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Experiments with a process development unit for fast pyrolysis of biomass residues of 10kgh(-1) have been performed to quantify the impact of two different product recovery options. Wheat straw, miscanthus and scrap wood have been used as feedstock. A separate recovery of char increases the organic oil yield as compared to a combined recovery of ch...
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Context 1
... conducted in a process development unit with a feed capacity of 10 kg h À1 . An auger type reactor with two co-rotating screws (81 mm in width, 46 mm in height, 1505 mm in length) was used. It was used to mix fresh biomass with a preheated heat carrier (spherical steel particles with a diameter of 1.5 mm) at ambient pressure (see Supplemental Fig. 1). A constant feeding rate of 1 Mg h À1 of heat carrier was set, and the temperature T HC of the heat carrier was adjusted to obtain a final mixing temperature T mix of 500 °C for all experiments. At the set mass flow and rotational speed of 2 s À1 , the residence time of solids within the reactor was determined experimentally to be ...
Context 2
... different concepts for product recovery have been applied in this study (see Fig. 1). Version 1 featured a removal of pyrolysis char together with an organic condensate at around 40-60 °C. An aqueous condensate was recovered subsequently at around 20 °C. In the second version, char fines were separated at the reactor temperature (500 °C) by two cyclones connected in series and cooled down to room temperature in an ...
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Citations
... The char was separated from process gases and condensates by removing char particles at reaction temperature (500°C) after a residence time of about 15 s in the main reactor zone, by two sequential cyclones and subsequent cooling to room temperature in an inert atmosphere (N 2 ). Detailed information about the reactor system can be found in Funke et al. 18 Slow Pyrolysis (SPy). The slow pyrolytic conversion of the sludge was carried out by PYREG GmbH (Dorth, Germany) in a 1 kg h −1 capacity technical scale unit (PYREKA). ...
... It might be that some parts of the ash are lost in the mechanical process of heat exchange, as a fluidized bed with steel balls provides a very large surface for the loss of some specific ash components as well as some contaminations with steel abrasions. 18 This also might have led to a dilution effect in FPy compared to SPy. There was no relevant amount of P moving to the pyrolysis oil fraction, and gasification of P can be excluded as a possible loss. ...
Understanding phosphate speciation in thermally treated sewage sludge is important for fertilization and technological phosphate recovery. Different extraction schemes including the soil phosphate-related Hedley fractionation and the freshwater sediment-related SMT protocol are widely used in the literature to describe (hydro-) thermochemically provoked changes in sewage sludge phosphate species. The results are usually directly linked to the solubility and bioavailability. This work discusses the applicability and interpretation of these two most widely used schemes in the case study of a thermochemically treated aluminate-rich municipal sewage sludge. The studied conversion technologies are low-and high-temperature hydrothermal conversions (190 and 250°C, respectively) and fast as well as slow pyrolysis (15 s to 7.5 min retention time, 500°C reaction temperature). Hydrothermal treatment clearly shows a change from phosphate-related to Fe-and Al-ion associations to Ca phosphate species in both extraction schemes, while this is seen to a lesser extent after pyrolysis. Phosphate fractions, which can be believed to be plant-available, are only shown in the Hedley fractionation. They disappear during hydrothermal treatment, probably following desorption mechanisms similar to effects mimicked by common extraction tests for plant-available soil phosphate. The sequential nature of the Hedley fractionation also revealed a reduced solubility of pyrolytically altered phosphates in dilute mineral acid, which is not seen in the SMT protocol to the same extent. Therefore, the use of SMT protocol results to compare changes after hydrothermal and pyrolytic treatment can lead to the wrong assumption that the resulting phosphate fractions are similar in nature, while at the same time, directly plant-available phosphate fractions are neglected.
... Taking account of scarcity, associated pollution, and the high price of coal, char from the reforming process may serve as a substitute for metallurgical coke, following some simple ash-washing processes. In order to increase the fixed carbon content, the char may be washed using the protocol reported previously [30]. ...
In this study, wheat straw char was prepared at 500°C and used as a catalyst (at 500–700°C) to reform the wheat straw volatiles. The char samples before and after reforming were characterized in terms of N 2 adsorption (BET area), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and inductively coupled plasma measurements. The surface morphology of the used char was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope. The results have revealed that following the reforming process, the carbon content increased from 69.2% to 71.7% (at 500°C), 73.9% (at 600°C), and 74.3% (at 700°C) and the fixed carbon content increased from 64.6% to 68.7% (at 500°C), 71.4% (at 600°C), and 72.4% (at 700°C). In contrast, the higher heating value of the used char remained unchanged. We observed a decrease in specific surface area (from 112.67 to 7.93 m ² ·g ⁻¹ ), but an increase in char defects and functional groups following the reforming process (at 600°C) served to maintain catalytic activity, as shown in a second reforming test. Our results suggest that surface defects and functional groups are the main factors contributing to char reactivity.
