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Comparison of the RMS 'Titanic' and cruise vessel Allure of the Saes [www.vesseltracking.net/biggest-cruise-ships (access 17.05.2017)]
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The article presents the impact of major maritime accidents on the development of international regulations concerning the safety of navigation and environmental protection of the seas and oceans. It contains analysis of the reasons and consequences of maritime disasters like the accidents of ‘Titanic’, ‘Torrey Canyon’, ‘Amoco Cadiz’, ‘Herald of Fr...
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... communication and maritime traffic monitoring systems liquidated the traditional autonomy of seagoing vessels -practically any time, everybody can see where every merchant ship is and establish radio contact with her. The development of technology is not affected, however, in reducing the number of marine accidents. The increase in vessel size ( fig. 1) and in the number of passengers and dangerous, harmful and polluting goods transported at the same time on one ship makes that the consequences of her accident can be tragic and the costs of the removal of its effects on the environment high. The consequence of the development of shipping was the adoption of legislative work on the ...
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... Aside from this fatal accident, an oil spill occurred in March 1978 that penetrated to a depth of about 50 cm along a 320-km coastline (Jézéquel et al., 2021). The accident, which resulted in the accumulation of 219,797 tons of light crude-oil towards the French coastline as a result of the ship "Amoco Cadiz" being caught in a storm in the English Channel and its rudder breaking due to hard waves, cost fisheries and touristic facilities approximately $250 million in 1978 (Duda and Wawruch, 2017). As these two major historical accidents demonstrate, any failure in the ship's steering gear system can result in significant death, environmental disaster, or property losses. ...
Accidents caused by steering gear malfunctions, especially during port berthing maneuvers, the strait, and canal crossings, can lead to hazardous consequences on the environment and human life. This study aims to provide the risk evaluation and investigation of the root causes of the steering gear failures on board using Fuzzy Bayesian Networks. To determine the effects of root causes on steering gear failures, the Bayesian Network was built in the NETICA software. Running several scenarios on the network are ensured the investigation of how the root reasons affect the problem. Prior and conditional probabilities obtained from meetings and interviews with six different experts were used to apply Bayesian inference. Sensitivity analysis, forward propagation analysis by applying the best- and worst-case scenarios, and validation of the network were conducted. Results depicted that the functionality of the electrical and mechanical line components is essential to preventing the breakdown of the steering gear system. The most significant contributor to component-related electrical failures is loose or corroded wiring and connections, whereas hydraulic oil-sourced errors have a significant impact on equipment wear and malfunction. The probability of a steering gear accident is assessed to be 13.7% under the best-case scenario and 79.1% in the worst-case scenario.
... In recent years, with China's Maritime Silk Road strategy and the Blue Water Navy national defensive strategy proposed [1][2][3], the shipping industry and marine research have developed rapidly, and the research on maritime navigation safety has been of great significance in China's development [4,5]. Approximately 60% of maritime navigation accidents have been caused by unnatural factors, such as collisions and machine failures, and 40% have been caused by bad weather [6,7]. ...
Wave heights are important factors affecting the safety of maritime navigation. This study proposed a stacking ensemble learning method to improve the prediction accuracy of wave heights. We analyzed the correlation between wave heights and other oceanic hydrological features, according to eleven features, such as measurement time, horizontal velocity, temperature, and pressure, as the model inputs. A fusion model consisting of two layers was established according to the principle of stacking ensemble learning. The first layer used the extreme gradient boosting algorithm, a light gradient boosting machine, random forest, and adaptive boosting to determine the deep relations between the wave heights and the input features. The second layer used a linear regression model to fit the relation between the first layer outputs and the actual wave heights, using the data from the four models of the first layer. The fusion model was trained based on the 5-fold cross-verification algorithm. This paper used real data to test the performances of the proposed fusion model, and the results showed that the mean absolute error and the mean squared error of the fusion model were at least 35.79% and 50.52% better than those of the four models.
