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Comparison of the POSHA-Cl (from cluttering only plus cluttering part of cluttering–stuttering sample) and the POSHA-S (from stuttering only plus stuttering part of cluttering–stuttering sample) for Puerto Rican respondents relative to previous highest, lowest and median sample means of POSHA-S comparisons for stuttering.
Source publication
Purpose
The study sought to compare public attitudes toward cluttering versus stuttering in Norway and Puerto Rico and to compare respondents’ identification of persons known with these fluency disorders.
Method
After reading lay definitions of cluttering and stuttering, three samples of adults from Norway and three from Puerto Rico rated their at...
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Citations
... Aufgrund der eigenen Betroffenheit berichtet der Autor zum Beispiel, dass polternde Personen von anderen Menschen zwar als enthusiastisch und energetisch wahrgenommen werden, aber auch, dass sie als chaotisch, seltsam, nervös oder unsicher gelten. In einer der wenigen Studien in diesem Bereich wurde festgestellt, dass Einstellungen der Bevölkerung aus Norwegen und Puerto Rico gegenüber Poltern vergleichbar negativ beziehungsweise negativer ausfallen als gegenüber Stottern (St Louis et al., 2014). In einer Befragung von Zuhörenden, die Audio-Aufnahmen von polternden Personen bewerten sollten, wurde festgestellt, dass diese das Sprechen als schwer verständlich einstuften und Schwierigkeiten hatten, die Kernaussagen der einzelnen Aufnahmen zu erfassen (Scaler Scott et al., 2022). ...
Auf das gesamte Buch kann über folgende DOI zugegriffen werden: http://dx.doi.org/10.17877/DE290R-23124.2
... les permit estimates of the relative positivity or negativity of our sample means to an empirically-based standard (the median of all of previous sample means in order to minimize influences of outlier samples). The POSHA-S has been translated into 30 languages and used in 48 countries, maintaining its validity and reliability over diverse samples (St. Louis & Sønsterud, 2014;St. Louis et al., 2008). The POSHA-S data collected from previous studies (circa May 1, 2021, 206 samples contained 16,461 adults) has been archived in an online database, and the cultural differences in stuttering attitudes have been extensively discussed in the literature. To ensure the readability and accessibility of the original (En ...
Purpose
This study aims to: (a) measure public attitudes toward stuttering in Malaysia using the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attitudes-Stuttering [POSHA-S], (b) determine how reported attitudes and knowledge related to stuttering compare to existing data, and (c) determine whether there are differences between groups for identified variables.
Method
A total of 250 adults (mean age = 29 years; range = 19–60 years) completed the POSHA–S in English. We compared this sample's attitudes toward stuttering to POSHA-S data from other global samples. General linear modeling examined differences in overall stuttering score, beliefs, and self reaction subscores for demographic variables such as age, gender, marital status, parenting, education, employment status, prior exposure to a person who stutters, multilingual, race, and religion.
Results
The Malaysian participants’ overall stuttering score and the beliefs and self reactions subscores were all considerably lower (i.e., less positive) than the other samples around the world from the POSHA-S database median values. Being male, receiving a higher education, and knowing someone who stutters were linked to having more positive self reactions, but none of those factors was linked to positive or negative beliefs. Those who had previously been exposed to stuttering scored significantly higher than those who had not.
Conclusion
Malaysians may have less positive attitudes toward stuttering than Westerners. More needs to be done to make society more accepting of people who stutter. Future research should aim to find ways to educate and to raise public awareness about stuttering.
... The comparisons from Turkey, Russia, Bulgaria, and the USA are from . The comparisons from Norway and Puerto Rico are from St. Louis, Sønsterud et al. (2014). "Cl" refers to "cluttering" and "St" refers to "stuttering.". a Respondents filled out both the POSHA-S and POSHA-Cl in counterbalanced orders. b Respondents filled out only the POSHA-S or POSHA-Cl. * Statistically significant difference t test at p ≤ .05. ** Statistically significant difference t test with Bonferroni corrected alpha l ...
... irical studies to document attitudes of the public and professionals towards cluttering. They have consistently documented negative beliefs and reactions toward the disorder in Malta (Farrugia, 2017); Russia (Filatova, Antipova, & St. Louis, 2018); China (Filatova, Song, & St. Louis, 2018); US, Turkey, Russia, and Bulgaria ; Norway and Puerto Rico (St. Louis, Sønsterud, Carlo, Heitmann, & Kvenseth, 2014); and the UK and Poland (Węsierska & St. Louis, 2016b, 2018. Studies that compared attitudes in the same respondents found that cluttering attitudes were remarkably similar to, but slightly less positive than, those for stuttering. To be certain that stuttering attitudes were not in essence determining cluttering attitudes, the St. Louis ...
