Table 1 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Citations
... 16 Some studies reported that Galla chinensis, a Chinese herb, could be applied as a teeth remineralization agent due to its remineralization ability and antibacterial effect. [18][19][20][21] Zhang et al stated that the chemical components of Galla chinensis could induce enamel caries remineralization in rats. Remineralization that Galla Chinensis provides are different than fluoride because enamel organic matrix plays a decent role in assisting the process as they will make a large complex becoming calcium ion carrier. ...
... Their study also compared Galla chinensis and NaF, and it was discovered that Galla chinensis possessed remineralization ability after 1 minute of soaking. 18 A study by Kim and Jin reported that Galla chinensis significantly increased enamel remineralization, led to bactericidal activity against Streptococcus mutans, and could maintain a pH level of 7. 20 Tang et al pointed out that one of the chemical components of Galla chinensis was gallic acid, which attributed in the hydroxyapatite-resembling crystal formation after 3 days of application. 21 Siwak (Salvadora persica) could be used as a teeth remineralization agent due to its remineralization ability and antibacterial effect. ...
Dental caries is one of the world's major oral health issues. According to The Burden of Disease Study (2016), almost half of the world's population suffers oral health issues, particularly dental caries (3.58 billion individuals). Dental caries treatment through teeth remineralization can be conducted naturally or using remineralization agents. The aim of this study was to map the scientific evidence of natural materials' potential as teeth remineralization agents. The method utilized in this study was the scoping review following the guideline of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Review, that is, article searching using search strategies, article screening, data extraction, and conclusion constructing. The searching process was through PubMed, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect using keywords and following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty articles were found and further analyzed. All articles provided the natural materials' potencies in the perspective of antibacterial, increasing saliva pH, remineralization ability, and increasing the hardness of teeth surface. It can be concluded that natural materials can potentially be alternative teeth remineralization agents.
... Zhang et al. evaluated the action of Galla chinensis extract on bovine enamel matrix subjected to acidic challenges and found that monomeric and polymeric polyphenols interacted with this organic enamel matrix (through covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic processes), leading to a metamorphism of this matrix that precipitated and decreased ion loss in the enamel structure [42,43]. Another possible action is the binding of compounds present in the extract to the crystal surface of enamel, thus preventing its demineralization, in addition to facilitating deposition of more ions on the surface (through ion carriers) [44,45]. Other studies have shown that gallic acid (present in P. granatum) can function as a Ca ion transporter, favoring the remineralization process [46]. ...
This study investigated the anti-caries and anti-inflammatory effects of mouthwash formulations containing Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract (PPE), sodium-trimetaphosphate, and low concentrations of fluoride. PPE was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (ellagic acid and punicalagin). Total phenolics were quantified among formulations, and their stability was analyzed for 28 days. The formulation effects were evaluated as follows: (1) inorganic component concentration and reduced demineralization on bovine enamel blocks subjected to pH cycling; (2) anti-biofilm effect on dual-biofilms of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 treated for 1 and 10 min, respectively; and (3) cytotoxicity and production of inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). The formulation containing 3% PPE, 0.3% sodium-trimetaphosphate, and 225 ppm of fluoride resulted in a 34.5% surface hardness loss; a 13% (treated for 1 min) and 36% (treated for 10 min) biofilm reduction in S. mutans; a 26% (1 min) and 36% (10 min) biofilm reduction in C. albicans; absence of cytotoxicity; and anti-inflammatory activity confirmed by decreased interleukin-6 production in mouse macrophages. Thus, our results provide a promising prospect for the development of an alcohol-free commercial dental product with the health benefits of P. granatum that have been recognized for a millennium.
... In contrast to this study, a previous study used solvents containing alcohol, which inhibited antimicrobial activities of plants. 35 In this study, CHX, which has proved antibacterial activity against oral bacteria, was used as a positive control. CHX has been known to be effective against S. mutans, preventing plaque formation and acid production. ...
Background
Owing to their strong antimicrobial properties, Helichrysum arenarium (HA), Anzer thyme (AT), and Stevia rebaudiana (SR) have been commonly used in medicine.
Aim
The present study was aimed to evaluate antimicrobial activities of HA, AT, and SR against S. mutans and S. wiggsiae in biofilms formed on deciduous teeth.
Design
A total of 50 enamel samples were divided into two groups: mono-species biofilm and two-species biofilm. Each biofilm group was divided into five subgroups (n=5): group 1, HA; group 2, AT; group 3, SR; group 4, CHX (positive control); and group 5, distilled water (negative control). Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined. The number of viable microorganisms was counted. The presence of microorganisms was examined using scanning electron microscope and mineral analysis was performed using energy dispersive X-ray analysis.
Results
In the mono-species biofilm, CHX was significantly more effective against S. mutans than other groups (p<0.001). Furthermore, HA, AT, and SR groups showed significantly lower colony counts of S. mutans than distilled water (p<0.05). In the two-species biofilm, AT, SR, and CHX were significantly more effective against S. wiggsiae than distilled water (p<0.05).
Conclusions
HA, AT, and SR have been suggested as effective natural alternatives to CHX against cariogenic bacteria.
... is explanation supports the morphological results of SEM. Similar results could be observed after treating S. mutans cells with Galla chinensis extracts, which are rich in GA content [46]. e bacterial cells also displayed irregular cell wall structure and showed fewer cells in the chain [46]. ...
... Similar results could be observed after treating S. mutans cells with Galla chinensis extracts, which are rich in GA content [46]. e bacterial cells also displayed irregular cell wall structure and showed fewer cells in the chain [46]. In addition, the antibacterial mechanism of GA was suggested to interfere biofilm composition and structure, inhibit glucosyltransferase activity, and directly suppress bacteria growth [18,47,48]. ...
Streptococcus mutans is a well-known oral pathogen commonly associated with a normal dental problem and life-threatening infection. A bacteriocin nisin and the plant-derived compounds including gallic acid (GA) and Thai culinary essential oils (EOs) have been reported to have activity against oral pathogens. However, their synergistic interaction against S. mutans has not been explored. The purposes of this study were primarily to investigate anti-S. mutans properties and the antibiofilm formation of nisin, GA, and five EOs by using the broth microdilution method. Besides, the morphological change, killing rate, and antibacterial synergism were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), time-kill assay, and checkerboard method, respectively. The results demonstrated that kaffir lime leaf (KLL) oil, lemongrass (LG) oil, and GA showed a potent anti-S. mutans activity and inhibited biofilm formation with the possible mechanism targeted on the cell membrane. Additionally, KLL oil revealed anti-S. mutans synergism with GA, LG oil, and chlorhexidine with the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indexes ≤ 0.5. Interestingly, GA displayed a high potential to enhance anti-S. mutans activity of nisin by lowering the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to at least 8-fold in a bacteriostatic manner. These results suggest that GA and KLL oil may be potentially used as an adjunctive therapy along with nisin and chlorhexidine to control S. mutans infection.
