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Radiation protection standards are based mainly on risk estimates from studies of atomic bomb survivors in Japan. The validity of extrapolations from the relatively high-dose acute exposures in this population to the low-dose, protracted or fractionated environmental and occupational exposures of primary public health concern has long been the subj...
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Context 1
... of last known vital status for individual workers was determined as whichever was earliest: date of end of study, date of death, date of emigration (in countries where this latter information was available systematically), or date of loss to follow-up. Cohorts with passive follow-up (Table 3) considered subjects to be alive if they had not been identified as deceased or as having emigrated in the sources of vital status shown in Table 2. ...
Context 2
... cohorts were able to ascertain the vital status of over 95% of workers (Table 3). Probabilistic linkage (whereby the probability of a true match is calculated on the basis of the combination of matching identifiers and a link is considered positive if it has the highest probability of being a true match and the probability exceeds a specific a Percentage of all workers for whom vital status was known. ...
Context 3
... for some of the cohorts (Australia, Canada, Finland, Sweden, UK, U.S.-NPP, U.S.-Hanford, and partly in France CEA-COGEMA) was passive, and hence com- pleteness of follow-up could not be assessed directly. In these cohorts, the percentage of completeness of follow-up either was based on external estimates of the completeness of the mortality database used for linkage or was calculated counting emigrated and, if possible, untraceable workers as lost to follow-up (Table 3). Reported completeness may therefore be artificially high in some instances, and com- parisons of completeness of follow-up across countries may be misleading. ...
Citations
... Epidemiologists have studied nuclear workers and reported on their solid cancer risks for several decades. [6][7][8] In the 2005 mortality update of five US nuclear worker cohorts, which we expand upon in the present analysis, investigators reported slightly elevated rates of all cancer excluding leukaemia, all non-smoking-related cancer and lung cancer. 9 In a recent study of cancer incidence among nuclear workers in the UK, investigators reported elevated rates of all solid cancer and cancers of the lung, colon, bladder and pleura. ...
Background:
The risk of solid cancers from low-level protracted ionizing radiation is not well characterized. Nuclear workers provide valuable information on the effects of ionizing radiation in contemporary exposure scenarios relevant to workers and the public.
Methods:
We evaluated the association between penetrating ionizing radiation exposure and solid cancer mortality among a pooled cohort of nuclear workers in the USA, with extended follow-up to examine cancers with long latencies. This analysis includes 101 363 workers from five nuclear facilities, with 12 069 solid cancer deaths between 1944 and 2016. The association between cumulative equivalent dose measured in sieverts (Sv) and solid cancer subtypes were modelled as the excess relative rate per Sv (ERR Sv-1) using Cox regression.
Results:
For the association between ionizing radiation exposure and all solid cancer mortality we observed an elevated rate (ERR Sv-1=0.19; 95% CI: -0.10, 0.52), which was higher among a contemporary sub-cohort of workers first hired in 1960 or later (ERR Sv-1= 2.23; 95% CI: 1.13, 3.49). Similarly, we observed an elevated rate for lung cancer mortality (ERR Sv-1= 0.65; 95% CI: 0.09, 1.30) that was higher among contemporary hires (ERR Sv-1= 2.90; 95% CI: 1.00, 5.26).
Conclusions:
Although concerns remain about confounding, measurement error and precision, this analysis strengthens the evidence base indicating there are radiogenic risks for several solid cancer types.
... Most large-scale studies in this field have been conducted in multinational cohorts. In a large international cohort (n = 410,000) of nuclear power plant employees in 15 countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States), no excess cancer risk was found for cumulative doses below 150 mSv [21,22]. In a chronic lymphocytic leukaemia mortality study conducted in 7 countries belonging to this cohort (n = 295,963), the RR for the dose of 100 mSv was 0.84 compared with that for the unexposed control group [23]. ...
... Extrapolation data from studies of atomic bomb survivors dropped in Japan in 1945 and evaluations of the relative elevated risk of neoplasia in people exposed to radiation in the nuclear industry are used to make the link between radiation and later neoplasia development (E. Cardis et al., 2007). Brenner and Hall, (2007) estimated that 1%-2% of all cancers in the United States will occur in the future as a result of the effects of ionizing radiation transmitted by medical imaging, while Berrington de González et al, (2007) predicted that 29000 additional cancers and 14500 additional deaths could be expected each year using this method of extrapolation where a small hypothetical risk is multiplied by a large number of patients. ...
