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Comparison of the JND/DDL of the CRT and LCD displays versus a histogram constructed by averaging the AP and lateral views of both female and male patients. Note that the LCD enjoys an advantage in all areas of significant image information.
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The efficacy of two medical-grade, self-calibrating, gray scale displays were compared with regard to impact on sensitivity and specificity for the detection of interstitial lung disease (ILD) on computed radiographs (CR). The displays were a 5-megapixel (MP) cathode ray tube (CRT) device and a 3-MP liquid crystal display (LCD). A sample consisting...
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Liquid crystal displays (LCD) are rapidly replacing traditional cathode ray tubes (CRT) as a more effective option. Due to the steady increase in LCDs since the mid 1990s, a significant and ever rising amount of disposed LCD is to be expected in the following years. The WEEE Directive, the result of a rising concern about environmental and health r...
Smart city is an integrated part of any digitisation effort at country level. One of the major components of the concept of Smart city implicate paper free nation that involves employing digital form of information dissemination and display. The important factor that influences the use of displays, which forms an important constituent of digital In...
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... Furthermore, Uematsu and Kasami [21] showed that soft-copy reading of a digital mammography of mass with 3 megapixel LCD monitors was similar in diagnostic performance to 5 megapixel CRT monitors and 3 megapixel LCD monitors can replace 5 megapixel CRT monitors without any loss in the ability to diagnose digital mammograms. Some other reports are also congruent with the above results of our study [6,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Therefore, we believe that the results are generally applicable. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of monochrome liquid crystal displays (LCDs) with different resolutions on observer performance during detection of small solitary pulmonary nodules.
Chest images of digital radiography were selected online from the hospital's picture archiving and communication system. Of the 164 images selected, small solitary non-calcified pulmonary nodules were present in 63 images and absent in 101 images. Observer performance was assessed among 3 extremely experienced, 3 very experienced and 3 moderately experienced radiologists, who independently interpreted these images on 2, 3 and 5 megapixel greyscale LCDs. A five-point confidence level rating scale was used to represent the presence of nodules: definite absence, probable absence, indetermination, probable presence and definite presence. The observers were requested to rank each image on the given display according to the presence of the pulmonary nodule. Observer performance was analysed in terms of receiver operating characteristics (ROCs).
The areas under the ROC curves which represented the observer performance for the 2, 3 and 5 megapixel LCDs were found to be 0.705, 0.722 and 0.764, respectively, for the extremely experienced radiologists; 0.687, 0.712 and 0.721, respectively, for the very experienced radiologists; and 0.689, 0.696 and 0.711, respectively, for the moderately experienced radiologists. These differences were not statistically significant.
The observer performances for detection of small solitary non-calcified pulmonary nodules by radiologists with varying degrees of experience were comparable between the 2, 3 and 5 megapixel monochrome LCDs.
... Compared with CRT displays, LCD monitors have many advantages including excellent spatial resolution, a high uniformity, relative absence of degradation of monitor quality over time, virtual elimination of veiling glare, lack of a peripheral image distortion and reduction of reflection associated with ambient light [3][4][5]. Several investigators have tried to evaluate the performance of LCD monitors and determine its efficacy in comparison with those of high resolution CRT monitors [1,[4][5][6][7]. However, studies already conducted have focused on comparisons between 3-megapixel LCD monitors and 5megapixel CRT displays with respect to performance for the detection of catheter [1], simulated chest lesions [4], pulmonary nodules [5], and interstitial lung disease [6]. ...
... Several investigators have tried to evaluate the performance of LCD monitors and determine its efficacy in comparison with those of high resolution CRT monitors [1,[4][5][6][7]. However, studies already conducted have focused on comparisons between 3-megapixel LCD monitors and 5megapixel CRT displays with respect to performance for the detection of catheter [1], simulated chest lesions [4], pulmonary nodules [5], and interstitial lung disease [6]. Few studies have been conducted on the diagnostic performance for detection of abnormalities on chest radiographs using 5-megapixel grayscale LCD monitors compared with 5-megapixel CRT monitors. ...
... Most prior studies were performed under conditions of subdued ambient light considered as ideal room illuminance in the radiology reading room [4][5][6]8]. However, clinicians using workstations in emergency rooms, clinical wards and intensive care units are often called upon to provide critical care decisions in advance of the radiologists' report. ...
