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Nephrocalcin (NC) is a glycoprotein produced in the kidney and inhibits calcium oxalate crystal formation. It has been separated into 4 isoforms (A, B, C, and D) and found that (A + B) are more abundant than (C + D) in urine of healthy subjects, but the reverse is seen in human urine of kidney stone patients. To further examine the role of this pro...
Citations
... The variation in the UV-Vis peak at 214 nm was correlated to the C 2 O 4 2ion concentration in the solution. (Carvalho et al., 2006). The oxalate concentration in solution decreased rapidly at the onset of crystallization for each of the experiments having different volumes of wash solution. ...
... 1,20 In canine models, hypercalciuria is the strongest significant risk factor. 7,10,13,19,27,28 In this study, decreasing the calcium intake did not significantly affect either serum or urinary calcium concentration. This Table 4. Proportion of nephroliths compared with the total surface of kidneys on ventrodorsal abdominal radiographs in 10 Aonyx cinereus before (fish-based diets) and after (crustacean-based diet) a diet change. ...
Asian small-clawed otters (ASCO; Aonyx cinereus) are a popular species of otter housed in zoological institutions. A common health challenge in this species is the development of uroliths, which may have a dietary origin. Feeding recommendations for ASCO are largely based on the nutrient requirements of domestic carnivore models. Using otter-specific feeding ecology may allow for further refinement of these nutrient recommendations. This study aimed to assess if a naturalistic diet of crustaceans, mollusks, and fish could control the development of uroliths in ASCO. Baseline data were collected on 10 ASCO (five males and five females) of different ages and repeated 2 years after the treatment diet was introduced. Blood and urine parameters, as well as the size of nephroliths based on radiographic images, were recorded. The treatment diet was higher in protein and lower in calcium than the nontreatment diet and did not contain any kibble. During the 2-year treatment trial, blood globulin, glucose, and sodium increased and albumin decreased. Glucosuria and leukocyturia significantly decreased. There were no significant changes in urolith size over the 2 years, and animals without nephroliths at the beginning of the study remained urolith free. The development of nephroliths was significantly reduced during the treatment compared with the year prior. Although interpretation is limited by the methods used, a naturalist diet may have a beneficial impact in the development of uroliths in ASCO.
... A subset of dogs with hypercalciuria and CaOx stones have abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism with evidence for decreased 24-hydroxylation (deactivation) of calcitriol, as has also been reported in humans (Table 1) 81 . Hyperoxaluria seems to have a lesser role than hypercalciuria does in dogs; stone-forming dogs have generally been found to have either similar or lower urinary oxalate excretion as compared to controls 77,78,82 . Primary hyperoxaluria is seen rarely in specific dog breeds (Table 1) 83,84 . ...
The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.
... Similar to cats and humans, hypercalciuria is the most commonly identified urinary abnormality detected in calcium oxalate stone-forming dogs [43, [59][60][61][62]. The majority of cases have serum calcium within the reference range [60,61], but in one study, blood ionized calcium was higher in stone-forming dogs than in non-stone-forming controls while still within the reference interval [60]. ...
... Compared with hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria does not seem to be as important as a risk factor. Most studies have found either similar or lower urinary oxalate excretion in stone-forming dogs compared to controls [60][61][62], with the exception of Stevenson et al. [59] who found both high urinary oxalate and calcium excretion in stone-forming dogs compared to breed-matched controls. Primary hyperoxaluria has been documented rarely in Tibetan Spaniel and Fig. 2 Lateral radiographic image of a dog with bilateral nephrolithiasis (long arrows) and bladder stone (short arrow). ...
... Two small studies have not detected a difference in urinary citrate excretion between calcium oxalate stone-forming dogs and non-stone-forming controls [59,61]. When evaluating urinary nephrocalcin, a crystallization inhibitor, nephrocalcin from calcium oxalate stone-forming Miniature Schnauzers was less inhibitory toward calcium oxalate crystallization than healthy Beagle control dogs and the nephrocalcin isoforms excreted differed [62]. While further studies are needed, findings suggest that abnormalities of some crystallization inhibitors may play a role. ...
Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is a highly recurrent disease that is increasing in prevalence. Decades of research have not identified effective methods to consistently prevent the formation of nephroliths or induce medical dissolution. Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephroliths form in association with renal papillary subepithelial calcium phosphate deposits called Randall's plaques (RPs). Rodent models are commonly used to experimentally induce calcium oxalate crystal and stone formation, but a rodent model that conclusively forms RPs has not been identified. Both dogs and cats form calcium oxalate uroliths that can be recurrent, but the etiopathologic mechanisms of stone formation, especially renal pathologic findings, are a relatively unexploited area of study. A large animal model that shares a similar environment to humans, along with a shorter lifespan and thus shorter time to recurrence, might provide an excellent means to study preventative and therapeutic measures, along with enhancing the concepts of the one health initiative. This review article summarizes and compares important known features of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease in humans, dogs, and cats, and emphasizes important knowledge gaps and areas for future study in the quest to discover a naturally occurring animal model of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease.
... There are reports in the literature alluding to long-haired breeds, which includes Himalayan and Persian cats, being at higher risk of idiopathic hypercalcemia, a condition known to cause hypercalciuria and predispose cats to calcium oxalate uroliths (23). In certain dog breeds at increased risk of calcium oxalate urolithiasis, production of nephrocalcin, a substance in urine that naturally inhibits the formation of calcium oxalate uroliths, is believed to be defective, perhaps due to genetics (24). Whether such a defect exists in these breeds of cats is unknown. ...
This study reports emerging trends in feline urolithiasis in Canada during the past 16.8 y, evaluates associations of breed and gender with urolith types, and reports on feline submissions from outside of Canada. Struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths comprised > 90% of all uroliths submitted. In cats, oxalate submissions outnumbered struvite submissions from Canada, Hong Kong, Denmark, and the United Arab Emirates, while Australian struvite submissions outnumbered calcium oxalate submissions. In Canada, the majority of urolith submissions were from domestic cats followed by Himalayan, Persian, and Siamese cats. Males were more likely to form calcium oxalate uroliths and females were more likely to develop struvite uroliths. Compared to domestic short-haired cats, Tonkinese, Burmese, Devon rex, Himalayan, Persian, and Siamese cats were significantly associated with calcium oxalate urolith submission. Egyptian mau, Birman, ocicat, and Siamese breeds were over-represented amongst urate submissions.
... Hyperoxaluria is associated with increased dietary oxalate precursors . On the other hand, inhibitors of CaOx formation include substances such as pyrophosphate and nephrocalcin Carvalho et al., 2006). As part of the complexity of the epidemiology of CaOx urolithiasis in dogs, signalment, environmental, and clinical factors are associated with the formation of these uroliths. ...
... Nuestros resultados coinciden con autores que reportan urolitos de fosfato de calcio en perros de razas pequeñas incluyendo a Schnauzer miniatura. Para esta raza se ha reportado una frecuencia de cálculos de oxalato de calcio 11,8 veces mayor que en otras razas y a su vez un riesgo 3 veces superior en machos que en hembras (7,10). Esta tendencia alta a presentar litiasis oxalocálcicas ha sido atribuida a la producción de isoformas de nefrocalcina, una proteína inhibidora de la cristalización, con actividad inhibitoria 10 veces menor que razas no predispuestas a litiasis como los Beagles (10). ...
... Para esta raza se ha reportado una frecuencia de cálculos de oxalato de calcio 11,8 veces mayor que en otras razas y a su vez un riesgo 3 veces superior en machos que en hembras (7,10). Esta tendencia alta a presentar litiasis oxalocálcicas ha sido atribuida a la producción de isoformas de nefrocalcina, una proteína inhibidora de la cristalización, con actividad inhibitoria 10 veces menor que razas no predispuestas a litiasis como los Beagles (10). ...