... Furthermore, as is common in maritime law, procedures are taken to react rather than to avoid a disaster. The EU standards on the protection of ro-ro ferries, for example, were developed in reaction to the tumbling of the Estonia on the way from Tallinn to Stockholm on September 28, 1994, which was one of the most devastating maritime catastrophes in European seas (Duda, & Wawruch, 2017). While these efforts are vital to enhance marine safety, more proactive tactics to avoid human rights violations at sea are required. ...
... The marine environment can also be negatively affected to a great extent in conjunction with the ship type and course of events. To exemplify, the oil spill of the accident of Torrey Canyon crude oil tanker ship has killed more than 25000 seabirds, along with a vast number of marine organisms in 1967 with an oil spill of 119000 mtonnes [10,11]. The Argo Merchant ship accident, which has accounted for approximately 28000 mtonnes of oil spill in 1976 near Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela [12]. ...
The error producing condition (EPC) values are decisive parameters of human error assessment and reduction technique (HEART). In order to conduct more effective and accurate safety analysis, the EPC values should be customized in accordance with the key aspects of the relevant disciplines. Since the maintenance and operational tasks in the ship engine room involve a vast number of particular actions, this study extends the current ship-board operations human reliability analysis (SOHRA) method by proposing marine engineering maintenance and operations specific error producing conditions (mmo-EPCs) via ship accident data. Moreover, the original human factor analysis and classification system for marine engineering operations (HFACS-MMO) is identified. By means of HFACS-MMO, marine maintenance and operations human reliability analysis (MMOHRA) is proposed. In the MMOHRA, the values of EPC5, EPC8, EPC12, EPC14, EPC16, EPC21, EPC32, EPC33 and EPC35 are substantially changed when comparing with similar approaches. A case study is also provided for benchmarking the proposed method. The findings of the case study show that the HEP results can change considerably with the MMOHRA. Since the mmo-EPCs are determined through obtained data from various ship accidents, MMOHRA can be utilized in safety practices regardless of ship types specifically in marine engineering field.
Oil spills are recurrent worldwide. Assessing the response of phytoplankton – the basis of marine food webs – at the early stages of an oil spill and throughout its evolution is crucial to improve our understanding of the impact of oil spills on the marine environment. Field data collected 1, 4, 8 and 18 days after the “Bizerte City” oil spill showed that phytoplankton responded differentially over time. In the short term (1–8 days), picophytoplankton biomass and abundance increased, possibly due to reduced grazing. In contrast, nano- and microphytoplankton biomass decreased, probably owing to inhibited growth of species sensitive to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) – the most toxic components of oil. After 18 days, the dispersal of oil and its decreasing negative effect were accompanied by outbreaks of all size fractions. Accordingly, the phytoplankton size structure shifted throughout the oil exposure level from a prevalence of microphytoplankton after a few days toward picophytoplankton dominance. Oil pollution influenced the species composition and significantly decreased diversity indexes. In the first days, nanophytoplankton was dominated by cryptophyceae (mainly Hillea fusiformis and H. marina ), while microphytoplankton was mostly represented by the pennate diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia , suggesting a better resistance of these genera to oil. Algal recovery after 18 days was associated with high proliferation of nano-sized Chaetoceros and micro-sized Astrionellopsis glacialis diatoms. These results improve our knowledge of the impact of oil pollution on coastal phytoplankton communities and reinforce the idea of using them as bio-indicators.
Maritim medisinsk historie sett fra Norge retter blikket spesielt mot sjøfolkene og deres helse. Havet og skipsfarten har vært og er fortsatt av stor betydning for hver og en av oss og det norske samfunn. Sjøfolkenes helse, trivsel og yrkesrisiko er en viktig del av dette. Denne boken beskriver sjøfolkenes, næringens, myndighetenes, legenes og de mange engasjerte ildsjelers innsats for å sikre helse om bord i norske skip. Denne historien er aldri beskrevet i sin helhet tidligere.
https://www.michaeljournal.no/asset/pdf/1000/supplements/2020-25/Michael-2020-06-Suppl-25.pdf
