Fig 3 - uploaded by William L Bauerle
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Comparison of six bermudagrass cultivars in volumetric soil water content with data from each treatment (daily, 5-d, 10-d, and 15-d irrigation intervals) pooled together. Mean data points followed by the same letter are not signifi cantly different at Fisher's least signifi cant difference test at P ≤ 0.05. SWI = 'SWI-1012', AC = 'Arizona Common', TN3 = 'Tift.No3', TS = 'Tifsport', AG = 'Aussie Green', CN = 'Celebration' (1 cm 3 = 0.0610 inch 3 ).
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A 2-year greenhouse study was conducted at Clemson University, Clemson, S.C., in 2003 and 2004 to determine drought responses of six bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) cultivars at four irrigation intervals. Cultivars selected from the 2002 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program Bermudagrass Trial were 'SWI-1012', 'Arizona Common', 'Tift No.3', 'Tifsport',...
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Irrigation for commercial and residential turf is becoming limiting, and water scarcity is one of the long-term challenges facing the turfgrass industry. Potential root development and profile characteristics of turfgrass provide important information regarding their drought resistance mechanisms and developing drought-resistant cultivars. The obje...
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Fourteen (14) Arizona accessions and 7 Colorado accessions of Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), collected from Arizona and Colorado and 1 Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), cultivar Midiron (check), were studied in a greenhouse to evaluate their growth responses in terms of shoot dry weights and percentage of visual green under drought stress condition...
Municipal water restrictions have become commonplace throughout much of the southern United States. The objectives of this 2-yr study were to (i) determine supplemental irrigation requirements necessary for achieving acceptable quality in 15 zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella) and bermudagrass (Cynodon ssp.) cultivars when managed und...
Citations
... Tifway was ranked in the top statistical group regarding the number of days that it took LGC to drop to 75%, 50%, and 25%. A greenhouse study conducted by Baldwin et al. (2006) found that after 4 weeks of different irrigation intervals, there were no statistical differences on TQ among the Celebration, 'Arizona Common', Tift No. 3, 'TifSport', 'Aussie Green', and SWI-1012 at 5-and 15-d watering intervals. However, 'Arizona Common' had lower TQ after 4 weeks of treatment at 10-day watering intervals. ...
Bermudagrass ( Cynodon sp.) is one of the most commonly used warm-season turfgrasses in the southern areas and transition zone of the United States. Due to the increasing demand for water resources and periodic drought, it is important to improve the drought resistance of bermudagrass for water savings and persistence under drought stress. This study was conducted to determine whether experimental bermudagrass genotypes have improved drought resistance compared with the standard cultivars Tifway and Riley’s Super Sport (Celebration ® ) at Stillwater, OK. The trials were designed as randomized complete blocks with four replications in Expt. I and three replications in Expt. II. In each experiment, genotypes were subjected to progressive acute drought conditions using polyethylene waterproof tarps to exclude precipitation over a period of at least 72 d. Bermudagrass entries were evaluated for turfgrass quality, leaf firing, normalized difference vegetation index, and live green cover at least once each week during the dry-down. Substantial drought response variations were found in this study, and all parameters were positively and highly correlated. A turf performance index (TPI) was assembled based on the number of times an entry ranked in the top statistical group across all testing parameters on each date. ‘DT-1’ (TifTuf ® ) and OSU1221 had the top TPI in both experiments. Most of bermudagrass experimental genotypes had equal or greater TPI than the standard Tifway, showing improved drought resistance through breeding effects. The identification of superior drought resistance experimental genotypes provided useful information to breeders on cultivar release.
... The time taken for Celebration to fall below the minimum acceptable TQ corresponds well with the results reported by Steinke et al. (2011). Celebration had exhibited superior drought resistance by increasing root length when irrigation was withheld for a longer interval (Baldwin et al., 2006). Also, by taking a longer time to reach a 50% green cover, it showed higher drought resistance (Thapa, 2011). ...
Fresh water scarcity is increasingly affecting urban landscapes, and the best strategy for sustaining the turfgrass industry would be to create, select, and use drought‐resistant genotypes. Bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) have different mechanisms to survive drought stress either by growing long roots, stomatal regulation, or accumulating biochemical solutes in the leaf. The drought response of 10 bermudagrasses was evaluated under two environments: (a) unrestricted root zone in the field and (b) restricted 17‐cm root zone in a greenhouse. Each study consisted of four commercially available (‘Latitude 36’, ‘Tifway’, ‘TifTuf’, and ‘Celebration’) and six experimental genotypes (OSU1337, OSU1403, OSU1439, TifB16101, TifB16113, and TifB16120). In the field study, all the genotypes survived the 60‐ and 49‐d dry‐down periods in 2017 and 2018, respectively, without completely browning off. Results showed a range of drought performance among genotypes, with TifTuf and Latitude 36 being the best‐ and worst‐performing industry standards, respectively. TifB16101, TifB16120, and TifB16113 were consistently the top performers with a leaf firing (LF) and turf quality (TQ) above 6, lower canopy temperature (CT), and greater normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values in the field. However, when grown in 17‐cm pots, TifTuf, TifB16113, and TifB16120 demonstrated a TQ below 6 within 6 and 9 days of drought (DOD) in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The discrepancy between studies suggests that these genotypes may have the ability to extract water from deeper soil profiles when root zones are unrestricted. Furthermore, these findings reinforce the importance of soil depth in maintaining turfgrasses without supplemental irrigation.
