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Comparison with animal products
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Jacobs FJ, Simoens C, de Graaf DC and Deckers J (2006): Scope for non-wood forest products income generation from rehabilitation areas: focus on beekeeping. Journal of the Drylands 1(2): 171-185. When dealing with rural development and poverty alleviation, beekeeping is easily ignored. In this study we try to retell the lucrative part of the beekee...
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... According to the FAO-STAT (2021) report, 53, 782 tons of honey and 5, 790 tons of beeswax was produced in 2021. Besides, beekeeping stabilizes and protects fragile environments and increases the production of crops through pollination services (Addi et al., 2006;Jacobs et al., 2006). These show that the contribution of beekeeping to poverty reduction, sustainable development and conservation of natural resources is very high. ...
This study was conducted to investigate the knowledge gaps regarding the use of agrochemicals by the farming communities in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia and its impact on beekeeping, crop and livestock production. The primary data were collected through household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and researchers' observations. A total of 540 farmers (270 beekeepers and 270 non-beekeepers) were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The survey data was analyzed using SPSS software version 21, while the qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The results revealed that beekeeping contributes significantly to the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the Amhara Region, mainly through the provision of hive products for home consumption and income but also for pollination services. The trends in the past decade showed that honeybee colony holdings and hive productivity had decreased due to indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, among others. Both beekeeper and non-beekeeper farmers in the study areas have been using different types of agrochemicals to control crop pests, diseases and weeds, and in some areas farmers used herbicides to clear weeds from pastureland. Farmers also stated that they are already aware of the negative effects of agrochemicals on honeybees. Nevertheless, the applications of agrochemicals are continuing without attitudinal changes. The results also showed that farmers purchase agrochemicals from legal as well as illegal vendors without proper understanding of their safe use and the expiry dates. Farmers' use of agrochemicals in violation of the technical recommendations on their proper applications; they ignore risks and safety instructions, use unsafe storage facilities, do not use protective devices when applying agrochemicals, and dispose of agrochemical containers unsafely. The findings demonstrated that apart from the direct effects on honeybees, indiscriminate and inappropriate application of agrochemicals even Tassew et al. J. Agri. Environ. Sci. 8(2), 2023 Publication of College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University 2 poses risks to the lives of farmers. Beekeepers, non-beekeepers and both crop and livestock experts revealed that nowadays IPM has not been used by farmers as an alternative to synthetic agrochemicals. Farmers are also unaware of the legal frameworks available to protect honeybees from the negative effects of agrochemicals, and they have not developed local bylaws that can be used by farming communities to protect honeybees from the negative effects of agrochemicals. The results also showed that the direct economic losses incurred due to the loss of honey bee colonies from the indiscriminate application of agrochemicals run into ETB 11,520,000.00 /USD422,133.00/. Thus, the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals has become one of the major threats to the development of beekeeping, crop and livestock production. Therefore, very strong actions are needed by concerned and responsible stakeholders to save the lives of honeybees. The interventions to reduce agrochemical exposure should be implemented through context-specific and integrated approaches.
... It is well known that honey bees are essential to human existence not only through their direct products such as honey and beeswax, but also through pollination services. Worldwide, the value of this insect species, as the second most economically important livestock, is estimated over US$180 billion annually (Jacobs et al., 2006;Porto et al., 2020). In Ethiopia, small-scale beekeeping has a long history and been practiced in almost all regions of the country. ...
Over the last two decades, beekeeping in rehabilitated hillside areas was promoted as a major strategy for rural entrepreneurship by training and providing improved equipment to unemployed youth in Tigray. Now, the two-year war destroyed the progress and threatened the livelihood, the honey bees, and the environment. This report provides insights into the pre-war progress of beekeeping, the impacts of the war, and intervention strategies to rehabilitate the sector - focusing on the honey bee genetic resource protection and propagation of colonies.