... n, & Kvenseth, 2014); and the UK and Poland (Węsierska & St. Louis, 2016b, 2018. Studies that compared attitudes in the same respondents found that cluttering attitudes were remarkably similar to, but slightly less positive than, those for stuttering. To be certain that stuttering attitudes were not in essence determining cluttering attitudes, the St. Louis, Sønsterud et al. (2014) study compared cluttering and stuttering attitudes in both Norway and Puerto Rico when respondents were presented with a measure for cluttering attitudes only, stuttering attitudes only, or both. The same results obtained for each fluency disorder, indicating clearly that attitudes toward cluttering and stuttering, although similar, are ...
Purpose
This quasi-experimental design study in Poland explored the extent to which attitudes toward cluttering of university students could be changed or improved after a series of activities dedicated to attaining deeper recognition of problems associated with fluency disorders.
Method
University students were assigned to either an Experimental or a Control group, with 39 in each (total = 78). They all completed the Polish version of the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Cluttering (POSHA–Cl) on two occasions up to eight weeks apart.
Participants in the Experimental group attended the following intervention activities: watching and discussing an educational video on cluttering, participating in a workshop on the nature of cluttering, and watching and discussing a documentary on the life experiences of people struggling with fluency disorders. The Experimental group also filled out an open-ended questionnaire at the end of the study.
Results
Pre-intervention comparisons indicated that participants assigned to either of the Experimental or Control groups differed significantly on 2 of the 15 summary ratings (13%) of their pre-POSHA–Cl attitudes toward cluttering. For the Experimental group, the intervention resulted in significant positive changes in cluttering attitudes on 8 of the 15 summary ratings (53%). In contrast, pre- and post- POSHA–Cl scores for the Control group were essentially unchanged (0 of 15 ratings).
Conclusions
This quasi-experimental study demonstrated that it is possible to positively modify the cluttering attitudes of university students. This has implications for the length, content, and experiential components of interventions designed to improve public attitudes toward fluency disorders.
... ic attitudes, cultural differences between countries or ethnicities should be considered. In the studies reported in the late twentieth or early twenty-first centuries, there has been frequent discussion of the differences between "Western regions" (e.g., North America, Western Europe, or Australia; Przepiorka, Blachnio, St. Louis, & Wozniak, 2013;St. Louis, Sønsterud, Carlo, Heitmann, & Kvenseth, 2014;St. Louis, Weidner, Gabel, Hughes, & Coleman, 2014) and "non-Western regions" such as China, Hong Kong, Kuwait, South Africa, or Turkey (Abdalla & St. Louis, 2014;Abrahams, Harty, St Louis, Thabane, & Kathard, 2016;Ip, St. Louis, Myers, & Xue, 2012;Ö zdemir, Louis, & Topbaş, 2011). Asian countries might hold different beliefs and attitud ...
Purpose: Negative attitudes toward stuttering by people in their work roles have been previously reported. These attitudes could differ depending on whether or not someone knows a person or has been in contact with a person who stutters. This study aimed to elucidate public attitudes toward people who stutter at work.
Methods: A web-based questionnaire survey of 730 adults drawn from the general public throughout Japan was conducted. It gathered information on respondents’ demographics, contact experience with people who stutter, knowledge of stuttering, and attitudes and experiences toward stuttering at work, using a Likert-type scale. To investigate the factors associated with their attitudes and experiences toward stuttering at work, respondents’ demographic information and contact experience were entered into a multivariable model using ordinal logistic regression analysis.
Results: We analyzed the data of 671 respondents, of whom 77.2% were company employees; 41.3% knew a person who stutters at their workplace, among their friends, and/or in their family, and 34.7% had been in the position of hiring any individual. Respondents perceived the employment of people who stutter to be somewhat positive overall. Regression analysis revealed that only the factor of workplace contact experience to be significantly positively associated with the respondents’ attitudes toward stuttering. That is, knowing a person who stutters in one’s workplace was significantly associated with more positive attitudes.
Conclusion: Previous studies have reported widespread negative public attitudes toward stuttering. Our results can supplement this literature, especially regarding attitudes in the workplace. Our findings suggest that the main factor that is associated with people’s positive attitudes is their contact experience with people who stutter in their workplace.
... This undertaking has permitted the identification of variables that are particularly influential on stuttering attitudes, which has led to collective efforts to improve public attitudes [4]. Even though reports of stigmatizing attitudes are ubiquitous [5][6][7][8][9], several cross-cultural studies have pointed to notable between country differences. In a seminal text on the topic, St. Louis [10] advanced the probable effect of one's geography and/or culture on stuttering attitudes, with better attitudes among persons from North America and Western Europe, followed by Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. ...