Different role of radioactive iodine (RAI) has a different dosage. RAI is the effective treatment for cancer but has a short or long side effects such as xerostomia and loss of taste or smell. Ablation, adjuvant and therapeutic is the role of RAI and all of it has risk. RAI tend to increase the survival for the patient on progression-free survival and disease-free survival. Aside from that, computed tomography radiation has been associated to a small but significant increase in the chance of fatal cancer during a person's lifetime. This review aims to promote public awareness and lead initiatives to eliminate unneeded computed tomography scans. Despite evidence of recognized hazards of radiation-related computed tomography and cancer induction, the usage of pediatric computed tomography continues to rise. In the United States of America, more than 60 million computed tomography scans are projected to be conducted each year, with 7 million of those being performed on children. To decrease radiation exposure, pediatric radiologists employ the ALARA ('as low as reasonably achievable') concept. This idea is reinforced through education and lobbying directed towards recommending physicians. Clinical strategies that restrict computed tomography scanning and encourage non-radiation imaging modalities like ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging might help decrease radiation exposure even further. Although individual risk estimates are tiny, the widespread use of computed tomography in the community may result in future public health concerns.
... "Stochastic" meaning that it occurs in a linear fashion with dose, age, and gender-dependent factors playing a role. The evidence for this mechanism is derived from studies reporting on increased risk of secondary malignancy seen in patients with exposure to nuclear explosions, nuclear powerplant workers, and patients with conditions requiring repeated computed tomography (CT) scans (2)(3)(4)(5). ...
It is known that urologic surgeons are at risk of work-place injury due to the physical requirements of operating and exposure to hazards. These hazards include radiation, exposure to body fluids, use of laser energy, and orthopedic injury due to the physical nature of operating. The risks that these hazards present can be mitigated by implementing several evidence-based safety measures. The methods to protect against radiation exposure include keeping radiation usage in the operating room as low as reasonably achievable, donning lead aprons, and wearing protective glasses. Additionally, protective glasses decrease the risk of eye injury from laser injury and exposure to body fluids. Finally, practicing sound surgical ergonomics is essential to minimize the risk of orthopedic injury and promote career longevity. The interventions discussed herein are simple and easy to implement in one's daily practice of urology.
... It is instead desirable to use organ-absorbed dose for the evaluation of cancer risk in epidemiological cohort studies. Organ-absorbed dose, which is suitably weighted by the relative biological effectiveness (RBE), if necessary, when dealing with neutrons, was adopted for the 15-Country Collaborative Study (hereinafter called the 15-Country study) conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Thierry-Chef et al. 2007;Vrijheid et al. 2007). It was also used in the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS) Thierry-Chef et al. 2015;Richardson et al. 2015;Hamra et al. 2016), the Mayak worker study (Gilbert et al. 2013), and the Life Span Study (LSS) of atomic bomb survivors, which used RBE-weighted absorbed dose for neutrons (Preston et al. 2007;Ozasa et al. 2012;Grant et al. 2017). ...
An evaluation of cancer risk based on organ-absorbed dose is underway for the Japanese Epidemiological Study on Low-Dose Radiation Effects (J-EPISODE), which has analyzed health effects in association with radiation exposure evaluated with the personal dose equivalent Hp(10). Although the concept of effective dose and its operational definition of Hp(10) are widely used for radiological protection purposes, effective dose is not recommended for epidemiological evaluation. Organ-absorbed dose was instead adopted for the IARC 15-Country Collaborative study (15-Country study), the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS), the Mayak worker study, and the Life Span Study (LSS) of atomic bomb survivors. The reconstruction method in J-EPISODE followed in principle the approach adopted in the 15-Country Study. As part of the approach of J-EPISODE, a conversion factor from photon dosimeter reading to air kerma was developed using dosimeter response data, which were measured by the experiment using an anthropomorphic phantom, and it was confirmed that the 15-Country study's assumption of photon energy and geometry distribution in a work environment applied to Japanese nuclear workers. This article focuses on a method for reconstructing the conversion factor from photon dosimeter reading to organ-absorbed photon dose for a Japanese nuclear worker cohort. The model for estimating the conversion factor was defined under the assumption of a lognormal distribution from three concerned bias factors: (1) a dosimeter reading per air kerma, i.e., dosimeter response; (2) an organ-absorbed dose per air kerma; and (3) a factor relating to the differences in dose concepts and calibration practices between the roentgen dosimeter era and the present. Dosimeter response data were cited from the companion paper. Data on organ-absorbed photon dose per air kerma were estimated using a voxel phantom with the average Japanese adult male height and weight. The bias factor for the recorded dose in the roentgen era was defined, considering the backscatter radiation from the human body. The estimated values of organ-absorbed photon dose per air kerma were almost the same as those in ICRP Publication 116, revealing that the effect of differences in body size was almost negligible. The conversion factors from dosimeter reading to organ-absorbed dose were estimated by period (the roentgen era or from then), nuclear facility type (nuclear power plant or other), dosimeter type, and tissue or organ. The estimated conversion factors ranged from 0.7 to 0.9 (Gy Sv-1). The estimated cumulative organ-absorbed photon dose for the participants of J-EPISODE demonstrated that organ-absorbed dose values were approximately 0.8 times the recorded doses if neglecting dose-unit differences. J-EPISODE reconstructed an organ-absorbed dose conversion factor and will evaluate the risk of cancer mortality and morbidity using the organ-absorbed dose in the future.
