findings in the replication cohort. The relationship between T1DM and dental caries was stable when adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in multivariable MR. However, no significant correlations between the risk of dental caries and FG, HbA1c, or FI were found.
Conclusion: These results indicate that T1DM has causal involvement in the genesis of dental caries. Therefore, periodic reinforcement of oral hygiene instructions must be added to the management and early multidisciplinary intervention of T1DM patients, especially among adolescents and teenagers, who are more susceptible to T1DM.