... ion of social anxiety in western cultures where it is defined, among other features, as a fear of negative evaluation by others, Taijin kyofusho can be defined as concern about doing something that might offend or embarrass the other person (Stein, 2009). However, despite the fact that attitudes and beliefs toward stuttering differ across cultures (St. Louis, Sønsterud, Carlo, Heitmann, & Kvenseth, 2014), it is also true that cultural aspects of social anxiety among people who stutter are yet to be explored in a systematic manner. ...
Purpose
Adults who stutter (AWS) often develop social anxiety disorder. This study was to provide comparative data on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Japanese version (LSAS-J) from AWS and non-stuttering adult controls.
Methods
LSAS-J, a 24-item self-reported survey of social phobia and avoidance across various daily situations, was administered to 130 AWS (Mean Age = 41.5 years, SD = 15.8, 111 males) and 114 non-stuttering adults (Mean Age = 39.5, SD = 14.9, 53 males). The test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the LSAS-J were assessed. A between-subject multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was also conducted to determine whether attitude toward social anxiety differed between AWS and AWNS, or by age (<40 and ≥ 40 years old), or sex (female and male).
Results
AWS reported higher scores on both fear subscales of the LSAS-J. Age had no significant influence on the social anxiety levels reported by either participant group. Sex differences were found in the fear subscales, with females scoring higher on both fear subscales, although these were only marginally significant (p = .06). LSAS-J showed good test-retest reliability and high Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, indicating that it is an internally consistent measure of attitudes about social anxiety.
Conclusion
Given the similarly high incidence of social anxiety in adults in Japan who stutter compared with those in other countries, social anxiety should be identified and assessed during clinical decision making and before decisions are made about stuttering treatment. LSAS-J is an easy tool to administer, and showed reliable results of social phobia and avoidance for AWS.
... This undertaking has permitted the identification of variables that are particularly influential on stuttering attitudes, which has led to collective efforts to improve public attitudes [4]. Even though reports of stigmatizing attitudes are ubiquitous [5][6][7][8][9], several cross-cultural studies have pointed to notable between country differences. In a seminal text on the topic, St. Louis [10] advanced the probable effect of one's geography and/or culture on stuttering attitudes, with better attitudes among persons from North America and Western Europe, followed by Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. ...
Purpose: A growing body of research has addressed children’s stuttering attitudes between
preschool and upper elementary school. Attitudes among preschoolers and kindergarteners
have been reported to be much lower that fifth graders’ attitudes, at which time children’s
attitudes seemingly converge with their parents’ attitudes. It has been suggested these observed changes align with children’s social and cognitive development and are resistant to
the influence of other variables, such as their culture. The purposes of this study were (a) to
extend cultural examinations of children’s stuttering attitudes in a sample of kindergarteners
through sixth graders in Bosnia & Herzegovina (B&H), and (b) to compare their attitudes
with their parents’ attitudes.
Methods: One hundred eighty-six child-parent pairs from B&H completed translated versions of the child and adult Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHAS/Child and POSHA-S). Four child cohorts were examined: (a) kindergarteners, (b) first and
second graders, (c) third and fourth graders, and (d) fifth and sixth graders.
Results: Children’s stuttering attitudes improved with age, with the youngest cohort holding
the most negative attitudes. Parents held consistently more positive attitudes than the children overall, but the oldest children’s attitudes were quite similar to the parent group.
Conclusions: Confirming previous research, children’s stuttering attitudes progressively improved with age and approached the attitudes of their parents by fifth and sixth grade.
Keywords: Stuttering, Attitudes, Children, Parents, POSHA-S/Child, POSHA-S, Bosnia &
Herzegovina
... Previous research in nine different countries have compared public attitudes toward cluttering to public attitudes toward stuttering (Farrugia & Agius, personal communication, 2017;St. Louis et al., 2010St. Louis, Sønsterud, Carlo, Heitmann, & Kvenseth, 2014;Węsierska, Myszka, Płusajska-Otto, & St. Louis, 2015;Węsierska & St. Louis, 2016). One of the nine countries in the first four-country investigation was Russia wherein experimental versions of the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-1 2 3 1 2 3 5/03/2020 10:29 Stuttering and Cluttering Attitudes of Beginning SLP Students, Education ...
... Subsequently, a shorter, more user-friendly version of the POSHA-S with a simplified rating scale was finalized ) and a parallel POSHA-Cl was developed. With the revised versions, Louis et al. (2014) explored attitudes toward the two fluency disorders both separately and together in the same surveys and confirmed in both countries that attitudes toward cluttering are independent of attitudes toward stuttering. Based on more positive attitudes toward cluttering of speech-language pathology (SLP) students compared to the general public from Poland and the UK (Węsierska et al, 2015;Węsierska & St. Louis, 2016), the need exists to extend those findings to Russia. ...