The formation of urinary stones represents an important clinical issue in canines. There are differences in the trend to present urolithiasis among breeds. This is a case of recurrent lithiasis in a Miniature Schnauzermale puppy that presented hematuria and dysuria caused by a urinary tract obstruction associated to lithiasis. The puppy eliminated uroliths at the age of three and seven months old. The morphological analysis of this urinary calculus showed that the first consisted of carbapatite (crystallized carbonated apatite) classified as morphological type IVa1 and the second calculus presented a combination of type IVa1 + IIa. Morphological type IIa is formed by Weddellite (dihydrate calcium oxalate). Urine analysis of six samples showed a pH value from 6 to 7,5 with presence of bacteria and triple phosphate crystals in two samples and calcium oxalate crystals in one sample. Antibiotic therapy was applied to treat urinary infection in both lithiasic episodes. Dietary therapy consisted initially in feeding the puppy with balanced food special for dogs with lithiasis from two to seven months old. After the second lithiasic episode, the puppy was fed with boiled chicken and vegetables avoiding the balanced dog food. Since the implementation of the latter nutritional plan, more than a year ago, nor crystals have been detected in urine samples neither clinical signs of urolithiasis were observed in the puppy up to now.
... 8,9 Nephrocalcin is a substance in the urine that naturally inhibits CaOx uroliths and is less effective in patients that form CaOx uroliths. 10 Other substances (e.g., Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins, glycosaminoglycans) may inhibit CaOx formation in people, but their role in canine CaOx urolithiasis is unknown. ...
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths are one of the most common urolith types in dogs, cats, and humans. Many factors predispose animals to CaOx uroliths, including breed, old age, obesity, male sex, being neutered, and certain diseases. Because there are no effective strategies for medical dissolution of these uroliths, management should focus on physical removal (by surgical or nonsurgical methods) and prevention, especially in patients with recurring uroliths, high-risk breeds, and animals with predisposing diseases. Prevention focuses on diet modification, primarily to increase water intake, and the appropriate use or avoidance of specific medications.
... Sin embargo, existe la evidencia de un incremento en el porcentaje de formación de cálculos de oxalato de calcio, representando ahora el 35%, y una disminución en la presentación de los de estruvita (45%) (Robertsons, 2002;Stalzer et al., 2003;Bartges et al., 2004). Los urolitos pueden afectar el uroepitelio, provocando inflamación, hematuria, polaquiuria, disuria o estranguria (Carvalho et al., 2006). Las neoplasias primarias de los uréteres son raras en perros. ...
ResumenLa proteinuria se define como la cantidad anormalmente elevada deproteínas presente en la orina. Dichas proteínas pueden tener un origen pre-renal, renal o post-renal. Una proteinuria de origen post-renal, a su vez, puede tener causas urinarias o extraurinarias y, generalmente, está asociada a inflamación del tracto urinario inferior. En este estudio se revisaron 162 análisis de orina con sus correspondientes historias clínicas de pacientes procedentes del Hospital Clínico Veterinario de la Universidad de Extremadura (UEx) para conocer las causas relacionadas con la proteinuria post-renal debido a su importancia a la hora de instaurar un tratamiento adecuado. Los resultados demostraron que las cistitis bacterianas y la urolitiasis fueron las causas más comunes de proteinuriapos-renal. La sintomatología clínica encontrada generalmente fue laasociada a inflamación del tracto urinario inferior como hematuria conpolaquiuria y/o disuria.
... For example, macromolecules could change the surface properties of crystals by binding to them, interfering with or promoting crystal aggregation and stone growth. Proteins that are suspected to have an inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate urolith formation and growth in people include osteopontin [29], Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein [29,34], nephrocalcin [35], heparin [36,37], and sodium pentosan polysulfate [38]. ...
The prevalence of equine urolithiasis has been estimated to be low. In horses with clinical signs of urolithiasis, uroliths are most commonly encountered in the urinary bladder, but it is not uncommon to detect uroliths in more than one location. The most common clinical signs for cystic calculi are urine scalding of the hind limbs, hematuria, tenesmus and dysuria. Numerous surgical techniques and approaches have been described for the treatment of urolithiasis in horses; however, independent of which approach is chosen, the goal should be to remove all calculi completely from the urinary tract, thus decreasing the chance of recurrence of urolithiasis. Laser lithotripsy and shock wave lithotripsy represent means to fragment uroliths with little morbidity, but limited availability of and costs associated with the equipment have precluded these technologies from being used more commonly in horses.
