Table 1 - uploaded by Anthony Samsel
Content may be subject to copyright.
Complete list of glyphosate tolerances for residues in food crops in the U.S. as of September 18, 2013, as reported in: EPA: Title 40: Pro- tection of Environment.
Source publication
Celiac disease, and, more generally, gluten intolerance, is a growing problem worldwide, but especially in North America and Europe, where an estimated 5% of the population now suffers from it. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, macrocytic anemia and depression. It is a multifactorial disease associated with numerous nutritional defici...
Context in source publication
Citations
... One concern about soy and corn products is that over 95% of soy and corn in the US is genetically modified to be more resistant to pesticides, so that higher amounts of pesticides are used on those products, resulting in higher exposure to the child [83]. ...
This study presents the results of the effectiveness of 13 therapeutic diets for autism spectrum disorder from 818 participants of a national survey, including benefits, adverse effects, and symptom improvements. The average Overall Benefit of diets was 2.36 (0 = no benefit, 4 = great benefit), which was substantially higher than for nutraceuticals (1.59/4.0) and psychiatric/seizure medications (1.39/4.0), p < 0.001. The average Overall Adverse Effects of diets was significantly lower than psychiatric/seizure medications (0.10 vs. 0.93, p < 0.001) and similar to nutraceuticals (0.16). Autism severity decreased slightly over time in participants who used diet vs. increasing slightly in those that did not (p < 0.001). Healthy and Feingold diets were the two top-rated diets by Overall Benefit; the ketogenic diet was the highest for nine symptoms (though had fewer respondents); and the gluten-free/casein-free diet was among the top for overall symptom improvements. Different diets were reported to affect different symptoms, suggesting that an individual’s symptoms could be used to guide which diet(s) may be the most effective. The results suggest that therapeutic diets can be safe and effective interventions for improving some ASD-related symptoms with few adverse effects. We recommend therapeutic diets that include healthy foods and exclude problematic foods. Therapeutic diets are inexpensive treatments that we recommend for consideration by most people with ASD.
... Several studies have reported that glyphosate disrupts the normal gut microbiota, promoting overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria [55,105,202,218,219], which could have dangerous impacts on the organisms' health in general. Because mammal gut microbiota utilize the shikimate pathway to synthesize precursors to neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine [219][220][221], disruption of this pathway by glyphosate could also have important neurologic health implications, including causing anxiety and depression-like behavior in mice [202]. ...
Use of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides is ubiquitous in US agriculture and widespread around the world. Despite marketing efforts to the contrary, numerous studies demonstrate glyphosate toxicity to non-target organisms including animals, primarily focusing on mortality, carcinogenicity, renal toxicity, reproductive, and neurological toxicity, and the biochemical mechanisms underlying these physiological outcomes. Glyphosate toxicity also impacts animal behavior, both in model systems and in agricultural and environmentally relevant contexts. In this review, we examine the effects of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on animal behaviors, particularly activity, foraging and feeding, anti-predator behavior, reproductive behaviors, learning and memory, and social behaviors. Glyphosate can be detected both in food and in the environment, and avoided through activity and feeding strategies. However, exposure also reduces activity, depresses foraging and feeding, increases susceptibility to predation, interferes with courtship, mating, fertility and maternal behaviors, decreases learning and memory capabilities, and disrupts social behaviors. Changes in animal behavior as a result of glyphosate toxicity are important because of their sometimes severe effects on individual fitness, as well as ecosystem health. Implications for human behavior are also considered.
... The gut microbiome is a key player in modulating host metabolism. Therefore, based on results from other animal models, some authors hypothesized that glyphosate was probably involved in increased celiac disease by reducing the overall human microbiome (Samsel and Seneff, 2013). In addition, these authors argued that dysbiosis induced by glyphosate could also be associated with increased incidence of neuropathologies such as autism, Alzheimer's disease, depression, anxiety syndrome, and Parkinson's disease observed in recent decades (Beecham and Seneff, 2016). ...