... Sustainable apiculture can help to address socioeconomic challenges and promote environmental and social resilience when properly designed and implemented based on honey bee biology and economic viability (Bradbear, 2003;Jacobs et al., 2006). Ethiopia has been recently trying to transform its traditional beekeeping that uses fixed-comb hives into top-bar and movable-frame hives (Figures 1 and 2) with a goal of contributing to food security and poverty alleviation efforts (CSA, 2013(CSA, , 2021. ...
... The vegetation cover of these areas was improved through collective measures of public work (Nyssen et al., 2014). Integrating beekeeping into those areas would be a win-win for the economic empowerment of unemployed youth, and environmental rehabilitation and conservation (Jacobs et al., 2006). A previous report showed that the practice of forming beekeeping cooperatives that aims at sharing investment costs was less viable business due to limited income and activities compared to the number of cooperative members (S. ...
... Honey yield was significantly different between the three production systems (F ¼ 17.67, p < 0.05), where the movable frame hive provided the highest (17.9 kg/hive/year) followed by the top-bar hive (13 kg/hive/year). Experts estimated that Ethiopia can potentially harvest up to 45 kg of honey per hive per season by applying improved management and equipment (Jacobs et al., 2006) indicating a high yield-gap to be narrowed. National annual honey production eleviated from about 25,000 in 2004 to 150,000 tons in 2020 ( Figure 1F). ...
Since the inception of the term sustainable development at the end of the 20th century as a reconciliation between the needs for socioeconomic development and environmental protection, various concepts and production systems have been initiated to address demands for food and other products. These include organic agriculture and sustainable intensification, which vary with the sector and local context. Here, we provide outlooks on sustainable development aspects of apiculture focusing on a subsistent beekeeping country that tries to transform -Ethiopia. For this, a review of sustainable agriculture and apiculture including national reports from 2005 to 2020 was conducted. The major points are: (1) Annual honey production improved from 25,000 tons in 2005 to 150,000 tons in 2020 by increasing the number of honey bee colonies from 4.2 to 7 million (65%) and through the provision of higher-yielding frame hives (17.9 kg per hive per year) and top-bar hives (13) compared to fixed-comb traditional hives (9.31). (2) Average honey yield of top-bar hives was 40% higher than that of traditional hives. (3) Export volume grew from 274 tons in 2009 to 481 tons in 2016. (4) Development initiatives focused on the introduction of frame hives (3%) compared to top-bar hives (1%). However, the traditional beehives that involve unfriendly management remained dominant (96%). Popularization of the locally developed top-bar hives can provide sustainable enhancement of honey production to supply to the domestic market without dependence on certification of a third country and foundation combs patterned by imported casting molds based on European bees.
... Apis mellifera plays major contribution to the production of important crops such as coffee and several edible fruits (Geeraert et al. 2020;Porto et al. 2020). Overall, the honey bee is socially, economically, and environmentally beneficial insect which is ranked as the second most economically important livestock species with an estimated annual contribution of USD 180 Billion (Jacobs et al. 2006). The honey bee is the most widespread managed pollinator in the world, where an estimated 81 million colonies produce 1.6 million tons of honey annually (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services [IPBES] 2016). ...
... Nonetheless, the productivity of Ethiopian beekeeping had been marginal. For example, annual honey yield was estimated at 8.3 kg per hive in 2018 (FAO 2018) in contrast to a 35-45kg estimated potential (Jacobs et al. 2006). Hence, the potential of apiculture for addressing socioeconomic challenges (Bradbear 2003) is underutilized. ...
... The figures show an improving trend but average yield in Ethiopia is lower than neighboring countries and continental average due to lower base and a dominantly traditional production system. An estimate on the potential of beekeeping in Tigray region of Ethiopia shows that up to 45 kg of honey can be harvested per hive seasonally (Jacobs et al. 2006), which indicates a long way to go in narrowing the yield gap. Development endeavors in Ethiopia in general and in Tigray in particular had been trying to improve the productivity of beekeeping by introducing improved equipment, capacity building and creating market linkage (Abebe et al. 2008;Girma and Gardebroek 2015; Tarekegn and Ayele 2020). Capacity building and awareness raising on the use of improved beehives, bee flora development, and conservation were reported to have positively influenced the rate of adoption of improved equipment and enhanced the technical efficiency of beekeepers in southern Ethiopia (Tarekegn and Ayele 2020). ...