... The distribution of naturally occurring radionuclides (principally 238 U, 232 Th, and their daughter products) and 40 K (among other radioactive elements) is strictly related to the distribution of rocks originating them and depends on the processes connected with their concentration [11]: it is caused by the decay of radionuclides derived from minerals. Consequently, the radioactivity amount in the soil depends on geology, soil type, soil moisture, organic matter, soil pH, and climate with regard to the pluviometric and the thermometric regime of a region [12,13]. ...
... Nowadays, as a result of several studies performed worldwide, it has been generally recognized that, for radiation exposure doses lower than 100 mSv, statistically significant cancer excess has not been detected [37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. The health hazard evaluation shows that no significant radiological impact of the population occurs in the study area. ...
In this study, the equivalent dose rate of natural radionuclides (HT) in 99 spring water and surface soil samples was determined using an alpha, beta, and gamma high sensitivity detector up within a Geiger-Muller tube and with an external probe NaI (Tl). The samples were collected in the Crati basin (southern Italy), and during sample collection, water quality parameters were detected in situ and at the University of Calabria laboratories. A Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was applied to identify and clarify the relationships between water physical-chemical properties and soil and water radioactivity. Results show that the mean HT for spring waters is 97.07 μSv/h. Furthermore, the mean HT for surface soils is 97.92 μSv/h, thus evidencing higher mean HT values than worldwide ones reported in a previous literature. Low correlation coefficients were detected between water HT and conductivity and pH. On the contrary, a reasonable correlation was found between HT in spring water and in soil. This relationship is associated with some rocks of the Sila Massif and of Coastal Chain, i.e., plutonic and metamorphic crystalline rocks. Finally, the estimation of the health risk was calculated: results did not evidence serious dangers for people living in the studied environment. The results from this survey for the HT evaluation provide an extensive assessment of the background exposure levels in the investigated area.
... It is desirable to use organ-absorbed dose for the evaluation of cancer morbidity and mortality in epidemiological cohort studies. Organ-absorbed dose was adopted for the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 15-Country Collaborative Study (2)(3)(4) , the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS) (5)(6)(7)(8) , Mayak study (9) and the Life Span Study (LSS) of atomic bomb survivors (10)(11)(12) . ...
In order to reconstruct organ-absorbed dose from recorded dose for risk estimation in nuclear worker cohort, the preceding study of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 15-Country Collaborative Study estimated the organ dose conversion factor from the recorded dose of Hp(10) under the assumption that on average, in the nuclear power plants (NPPs), 10% of the dose received by workers was due to photon energies ranging from 100 to 300 keV and 90% from photon energies ranging from 300 to 3000 keV, with the average geometry being 50% in the antero-posterior geometry and 50% in the isotropic geometry. Similar examination was conducted at the Japanese Epidemiological Study on Low-Dose Radiation Effects (J-EPISODE).
Literature survey disclosed that Japanese electric power companies had jointly conducted the research on energy distribution and incidence direction distribution of gamma rays in working environments during periodical inspection and maintenance as well as during operation in the 1980s. The analysis of the survey results on photon energy and geometry distribution of Japanese NPPs demonstrated appropriateness in applying the IARC study assumption for nuclear workers in Japan and reconstructing organ-absorbed dose in the J-EPISODE. These results in Japan also provide strong evidence to support the robustness and generality of the IARC study assumption, which was estimated based on the judgment of experts at nuclear facilities around the world.
... The use of nuclear energy is a "double-edged sword", and the development and utilization of nuclear energy is also accompanied by security risks and challenges. The accompanying ionizing radiation will produce a large number of high-energy particle ow, which is very harmful to the environment and human body [1]. Recently, X-ray, γ-ray and neutron current in nuclear radiation have been widely used in the elds of industrial and agricultural production, radiation medicine, nuclear technology research and national defense [2][3][4]. ...
Background: This study was to confirm the radiation protective effect of different doses of zymosan on AHH-1 and HIEC cells irradiated at different times and different doses, and further to explore whether zymosan exerts a radiation protection mechanism by targeting TLR2/4.