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum and one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, which has led to its high environmental dissemination. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer stated that glyphosate was a probable human carcinogen. Since then, several studies have provided new data about the environmental exposure of glyphosate and its consequences on human health. Thus, the carcinogenic effects of glyphosate are still under debate. This work aimed to review glyphosate occurrence and exposure since 2015 up to date, considering studies associated with either environmental or occupational exposure and the epidemiological assessment of cancer risk in humans. These articles showed that residues of the herbicide were detectable in all spheres of the earth and studies on the population showed an increase in the concentration of glyphosate in biofluids, both in the general population and in the occupationally exposed population. However, the epidemiological studies under review provided limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of glyphosate, which was consistent with the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification as a "probable carcinogen".
... However, the European Food Safety Authority has suggested that glyphosate does not appear to be genotoxic and would not be a carcinogen (EFSA 2015). Many recent studies have declaimed that glyphosate has adverse effects on human health (Chang et al. 2016;EFSA 2015;Samsel et al. 2013), including impacts on antioxidants, reproductive hormones, and gut microbiome (Ruuskanen et al. 2020), and it may cause acute kidney effects or chronic disease following shortterm or long-term exposure (Schaeffer et al. 2020;Tsai et al. 2018;Wimalawansa et al. 2014). ...
The usage of glyphosate is increasing worldwide. Glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), are of potential toxicological concern in unknown chronic kidney disease (CKDu). As with Cd and other elements, glyphosate exposure has been reported as risk factor for CKDu in farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of co-exposure to glyphosate and metals or metalloids in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, the urine samples from 55 patients with CKD and 100 participants without CKD were analyzed for glyphosate, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) concentrations, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Negative associations between glyphosate, AMPA, As, and Cd concentrations in the urine and eGFR were found for study subjects (p < 0.05). With regard to the effect of co-exposure, the odds ratios (OR) for subjects with an eGFR of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² was significant because of the high Cd concentration (> 1 μg/g creatinine; OR = 7.57, 95% CI = 1.91–29.95). With regard to the effect of co-exposure, the OR for subjects with an of eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m² was significant at high glyphosate concentration (> 1 μg/g creatinine; OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.13–2.16) and As concentration (> 1 μg/g creatinine; OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00–1.02). These results showed that glyphosate, AMPA, As, and Cd have an effect on CKD; notably, Cd, As, and glyphosate exposure can be important risk factors after stage 3a of CKD, and that there was a co-exposure effect of As and glyphosate in CKD after stage 3b. The potential health impacts of glyphosate should be considered, especial for patients with CKD and eGFR below 45 mL/min/1.73 m².
... Among the environmental factors, maternal exposure to pesticides, including glyphosate, has been suggested to play a role in the development of ASD, which is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders that has substantially increased its prevalence (Ongono et al., 2020). Epidemiological data demonstrate a positive correlation between the rise of glyphosate usage on corn and crops in the United States over the years 1995 to 2010 and the increase in ASD rates over the same period (Samsel & Seneff, 2013. Interestingly, a population-based case-control study in California showed that the risk of ASD was associated with the use of glyphosate (Von Ehrenstein et al., 2019). ...
Glyphosate is the organophosphate pesticide most widely used in the world. Recent studies correlate exposure to glyphosate and the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, it was objective to propose a rat model of perinatal exposure to glyphosate‐ based herbicides (HBG) to study associated neurodevelopmental disorders. Behavioral aspects and brain pathways were assessed in the prepubertal phase. For this, maternal treatment occurred throughout the entire gestation period (from GD0) until weaning on postnatal day 22 (PND22). Control group received oral gavage with 5 mL/kg of saline per day and GBH group received oral gavage with 50 mg/kg of GBH per day (n = 10 per group). Maternal behavior was evaluated in PND2‐6. Offspring were evaluated for quantification of ultrasonic vocalizations (PND5); homing behavior test (PND13); and hole board, social play behavior, open field, and object recognition tests (PND28‐32). Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the offspring were processed to evaluate oxidative stress. Maternal exposure to HBG impaired early social communication, olfactory discrimination, social play behavior, and the exploration of objects, in addition to increasing repetitive and stereotyped movements. HBG also increased oxidative stress. Therefore, perinatal GBH exposure induced behavioral and oxidative stress impairments in rats associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. The manifestations found in the offspring are in accordance with symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.