... [2][3][4]). The utilization of ash-rich feedstocks like cereal straws and grasses [5] might cause a spontaneous or delayed phase separation of the bio-oil [6][7][8] that can be controlled by the implementation of a two-staged condensation as performed at KIT resulting in the separated formation of the organic bio-oil and an aqueous condensate [2]. The organic fraction is characterized by a high heating value of > 20 MJ/ kg [9] enabling its gasification to produce syngas and after further processing synthetic fuels and chemicals. ...
... Alternatively, the char fraction that is already produced during the pyrolysis process could be used for activated carbon production. For the bioliq ® process, the feasibility of this alternative char utilization was already assessed, but primarily with the objective of selling the activated carbon to cover the process costs [7] whereas in the work of del Campo et al. the carbon obtained was used directly for the detoxification of the water-soluble fraction of the pyrolysis oil aiming at its fermentative valorization [72]. ...
Background
The pyrolytic aqueous condensate (PAC) formed during the fast pyrolysis of wheat straw contains a variety of organic carbons and might therefore potentially serve as an inexpensive substrate for microbial growth. One of its main components is acetic acid, which was recently shown to be a suitable carbon source for the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. However, the condensate also contains numerous toxic compounds that inhibit fungal growth and result in a tolerance of only about 1%. Therefore, to enable the use of the PAC as sole substrate for A. oryzae cultivations, a pretreatment seems to be necessary.
Results
Various conditions for treatments with activated carbon, overliming, rotary evaporation and laccase were evaluated regarding fungal growth and the content of inhibitory model substances. Whereas the first three methods considerably increased the fungal tolerance to up to 1.625%, 12.5% and 30%, respectively, the enzymatic treatment did not result in any improvement. The optimum carbon load for the treatment with activated carbon was identified to be 10% (w/v) and overliming should ideally be performed at 100 °C and an initial pH of 12. The best detoxification results were achieved with rotary evaporation at 200 mbar as a complete removal of guaiacol and a strong reduction in the concentration of acetol, furfural, 2-cyclopenten-1-one and phenol by 84.9%, 95.4%, 97.7% and 86.2%, respectively, were observed. Subsequently, all possible combinations of the effective single methods were performed and rotary evaporation followed by overliming and activated carbon treatment proved to be most efficient as it enabled growth in 100% PAC shake-flask cultures and resulted in a maximum cell dry weight of 5.21 ± 0.46 g/L.
Conclusion
This study provides a comprehensive insight into the detoxification efficiency of a variety of treatment methods at multiple conditions. It was revealed that with a suitable combination of these methods, PAC toxicity can be reduced to such an extent that growth on pure condensate is possible. This can be considered as a first important step towards a microbial valorization of the pyrolytic side-stream with A. oryzae.
... Biomass fulfils different needs of humans as food, fodder, energy, and shelter since ancient days. In the present scenario, biomass-derived fuels for energy applications play a vital role due to their several benefits [1][2][3][4]. Studies on biomass showed that biomass was the primary source of energy in rural areas and more than 50% in the urban areas of India. ...
The engine performance has been improved by modifying the combustion chamber
shape of the diesel engine for dual-fuel operation with liquid fuel and producer gas (PG). The combined effect of gaseous fuel from redgram stalk and combustion chamber type on the emission and performance of blended-fuel of diesel and HOME biodiesel–PG has been investigated. In this experimental study, four varieties of combustion chambers hemispherical (HCC), low swirl (LSCC), dual swirl (DSCC), and toroidal re-entrant (TRCC) were analyzed comprehensively. The results presented that the TRCC configuration with a given nozzle geometry has 9% improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and 10.4% lower exhaust gas temperature (EGT). The smoke, unburnt hydrocarbon (UBHC), and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased by 10–40%, but a 9% increase in nitrogen oxides
(NOX) emission levels was observed with TRCC. The delay period and combustion period were decreased by 5% and 7%. The fuel replacement of about 71% for the diesel–PG combination with HCC and 68% for the HOME–PG combination with TRCC was achieved.
Citation: Akkoli, K.M.; Banapurmath, N.R.; G, S.; Soudagar, M.E.M.; Khan, T.M.Y.; Baig, M.A.A.; Mujtaba, M.A.; Hossain, N.; Shahapurkar, K.; Elfasakhany, A.; et al. Effect of Producer Gas from Redgram Stalk and Combustion Chamber Types on the Emission and Performance Characteristics of Diesel Engine.