Subsistent beekeeping has been an established tradition in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. In the last two decades, extension efforts tried to transform it into improved apiculture, which led to development of colony marketing. Here, we assessed the progress in beekeeping, colony marketing, and population differentiation with a hypothesis that the extension might have supported both production and genetic conservation in accordance with the national apiculture proclamation. Progress in beekeeping was analyzed based on official annual reports from 2004 to 2020. In addition, colony market survey was conducted in one of the central markets to analyze spatial and agro-ecological zone (AEZ) distributions of the honey bees, driving factors, and implications by interviewing 120 sellers and buyers. Moreover, highland and lowland honey bee population differentiation was compared in two areas (not-) involved in marketing using a nuclear marker known for elevational adaptation. The regional beekeeping progressed substantially: frame hives grew from 1 to 23%, annual honey production tripled, managed colonies increased by 90%. Frame hives provided significantly (F = 88.8, P < 0.001) higher honey yield than local hives. Colonies were exchanged between actors with significant differences in spatial (X 2 = 104.56, P < 0.01) and AEZ (X 2 = 6.27, P = 0.044) distributions. Colonies originate mainly from highland areas of two districts and were redistributed to broader areas. Most buyers showed preferences for colony color (73.3%) and AEZ of origin (88.3%), which led to a one-way flow. Consequently, no genetic differentiation was detected between two contrasting elevations in the involving district compared to a not involving area (F ST = 0.22). Overall, the regional apiculture progressed significantly, but there is no evidence that the extension contributed to conservation. apiculture / population genetics / sustainable development / tigray
... The honey bee Apis mellifera is an important insect with significant contributions in the global socio-economy, food production and ecosystem conservation through its pollination and beekeeping products (FAO, 2003;Jones et al., 2016). The honey bee was ranked as the second most economically important livestock species with an estimated annual contribution of USD 180 Billion (Jacobs et al., 2006). Pollinator-dependent crops contribute to 35% of the total crop production world-wide (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services [IPBES], 2016). ...
Ethiopia is a major beekeeping country located in northeast Africa where several evolutionary lineages of Apis mellifera contact. A unique practice of honey bee colony marketing which involves broad agro-ecological zones (AEZs) is a developing trend in the northern part of the country such as Tigray region in association with apicultural development. Several studies based on classical morphometry on the Ethiopian honey bee subspecies classification debated from the unique Apis mellifera simensis to five others. Moreover, the genetic diversity, adaptation, gene flow and inter-relationships of the honey bees between AEZs were not disentangled - a challenge for planning sustainable apicultural development and conservation. Therefore, this study was conducted to elucidate the honey bees of Ethiopia in a context of apicultural transformation using integrated methods: morphometrics, genetics, colony market survey and metadata analyses on beekeeping development. The results of geometric morphometric analyses confirmed that Ethiopian honey bees represented by Apis mellifera simensis references belong to a separate lineage (Y) compared to A, O, M and C, and the present sample belonged to Y. This supported the hypothesis of five major honey bee lineages of the honey bee Apis mellifera. Similarly, a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree analysis based on the mitochondrial COI-COII showed that most of the Ethiopian honey bees belong to lineage Y. However, a substantial proportion of the samples from the northern part of the country clustered with lineage O, which support the hypothesis that there is close contact between Y and O. Both geometric morphometry and classical morphometry differentiated the Ethiopian honey bees from all references including A. m. monticola, A. m. scutellata, A. m. jementica, A. m. adansonii but grouped with A. m. simensis. Genetically, five DraI haplotypes (COI-COII) were found to be randomly distributed across AEZs, indicating a substantial gene flow. Consequently, the level of genetic differentiation among the Ethiopian honey bee subpopulations defined by local areas and AEZs was generally low based on r7-frag nuclear marker, which is identified to be associated with adaptation