The purpose of this study is to compare observer performance for detection of abnormalities on chest radiographs with 5-megapixel resolution liquid-crystal displays (LCD) and 5-megapixel resolution cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors under bright and subdued ambient light conditions. Six radiologists reviewed a total of 254 digital chest radiographs under four different conditions with a combination of two types of monitors (a 5-megapixel resolution LCD and a 5-megapixel resolution CRT monitor) and with two types of ambient light (460 and 50 lux). The abnormalities analyzed were nodules, pneumothorax and interstitial lung disease. For each reader, the detection performance using 5-megapixel LCD and 5-megapixel CRT monitors under bright and subdued ambient light conditions were compared using multi-case and multi-modality ROC analysis. For each type of ambient light, the average detection performance with the two types of monitors was also compared. For each reader, the observer performance of 5-megapixel LCD and 5-megapixel CRT monitors, under both bright and subdued ambient light conditions, showed no significant statistical differences for detecting nodules, pneumothorax and interstitial lung disease. In addition, there was no significant statistical difference in the average performance when the two monitor displays, under both bright and subdued ambient light conditions, were compared.
... Thus, if the entire image is placed on the screen, the image must be represented without all of its fine details (this is known as down sampling). However, a monitor resolution greater than 2-3 megapixels has not been shown to improve interpretation speed or accuracy for conventional radiographs (6). Results of recent work (7,8) suggest that the lower resolutions acceptable for cross-sectional images may be diagnostically sufficient for conventional radiographs, although interpretation may take longer on a low-resolution monitor. ...
Imaging informatics is a distinct subspecialty of radiology that endeavors to improve the efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of radiologic services within the medical enterprise. Although picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are a major focus of imaging informatics, there are many other ways in which technology can improve the efficiency of individual radiologists and of the entire department. Understanding informatics principles is important because these principles affect major purchase decisions, not only for PACS but also for other supporting software and for modalities themselves. This review, which is the first of two parts, will focus on PACS and its parts and on supporting software for PACS.
... Liquid crystal display (LCD) is now widely used as a replacement for cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors in clinical soft-copy reading. [1][2][3][4] However, observer performance of monitor diagnosis is affected by several factors such as monitor brightness and room lighting. 5,9) In addition, the characteristics of LCD, such as viewing angle dependence on image contrast, are quite different from those of CRT, and the best reading environment for LCD may not be the same as that for CRT. ...
... 7,8) Similarly, luminance changes in a CRT monitor can cause a deterioration in the detection of pulmonary nodules. 7,8) However, in reports evaluating diagnostic performance, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] when the objects were not homogenous, the effect of differences in the experimental design on the results was unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used traditional contrast-detail methods to evaluate the infl uence of monitor brightness and For LCD, (-) = without protective cover; (+) = with protective cover. ...
... In comparisons of CRT with LCD, several reports have suggested that LCD exhibits a diagnostic performance equal to or better than CRT. [1][2][3][4] Our results revealed that LCD provided better visualization than CRT for low-contrast target independent of monitor brightness and room illumination. This could be explained by the fact that the modulation transfer function (MTF) of LCD is superior to that of CRT under the same matrix resolution. ...
The influence of monitor brightness and room illumination on soft-copy diagnosis by both cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor and liquid crystal display (LCD) was evaluated and compared using a contrast-detail phantom. Nine observers (7 radiologists and 2 radiological technicians) interpreted six types of electronically generated contrast-detail phantom images using a 21-inch CRT (2,048x2,560) and a 21-inch LCD (2,048x2,560) under 6 kinds of viewing conditions, i.e. monitor brightness of 330 cd/m2 or 450 cd/m2, and room illumination of 20, 100 or 420 lux at the center of the display. Observers were requested to determine the visible borderline of the objects. Between 330 cd/m2 and 450 cd/m2, no significant difference in the visible area was found under any of the three lighting conditions. However, in two low-contrast phantom images, the visible area on the LCD was significantly larger than that on the CRT, independent of both monitor brightness and room illumination. (p<0.05). The effect of room illumination was not significant, suggesting that the use of LCD at high room illumination is acceptable.
We have accessed the influence of liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors on the detectability of nodular lesions and subtle pulmonary diseases depicted on chest radiographs by comparing them with a high-resolution cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor. As a result of our study, the detectability of nodular lesions and subtle pulmonary disease on the LCD monitors with a spatial resolution equal to or higher than a matrix size of 1024×1280 was found to be equivalent to that on the high-resolution CRT monitor.