... Further studies in this area have shown that the conversion of date seed into pyrolysis oil by fixed bed pyrolysis reactor system yields liquid fuel, char, and gas with a heating value of 28.64 MJ/kg when compared with other pyrolysis oils as well as the direct burning of solid date seed wastes. Char generated from wheat straw is a relevant energy usage alternative in current pulverized coal-fired facilities such as cofiring fuel at low temperatures [88]. This method produces a maximum yield of 50 wt% of the dry biomass feedstock at the temperature range of 500 • C [85]. ...
This critical review report highlights the enormous potentiality and availability of renewable energy sources in the Gulf region. The earth suffers from extreme air pollution, climate changes, and extreme problems due to the enormous usage of underground carbon resources applications materialized in industrial, transport, and domestic sectors. The countries under Gulf Cooperation Council, i.e., Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, mainly explore those underground carbon resources for crude oil extraction and natural gas production. As a nonrenewable resource, these are bound to be exhausted in the near future. Hence, this review discusses the importance and feasibility of renewable sources in the Gulf region to persuade the scientific community to launch and explore renewable sources to obtain the maximum benefit in electric power generation. In most parts of the Gulf region, solar and wind energy sources are abundantly available. However, attempts to harness those resources are very limited. Furthermore, in this review report, innovative areas of advanced research (such as bioenergy, biomass) were proposed for the Gulf region to extract those resources at a higher magnitude to generate surplus power generation. Overall, this report clearly depicts the current scenario, current power demand, currently installed capacities, and the future strategies of power production from renewable power sources (viz., solar, wind, tidal, biomass, and bioenergy) in each and every part of the Gulf region
Citation: Basha, J.S.; Jafary, T.; Vasudevan, R.; Bahadur, J.K.; Ajmi, M.A.; Neyadi, A.A.; Soudagar, M.E.M.; Mujtaba, M.; Hussain, A.; Ahmed, W.; et al. Potential of Utilization of Renewable Energy Technologies in Gulf Countries. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10261.
... A second aim is to offer a solution for the conversion of biomass residues with high ash content. The importance of the char byproduct increases in this case, not only due to the fixation of the inorganic compounds, but also due to an increased carbon recovery via the char [32]. If the char is recovered for downstream use, the heat supply to the process becomes an interesting aspect, irrespective the consideration of a second condensation stage to recover aqueous condensate. ...
... This process considers both decentralized and centralized operation opportunities and covers the complete process chain for producing customized fuels from residual biomass, including fast pyrolysis, gasification, gas cleaning, and conditioning. The results regarding different aspects of the plant are available in many publications [220][221][222][223]. Another long-term success story is the rotating cone reactor technology, which has successfully been applied to the flash pyrolysis of biomass back in 1994, a continuous pilot plant for the pyrolysis of polyethylene and polypropene was developed [224]. ...
Due to the rapid increase in the global demand for renewable energy and uneven, seasonal distribution of bulky biomass resources, developing decentralized and mobile biomass thermochemical conversion systems are critical , particularly to accommodate the energy needs of rural residents in developing countries and remote communities. This paper establishes the fundamental concepts of decentralized and mobile thermochemical biomass conversion systems and addresses the necessity and advantages of such systems. This article comprehensively examines the potential of various biomass and non-biomass waste streams for co-processing in such systems and summarizes the latest progress in pretreatment technologies, conversion pathways, product separation and purification, and applications. Moreover, this paper compares the designs and specifications, operation status, drawbacks, and benefits of existing systems from household to industrial-scale. It also summarizes the latest studies on the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of such systems. The key challenges in the future research and development of such systems are discussed, including systems integration and simplifications, interaction mechanism of mixed waste during co-processing, development of cost-effective catalysts, and investigation of biochar applications. Also, our recommendation is to re-visit the direct-combustion technology under a modern technological and environmental perspective. Moreover, it is necessary to promote education and training for the development of dedicated skills to support the operation and maintenance of conversion systems at secondary or higher levels.
... Industrialized charcoal production requires higher capex than classical charcoal production, and thus is economically feasible only for large scale applications [13]. Decentralized biomass growth can be combined with a centralized charcoal production to exploit by-products and use other synergistic effects [99]. The amount of by-products depends on the feedstock quality and process conditions, such as heating rate, gas residence time, and final temperature [14]. ...