... Glyphosate herbicide (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine), is a pesticide used in agriculture to control weeds, both in food crops and in other agricultural areas. This pesticide, which is also extensively used as a desiccant for nongenetically modified crops (Sørensen et al., 2021), is a systemic pesticide that is considered nontoxic to humans (Samsel & Seneff, 2013). However, several studies have shown that perinatal exposure to glyphosate or glyphosatebased herbicides (GLY-BH) induced reproductive toxicity in non-target animals such as lambs (Kafshgiri et al., 2021), fish, (Muller et al., 2021;Socha et al., 2021), cows (Kafshgiri et al., 2021) and drosophila (Muller et al., 2021). ...
Objectives: The herbicide glyphosate, a pesticide used in agriculture to control weeds, both in food crops and in other agricultural areas, has been identified as an endocrine modulator through the inhibition of aromatase activity and the activation of estrogen receptors. The present study examined the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup® (GLY-BH) on sexual dimorphism of rats after perinatal exposure to low and high GLY-BH in males and females offspring. Methods: Two groups of pregnant rats were treated with two doses of GLY-BH (50 or 150 mg/kg) from day 15 of gestation (GD15) to postnatal day 7 (PND7). Play fighting behavior was observed at the juvenile stage and during social and sexual behaviors in adulthood. Results: Perinatal GLY BH exposure reduced male and female body weight at 28, 75, and 90 days of age. The play fighting behavior was decreased in both sexes, but female rats were more affected. The sexual behaviors were reduced only in females. Conclusions: Perinatal exposure to both doses of GLY-BH promoted sexually dimorphic effects in both juvenile and adulthood stages. These effects were attributed to the inhibition of aromatase activity induced by exposure to GLY-BH in the perinatal period.
... Glyphosate was also shown to be absorbed by humans and excreted in feces and urine, where its concentration was shown to vary between 1 and 10 µg/L [4]. Supporters of the broad use of GBH claim it is innocuous to humans, since it is an inhibitor of the shikimate pathway, which is absent in human cells [5,6]. However, the safety and toxicity of GBH are a matter of extensive debate in the scientific community [5][6][7]. ...
... Supporters of the broad use of GBH claim it is innocuous to humans, since it is an inhibitor of the shikimate pathway, which is absent in human cells [5,6]. However, the safety and toxicity of GBH are a matter of extensive debate in the scientific community [5][6][7]. ...
RoundUp® (RUp) is a comercial formulation containing glyphosate (N-(phosphono-methyl) glycine), and is the world’s leading wide-spectrum herbicide used in agriculture. Supporters of the broad use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) claim they are innocuous to humans, since the active compound acts on the inhibition of enzymes which are absent in human cells. However, the neurotoxic effects of GBH have already been shown in many animal models. Further, these formulations were shown to disrupt the microbiome of different species. Here, we investigated the effects of a lifelong exposure to low doses of the GBH-RUp on the gut environment, including morphological and microbiome changes. We also aimed to determine whether exposure to GBH-RUp could harm the developing brain and lead to behavioral changes in adult mice. To this end, animals were exposed to GBH-RUp in drinking water from pregnancy to adulthood. GBH-RUp-exposed mice had no changes in cognitive function, but developed impaired social behavior and increased repetitive behavior. GBH-Rup-exposed mice also showed an activation of phagocytic cells (Iba-1–positive) in the cortical brain tissue. GBH-RUp exposure caused increased mucus production and the infiltration of plama cells (CD138-positive), with a reduction in phagocytic cells. Long-term exposure to GBH-RUp also induced changes in intestinal integrity, as demonstrated by the altered expression of tight junction effector proteins (ZO-1 and ZO-2) and a change in the distribution of syndecan-1 proteoglycan. The herbicide also led to changes in the gut microbiome composition, which is also crucial for the establishment of the intestinal barrier. Altogether, our findings suggest that long-term GBH-RUp exposure leads to morphological and functional changes in the gut, which correlate with behavioral changes that are similar to those observed in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders.
... These genera have previously been associated with irritable bowel syndrome [30]. Gastrointestinal issues (such as IBS) and inflammatory conditions have been speculated to arise from gut dysbiosis resulting from glyphosate exposure via the foodstuffs frequently included in a Western diet [31,32]. ...