In 2003, the Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine (SIIM) recognized the problem of rapidly increasing number of images in a radiology study as well as the growing number of studies per patient and the increasing number of patients. This produces a developing issue for radiologists, there was simply no way to efficiently manage the number of images that were produced per day with the available tools. SIIM members organized to help encourage research and development in areas that would transform the radiological interpretation process and trademarked the initiative TRIP™. Since the initiative was started, technology and development has advanced, but has it solved the problem? This paper reviews the literature published in the Journal of Digital Imaging from 2003 until now and analyzes the advances that have been made and what still needs to be done.
This study reports an incidental finding from a larger work. It examines the relationship between spatial resolution and nodule detection for chest radiographs. Twelve examining radiologists with the American Board of Radiology read thirty chest radiographs in two conditions - full (1500 × 1500 pixel) resolution, and 300 × 300 pixel resolution linearly interpolated to 1500 × 1500 pixels. All images were surrounded by a 10-pixel sharp grey border to aid in focussing the observer's eye when viewing the comparatively unsharp interpolated images. Fifteen of the images contained a single simulated pulmonary nodule. Observers were asked to rate their confidence that a nodule was present on each radiograph on a scale of 1 (least confidence, certain no lesion is present) to 6 (most confidence, certain a lesion was present). All other abnormalities were to be ignored. No windowing, levelling or magnification of the images was permitted and viewing distance was constrained to approximately 70cm. Images were displayed on a 3 megapixel greyscale monitor. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to the results of the readings using the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz multiplereader, multiple-case method. No statistically significant differences were found with either readers and cases treated as random or with cases treated as fixed. Low spatial frequency information appears to be sufficient for the detection of chest lesion of the type used in this study. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of radiologists using monochrome medical-grade 5 megapixel (MP), 3 MP, 2 MP, and 1 MP displays for the detection of cervical fractures on cervical radiographs, while controlling factors such as luminance and ambient conditions.
Institutional review board approval was obtained. Two hundred lateral cervical computed radiography images, 97 with fractures, were randomly displayed on 5-MP, 3-MP, 2-MP, or 1-MP liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for a total of 450 interpretations per display. These radiographs were presented in eight sessions, each with 25 radiographs, to nine readers. The reference standard for all cases was computed tomography. Ambient lighting, monitor luminance, and gamma were controlled throughout the study. Measures included receiver operator characteristic areas under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, mean elapsed time by display, and mean confidence level by display. One way analysis of variance was performed. Results were considered to be significant at an alpha level of 0.05.
AUCs were 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72-0.80) for the 1 MP, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.76-0.84) for the 2 MP, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.73-0.81) for the 3 MP, and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72-0.80) for the 5 MP medical grade LCDs. There was no significant difference in the AUCs (P values between .0651 and .8693), confidence (P = .158), or interpretation times (P = .751).
When controlling factors such as luminance and ambient light, a difference in accuracy in the detection of cervical fractures by resolution could not be detected when using medical-grade displays. Interpretation time and confidence were also not affected by resolution.
Nine observers reviewed a previously assembled library of 320 chest computed radiography (CR) images. Observers participated in four sessions, reading a different 1/4 of the sample on each of four liquid crystal displays: a 2-megapixel (MP) consumer color display, a 2-MP business color display, a 2-MP medical-grade gray display, and a 3-MP gray display. Each display was calibrated according to the DICOM Part 14 standard. The viewing application required observer login, then randomized the order of the subsample seen on the display, and timed the responses of the observer to render a 1–5 judgment on the absence or presence of ILD on chest CRs. Selections of 1–2 were considered negative, 3 was indeterminate, and 4–5 were positive. The order of viewing sessions was also randomized for each observer. The experiment was conducted under controlled lighting, temperature, and sound conditions to mimic conditions typically found in a patient examination room. Lighting was indirect, and illuminance at the display face was 195 ± 8% lux and was monitored over the course of the experiment. The average observer sensitivity for the 2 MP color consumer, 2 MP business color, 2 MP gray, and 3 MP gray displays were 83.7%, 84.1%, 85.5%, and 86.7%, respectively. The only pairwise significant difference was between the 2-MP consumer color and the 2-MP gray (P = 0.05). Effect of order within a session was not signitfficant (P = 0.21): period 1 (84.3%), period 2 (86.2%), period 3 (85.4%), period 4 (84.1%). Observer specificity for the various displays was not statistically significant (P = 0.21). Finally, a timing analysis showed no significant difference between the displays for the user group (P = 0.13), ranging from 5.3 s (2 MP color business) to 5.9 s (3 MP Gray). There was, however, a reduction in time over the study that was significant (P