... for both POSHAs. It should be noted that ratings for some items, e.g., believing that ghosts, demons, or spirits cause stuttering or cluttering, are inverted so that, consistently, higher POSHA-S or POSHA-Cl scores reflect more positive attitudes. In this example, a "No" would reflect a positive belief. It is important to point out that, as noted, St. Louis et al. (2014) showed clearly that stuttering and cluttering attitudes, obtained independently from different respondents in two countries, were virtually the same as those obtained for both fluency disorders by the same respondents. ...
This study compared attitudes toward stuttering and cluttering among speech-language pathology (SLP) students before training in fluency disorders with education students and the general public in Russia using the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes (POSHA). Attitudes toward cluttering were similar to stuttering attitudes; however, cluttering attitudes were consistently less positive. University students planning to become SLPs had more positive cluttering and stuttering attitudes than students planning to become primary school teachers. Education students' attitudes were very similar to public attitudes. From other questions about who they knew with fluency disorders, all three groups identified more stuttering persons than cluttering persons whom they knew, and all identified more adults than children for both fluency disorders.
... In a subsequent study, St. Louis, Sonsterud, et al., (2014) examined public attitudes towards cluttering and stuttering in two populations using the POSHA-S, as well as the cluttering version, the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes -Cluttering (POSHA-CL). Respondents' attitudes were similar toward both disorders, though slightly less positive for cluttering than for stuttering (St. Louis, ...
... c attitudes towards cluttering and stuttering in two populations using the POSHA-S, as well as the cluttering version, the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes -Cluttering (POSHA-CL). Respondents' attitudes were similar toward both disorders, though slightly less positive for cluttering than for stuttering (St. Louis, Prezeiorka, et al., 2014;St. Louis, Sonsterud, et al., 2014). However, the authors recommended that future researchers provide exemplars of actual cluttering speakers, as has been done in some prior studies (e.g., Lake, Blanchet, Levonyan Radloff, & Klonsky, 2009;Wenker, Wegener, & Hart, 1996). ...
Purpose
The aim of this study was to compare perceptions of cluttering of undergraduate Communication Sciences and Disorders majors with perceptions of non-majors.
Method
A total of 79 undergraduate students served as participants; 37 students were Communications Sciences and Disorders majors enrolled in an introductory-level course. The other 42 students were recruited from nutrition courses in the Department of Family and Consumer Sciences. All students were provided with a written definition of cluttering and also viewed a short segment of an educational video. Students then rated a person who clutters on a variety of speech skills and personality scales.
Results
Results revealed that the Communication Sciences and Disorders students rated a person who clutters as exhibiting a significantly more inappropriate speech rate than did the Family and Consumer Sciences majors. However, results revealed no significant group differences in ratings of any personality traits.
Conclusions
Findings do not support the presence of relatively positive perceptions of cluttering among Communication Sciences and Disorders majors, at least not prior to coursework or clinical training. Further research is needed to replicate these findings with larger sample sizes, and to assess attitudes of these students before and after coursework and/or clinical training in fluency disorders.
... Louis, Sønsterud, et al. (2016) reported a study of European country attitudes that involved combining data from eight different studies of public attitudes. It showed that attitudes varied across countries, with the most positive attitudes being demonstrated in a combined sample from Norway and Sweden with an OSS of 34 (Nillson & Wetterling, 2013;St. Louis, Sønsterud, Carlo, Heitmann, & Kvenseth, 2014), followed next by the same OSS (23) from a sample from Bosnia-Herzegovina and a combined sample from Ireland and England (Daly & Leahy, 2014;Tyrrell, 2009;Węsierska & St. Louis, 2014), then by a sample from Germany (OSS = 15) (Theiling, 2013), and finally with the least positive attitudes from Italy (OSS = −3) (Tomaiuloi, Del Gado, Capp ...
Background:
Negative public attitudes toward stuttering have been widely reported, although differences among countries and regions exist. Clear reasons for these differences remain obscure.
Purpose:
Published research is unavailable on public attitudes toward stuttering in Portugal as well as a representative sample that explores stuttering attitudes in an entire country. This study sought to (a) determine the feasibility of a country-wide probability sampling scheme to measure public stuttering attitudes in Portugal using a standard instrument (the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering [POSHA-S]) and (b) identify demographic variables that predict Portuguese attitudes.
Methods:
The POSHA-S was translated to European Portuguese through a five-step process. Thereafter, a local administrative office-based, three-stage, cluster, probability sampling scheme was carried out to obtain 311 adult respondents who filled out the questionnaire.
Results:
The Portuguese population held stuttering attitudes that were generally within the average range of those observed from numerous previous POSHA-S samples. Demographic variables that predicted more versus less positive stuttering attitudes were respondents' age, region of the country, years of school completed, working situation, and number of languages spoken. Non-predicting variables were respondents' sex, marital status, and parental status.
Conclusion:
A local administrative office-based, probability sampling scheme generated a respondent profile similar to census data and indicated that Portuguese attitudes are generally typical.