Glyphosate is the world’s most widely used agrochemical. Its use in agriculture and gardening has been proclaimed safe because humans and other animals do not have the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). However, increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated risks to humans and animals because the shikimate metabolic pathway is present in many microbes. Here, we assess the potential effect of glyphosate on healthy human microbiota. Our results demonstrate that more than one-half of human microbiome are intrinsically sensitive to glyphosate. However, further empirical studies are needed to determine the effect of glyphosate on healthy human microbiota.
... It is known that the body has a complex mechanism for eliminating harmful compounds. However, literature shows that glyphosate exposure inhibits the activity of the cytochrome p450 family enzymes (Samsel & Seneff, 2013) which are essential to the detoxification mechanism, and could lead to bioaccumulation of this pesticide in the body. ...
Glyphosate (GBH) is a worldwide consumption pesticide and is used in the formulation of Roundup®, one of the most commercialized herbicides in the world. Maternal exposure to this herbicide can promote changes and adaptations in the offspring; however, the effects on skeletal muscle are poorly understood. In this sense, the present study sought to evaluate the effect of exposure to GBH on the characteristics of the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. C57BL/6 pregnant female mice were divided into two groups: control (CTL) receiving water and glyphosate (GBH; n = 6) receiving 0.5% glyphosate. Male puppies were designated according to the group to which the mothers belonged, such as CTL‐F1 and GBH‐F1 and then euthanized at 150 days of age. There was a reduction in body weight and nasoanal length of animals exposed to GBH, while there was an increase in EDL weight, reduction in the proportion of fibers and number of nuclei, and an increase in the connective tissue of the SOL. The animals exposed to GBH presented higher values of body characteristics, mainly adiposity gain, while they presented a reduction in neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), and an increase in fibrosis in the SOL muscle, while there was a reduction in the number of nuclei, and an increase in the weight of the EDL muscle. These findings indicate that glyphosate can promote changes in the offspring's body growth, the deposition of adipose panicles and its effects on muscle can lead to changes in the structure and functioning of this tissue.
... Chronic scenarios have been studied to a lesser extent. The development of chronic kidney disease can be a consequence of assaults on the kidney from inflammatory agents (Samsel and Seneff, 2013). Particularly, this could be the case in teleost fish in which the head kidney is physically connected to the trunk kidney and considered a secondary lymphoid organ, with a key role in producing immune system components (Press and Evensen, 1999). ...
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide, with no historical comparison. It is used for genetically modified crops, and particularly in Florida, it is used as a sugar cane ripener. An aquatic formulation (Rodeo®) is used to treat aquatic weeds in waterbodies and drainage canals. Because of its extended use, glyphosate can run off or be sprayed directly into waterbodies, and chronically expose aquatic wildlife. Exposure in animal models has been associated with kidney and liver damage and glyphosate has been suggested as an endocrine disruptor. We exposed adult male largemouth bass for 21 days to two doses of glyphosate and Rodeo® (chemically equivalent concentration of glyphosate) at 0.5 mg L⁻¹ and 10 mg L⁻¹ and to a clean water control (n=4 fish/tank in quadruplicate). Concentrations during the experiment were corroborated with UHPLC-MS/MS. Total RNA was isolated from the trunk kidney and head kidney. RNA-seq was performed for the high doses compared to controls. Transcripts were analyzed with fish and mammalian pathway analyses software. Transcripts mapped to Zebrafish metabolic pathways using PaintOmics showed steroid hormone biosynthesis in the trunk kidney as the most significantly enriched pathway. Steroid hormones were measured in plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS. Total androgens were significantly reduced at 0.5 mg L⁻¹ of glyphosate and at equivalent concentrations in Rodeo® compared to controls. 11-ketotestosterone and estrone concentrations were significantly reduced in all doses. A gene involved in the conversion of testosterone to 11-ketotestosterone was down-regulated by glyphosate. Using the mammalian pathway analysis algorithm, cellular processes associated with T-cell activation/development and intracellular pH were significantly enriched in the trunk kidney by glyphosate and Rodeo® exposure. Endocrine disruption was corroborated at the hormone and gene expression levels. Rodeo® and glyphosate share gene expression pathways, however, Rodeo® had more pronounced effects in largemouth bass.