This study examined the literature on life cycle assessment on the ferromanganese alloy
production route. The environmental impacts of raw material acquisition through the production of carbon reductants to the production of ferromanganese alloys were examined and compared. The transition from the current fossil fuel-based production to a more sustainable production route was reviewed. Besides the environmental impact, policy and socioeconomic impacts were considered due to evaluation course of differences in the production routes. Charcoal has the potential to substantially replace fossil fuel reductants in the upcoming decades. The environmental impact from current ferromanganese alloy production can be reduced by > 20% by the charcoal produced in slow pyrolysis kilns, which can be further reduced by > 50% for a sustainable production in high-efficient retorts. Certificated biomass can ensure a sustainable growth to avoid deforestation and acidification of the environment. Although greenhouse gas emissions from transport are low for the ferromanganese alloy production, they may increase due to the low bulk density of charcoal and the decentralized production of biomass. However, centralized charcoal retorts can provide additional by-products or biofuel and ensure better product quality for the industrial application. Further upgrading of charcoal can finally result in a CO2 neutral ferromanganese alloy production for the renewable power supply.
... The physical properties of fast pyrolysis chars are rather interesting, because they are different from those of the slow pyrolysis chars; in particular, they have lower surface areas and higher volatile content [157,158]. Fast pyrolysis chars can be used as fuel or as adsorbent with an optional activation [157][158][159][160], and since they are stable in soil, they may be used in amendment applications [161]. Recently, fast pyrolysis chars were proposed to Processes 2021, 9, 87 6 of 24 be combined with fast pyrolysis liquids to produce bioslurries, a feedstock for gasification to produce drop-in fuels by the bioliq TM process [160,162,163]. ...
... Fast pyrolysis chars can be used as fuel or as adsorbent with an optional activation [157][158][159][160], and since they are stable in soil, they may be used in amendment applications [161]. Recently, fast pyrolysis chars were proposed to Processes 2021, 9, 87 6 of 24 be combined with fast pyrolysis liquids to produce bioslurries, a feedstock for gasification to produce drop-in fuels by the bioliq TM process [160,162,163]. Another interesting process design of fast pyrolysis is to produce biocoals by which biomass is first subjected to fast pyrolysis to obtain bio-oils followed by a distillation of fast pyrolysis oils to produce chemicals and a condensed bottom product called biocoal [164]. ...
In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in char production from lignocellulosic biomass due to the fact of char’s interesting technological properties. Global char production in 2019 reached 53.6 million tons. Barks are among the most important and understudied lignocellulosic feedstocks that have a large potential for exploitation, given bark global production which is estimated to be as high as 400 million cubic meters per year. Chars can be produced from barks; however, in order to obtain the desired char yields and for simulation of the pyrolysis process, it is important to understand the differences between barks and woods and other lignocellulosic materials in addition to selecting a proper thermochemical method for bark-based char production. In this state-of-the-art review, after analyzing the main char production methods, barks were characterized for their chemical composition and compared with other important lignocellulosic materials. Following these steps, previous bark-based char production studies were analyzed, and different barks and process types were evaluated for the first time to guide future char production process designs based on bark feedstock. The dry and wet pyrolysis and gasification results of barks revealed that application of different particle sizes, heating rates, and solid residence times resulted in highly variable char yields between the temperature range of 220 °C and 600 °C. Bark-based char production should be primarily performed via a slow pyrolysis route, considering the superior surface properties of slow pyrolysis chars.
... The principles of bio-refinery can improve the overall economics by utilizing the complete feedstock or minimizing waste stream generation [316]. Charcoal can be extracted from bio-crude production, which would result in an increased number of decentralized pyrolysis plants to cover the bio-fuel product stream [317]. Bio-oil can be processed and specific compounds can be separated and used as value-added products [178]. ...
This paper provides a fundamental and critical review of biomass application as renewable reductant in integrated ferroalloy reduction process. The basis for the review is based on the current process and product quality requirement that bio-based reductants must fulfill. The characteristics of different feedstocks and suitable pre-treatment and post-treatment technologies for their upgrading are evaluated. The existing literature concerning biomass application in ferroalloy industries is reviewed to fill out the research gaps related to charcoal properties provided by current production technologies and the integration of renewable reductants in the existing industrial infrastructure. This review also provides insights and recommendations to the unresolved challenges related to the charcoal process economics. Several possibilities to integrate the production of bio-based reductants with bio-refineries to lower the cost and increase the total efficiency are given. A comparison of challenges related to energy efficient charcoal production and formation of emissions in classical kiln technologies are discussed to underline the potential of bio-based reductant usage in ferroalloy reduction process.