to habitat elevation in East African honey bees. Similarly, nucleotide diversity consistently decreased with increasing elevation - indicating a reduced effective population size in the highlands. Results obtained from colony market survey showed that the honey bee swarms are reproduced in a few highlands and re-distributed throughout the region. Colony buyers have preferences of color and AEZ of origin of the honey bees, which led to a one-way flow and eroded the overall level of genetic differentiation. However, a marked differentiation was detected between the highland and lowland honey bees in relic communities where an allelic length polymorphism was observed as a signature of local adaptation. Altogether, Ethiopian honey bees belong to the lineage Y and subspecies A. m. simensis, and are characterized by a high level of gene flow enhanced by colony marketing; but a conserved signature of local adaptation to higher elevations was identified in less disturbed communities. Further studies based on genome-wide analyses and field experiments, focusing on undisturbed communities, can provide more insights into adaptation, admixture and management implications. Sustainable bee breeding and extension services that enable local beekeeping without colony trade and transportation will help to promote apiculture and genetic conservation.
... The plantation of flowering plants is intended to improve apiculture, fodder, and timber productions at the household level in the alternative 3. Beekeeping can be included in CPRs management strategies with the planting of legume nitrogen-fixing trees like Faidherbia albida, Leucaena leucocephala, Robinia pseudo-acacia, and Gleditsia triacanthos (Jacobs et al. 2006). Bishaw (2009) pointed out that the planting of fodder shrubs with grass and herbaceous legumes in the unproductive pasture is supplemented the limited quantity and quality feed sources. ...
Common pool resources, such as forests, shrubs, and grasslands, have been and continue to deliver a valuable contribution to the livelihood of millions of smallholder farmers in the mixed farming system areas. However, these resources are threatening by the overuse of the local community in the Ethiopian highlands. Studies accommodating sustainable management of ecological, economic, social, and institutional criteria on common pool resources are very limited over those highlands. The study is aimed at evaluating the performance of common pool resources management schemes in Goncha district, in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. It was developed as an alternative management scenario of common pool resources. Participatory key informant interviews were conducted with purposely selected twenty-four farmers, twelve practitioners, and three experts to generate the data. The data were analyzed by using a multi-criteria analysis (weighted score) method. The study indicated that complete enclosure management of forests and shrublands was highly contributed to enhancing biodiversity and curb gullies expansion, while poorly performed in harvesting and fair distribution of fodder and fuelwood. Alternatively, grasslands management in the periodic enclosure without rotation was largely emphasized on the fair distribution of fodder. Natural forests and shrublands in the semi-open-access management and grasslands in the open-access management were performed between very weak and poor performance to almost all criteria/indicators. Therefore, the management schemes of common pool resources should reformulate to the integrated premise of ecological, economic, institutional, and social criteria for sustainable management and productive crop-livestock mixed farming systems.
... The products of stingless bees have been applied in traditional medicine as well as in the food area for supplementary nutrition (Bankova, 2005;Jacob et al., 2006;Ngalimat et al., 2019;Zulkhairi et al., 2018). ...
... Stingless bees honey has different characteristics compared to the honey produced by Apis mellifera. Their honey is less viscous which favors a greater diversity of microorganisms (Combey, 2017;Jacob et al., 2006). These microorganisms could have a relationship with stingless bees from the beginning of colony formation (Ngalimat et al., 2019). ...
The products of stingless bees have been used in traditional medicine. These products have gained economic potential not only for their historical valuation but also to produce added value related to the knowledge of the qualities of their indigenous microbiota. The isolates from honey and pollen of Scaptotrigona jujuyensis, a stingless bee from Northern Argentina were studied. These were able to produce hydrolytic enzymes: protease, amylase, xylanase, cellulose, and lipase, and growing in bile salts.