Methods: AHH-1 and HIEC cells were respectively administered to Zymosan at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 μg/ml. CCK-8 and cell flow cytometry were used to detect the cell activity and apoptosis at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after administration to determine the dose-limiting toxicities of zymosan. Twelve hours before irradiation, cells were treated with zymosan at 0, 5, 10, and 20 μg/ml, and then irradiated with 4Gy X-rays. The cell activity and apoptosis were measured by CCK-8 and cell flow cytometry at 24 h to determine the optimal dose of zymosan. LPS was used as a positive control to compare the protective effect of zymosan. The cells were treated with MyD88 inhibitors to explore the protective mechanism of zymosan.
Results: The activity of AHH-1 and HIEC cells treated with different concentration of zymosan at different time was not affected and the apoptosis of cells was not promoted. The radiation protection effect of Zymosan pretreated cells on cells is dose-dependent. After zymosan pre-treated the cells, its radiation protection effect on the cells was dose-dependent. The higher zymosan’s concentration was, the stronger the activities of AHH-1 cells and HIEC cells were, and the lower the apoptosis rate was. The activity of cells pretreated with zymosan was higher than that pretreated with LPS at the same dose (20 μg/ml), and the cell apoptosis rate was lower than that pretreated with LPS. After zymosan pretreated AHH-1 and HIEC cells, TLR2/4-MyD88-G-CSF/GM-CSF/IL-12/IL-6 pathway was activated.
Conclusion: Zymosan is nontoxic to cells and has better radiation protection effect than LPS. Its mechanism of action is related to the activation of the TLR2/4-MyD88/G-CSF/GM-CSF/IL-12/IL-6 pathway.
... The Japanese Epidemiological Study on Low-Dose Radiation Effects (J-EPISODE) (1) has been conducted since 1990 and has analyzed the health effects associated with radiation exposure evaluated as the personal dose equivalent, H p (10). However, the evaluation of cancer morbidity and mortality using the organ-absorbed dose (Gy) is recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (2) , and it was adopted for the 15-Country Collaborative Study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry conducted by IARC (3)(4)(5) , the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS) (6)(7)(8)(9) , Mayak study (10) and the Life Span Study of atomic bomb survivors (11)(12)(13) . In addition, the incidence data by cancer site from the Japanese National Cancer Registry (14) , which became available in 2019, are indispensable for morbidity risk analysis with the organ-absorbed dose for the J-EPISODE. ...
Estimation of cancer risk based on the organ-absorbed dose is underway for the Japanese Epidemiological Study on Low-Dose Radiation Effects (J-EPISODE). The reconstruction method for the organ-absorbed dose follows the approach adopted in the IARC 15-Country Collaborative Study, which examined the dosemeter response to photon exposure for the old film badge (FB) type, a multi-element FB and a thermoluminescence dosemeter. Until 2000, the dosemeters used in Japan were almost the same in the IARC study, so IARC study data could be used as they were. However, since 2000, the type of dosemeter has been replaced with active personal dosemeters (hereafter called electronic personal dosemeters), radio-photoluminescent glass dosemeters (Glass badge) and optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters (Luminess badge). Hence, it was necessary to collect these data again. A dosemeter response experiment was conducted using a device that irradiated an anthropomorphic phantom in the Japan Atomic Energy Agency calibration laboratories. The aim of the paper is to provide a conversion factor from reading in terms of Hp(10) to air kerma for realistic conditions for further conversion from air kerma to organ-absorbed dose. The obtained dosemeter responses for the dosemeter types currently used in Japan were consistent with those in the IARC study. These data will be utilized for J-EPISODE in reconstructing the organ-absorbed dose.
... Though the surgical team benefits from lessened radiation exposure, the patient on average is subject to an effective radiation dose of 6 mSv. Fortunately, this is a low dose exposure and should not pose a specific carcinogenic risk (31,32). However, a standard abdominal CT is ~8 mSv, and, by epidemiologic data, is correlated with a small cancer risk. ...
Stereotactic navigation is quickly establishing itself as the gold standard for accurate placement of spinal instrumentation and providing real-time anatomic referencing. There have been substantial improvements in computer-aided navigation over the last decade producing improved accuracy with intraoperative scanning while shortening registration time. The newest iterations of modeling software create robust maps of the anatomy while tracking software localizes instruments in multiple display modes. As a result, stereotactic navigation has become an effective adjunct to spine surgery, particularly improving instrumentation accuracy in the setting of atypical anatomy. This article provides an overview of stereotactic navigation applied to complex cervical spine surgery, details the means for registration and direct referencing, and shares our preferred methods to implement this promising technology.