The isolate 4A was identified as a Bacillus sp. and was able to produce extracellular exopolysaccharides (EPS). The carbohydrate composition of EPS consisted predominantly of fructose (44.6%). Structural characterization of EPS using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed high similarity with levan.
The EPS showed antimicrobial activity and the capacity to form emulsion hydrogels with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from ray liver oil and chia oil. The prebiotic property of Lactobacillus casei was evaluated with EPS and its mix with omega-3 PUFA. L. casei, showed better growth. Thus, an EPS with emulsifying hydrogel capacity and prebiotic activity was produced from the native microbial flora present in the honey of a stingless bee, which could be an added-value product of the S. jujuyensis colony used as a new nutraceutical.
... The flowering plant species of the region possessing high values as bee foraging are essential (Baptist and Punchihewa, 1980). Jacobs et al. (2006) focused his studies on various species of bee flora along with other adaptable species for treating ruined watershed spots of Megauli, Chitwan. ...
A general survey was accomplished among beekeepers in 2019 to investigate the determinants and resource use efficiency of honey production at Chitwan, Nepal. The information was primarily collected through 60 Apis mellifera beekeepers registered in bee zone, Chitwan. They were selected for interview by simple random sampling technique. Interview using semi-structured questionnaire schedule was carried out for primary data. Cobb Douglas production function, multiple regression, and paired t-test were used for the analysis of collected data. Multiple regression model revealed that family labor (p=0.68), age(p=0.007), family size (p=0.001), experience (p=0.007), harvesting (p=0.000) and maintenance of flowering plants (p=0.057) have significant effect on honeybee productivity. Labour cost and migration cost had positive coefficient and significant relation at 1% level of significance with gross return whereas expenses on baiting materials had positive coefficient and significant relation at 5% level of significance with the gross return. Thirty-six percentage of total visit for foraging of honeybees was contributed by East Chitwan. The overall productivity of honey in 2019 AD (24.06 kg/hive) was found to be 29% lower than that of 2018 AD. Labour cost and migration cost were underutilized and are required for increment by 3.51% and 71.16% respectively regarding revenue maximization and cost on sugar, drug and comb foundation was over-utilized and needed to be reduced by 30.65%. The efficient use of inputs could make it a profitable and viable commercial enterprise.
... Most of the time people only knows by their honey and bees wax, but the values of honeybees for pollination services had 10 folds times the values that they have for honey and beeswax. Moreover, the role of honeybees for pollination of local farming system is still poorly understandand till not sufficiently appreciated [15]. So far, there is no detailed information regarding the pollinators or foragers of coriander is available in Ethiopia. ...
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is one of the most important annual spice and medicinal herbplant. It is an open pollinated crop and honeybees are effective pollinators for open pollinated crops because of a lot of nectar and pollens are available on the flowers of Coriandrum sativum. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of honeybees pollination on Coriandrum sativum seed yield and yield related parameters at Sinana Agricultural Research center at on-station. The study had three experiment; these includes plots caged with honeybees (T1), plots caged without honeybees (T2) and open pollinated plots (T3). All collected data were analyzed using One-way-Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). There were no significant different (P>0.05) on Date of blooming, Date of flowering,, Primary and secondary branches among the three treatments. Whereas, there were a significant difference (P<0.05) on Flowering period, shading time, Number of capsule, Thousand kernel weight and total seed yield per hector. The result also revealed that about 29.70% of seed yield advantage of Coriandrum sativum pollinated by honeybees over control/un pollinated by any insect. From this result it was concluded that visits of honeybees at flowering time of Coriandrum sativum have very helpful in increasing seed yield and yield related components of this crop.
... Integrating beekeeping can be an option for diversifying livelihoods while maintaining the natural environment (Gibbon 2001;Jacobs et al. 2006). Admassu et al. (2012) demonstrated that households engaged in beekeeping grew and conserved more plants for their honeybees and other economic uses more than households that were not engaged in beekeeping. ...
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