... In this study, the effect of drought stress on the Gobi Bermudagrass variety was studied. As multiple studies (Aydinsakir et al., 2014;Baldwin et al., 2006;Zhou et al., 2013;Carrow and Duncan, 2003) reported, drought stress severely affected the turf growth and quality and increased the rate of leaf burn in two different growing conditions were determined. Etemadi et al. (2005) revealed that considerable variations exist among the accessions regarding their drought resistance. ...
Bermudagrass is one of the most commonly used warm-season turfgrasses worldwide. In the present study, the tolerance to drought stress by applying farmyard manure and biological seed coating preparations containing Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium in bermudagrass were assessed. Seeds of Gobi (registered cultivar) were used as plant material. Gobi were planted in 2 different growing media (A = garden soil + river sand + peat, B = garden soil + river sand + farmyard manure). Uncoated grass seeds were sown in the A group growing medium, while coated seeds were sown in the B group growing medium. As the coating material, which is a new generation seed coating preparation containing Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium, was preferred. To create drought stress [T0 (0), T1 (25%), T2 (50%) and T3 (75%)], 4 doses of irrigation regimes were determined. The traits of clipping yield, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, leaf burning and turfgrass quality were all affected by levels of drought stress. However, farmyard manure and seed coating mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress.
... Since the early 1960's, researchers have reported that infrequent irrigation promotes deeper rooting and increased drought resistance in turfgrasses (Madison & Hagan, 1962). Baldwin, Liu, McCarty, Bauerle, and Toler (2006) reported a 78% increase in root dry weight in bermudagrass irrigated every 15 d compared to bermudagrass irrigated daily. In another study conducted during a dry year, creeping bentgrass (Agrosits palustris Huds.) exhibited deeper root systems when irrigated every 4 d compared to plots that were irrigated daily (Jordan et al., 2003). ...
Smart irrigation controllers have demonstrated potential for turfgrass water conservation in humid and temperate environments but have not been comprehensively tested in arid environments. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of a wireless capacitance sensor over a wide soil moisture range and to ascertain if smart irrigation controllers resulted in water savings without reducing quality of tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). A two‐yr study was conducted to compare turfgrass quality, root morphology, and water use of plots irrigated with a constant run time to plots for which irrigation was scheduled using soil moisture sensors (SMS), evapotranspiration (ET) [Climate Logic (CL)] controllers, or 80% of historic ET (ET80) for tall fescue and 60% (ET60) for bermudagrass. Sensors accurately tracked soil moisture up to salinity levels of 4 dS m⁻¹. Turf performance and root morphology were not affected by irrigation treatments for either grass. Compared to tall fescue plots irrigated with constant run time, plots irrigated using ET80 and CL required 38% less water, and SMS plots used 44% less than tall fescue. Scheduling bermudagrass irrigation by ET60, CL, and SMS resulted in a 29, 42, and 39% reduction in water applied compared to constant run time. The majority of water savings was in spring and fall. Water requirement for bermudagrass during the summer did not differ between the scheduling treatments. Our study confirms that smart irrigation controllers can be used as an effective measure to conserve water in an arid environment.
... Thatch production was not measured directly on any species, but bermudagrass treatments developed a spongy, softer surface compared with other species under subsurface drip irrigation, which may have contributed to lower VWC. However, previous research has demonstrated greater water depletion from transpiration, which lowered VWC with bermudagrass compared with other turfgrass species under controlled environment conditions or natural field conditions (Baldwin, Liu, McCarty, Bauerle, & Toler, 2006;Fu et al., 2004). No supplemental irrigation was provided following Week 5 in 2017 owing to higher intensity and consistent rainfall (Table 1; Figure 1b). ...
Increased urban populations and drought conditions strain municipal water supplies, often resulting in activation of water conservation plans. Supplemental irrigation can be eliminated in extreme situations, which diminishes functional and visual benefits of turfgrass landscapes. The objective of this research was to evaluate differential responses of four warm‐season turfgrasses receiving supplemental irrigation (subsurface drip) or natural rainfall only in semiarid climate. Celebration bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and Legacy buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] were sodded in 2014; Jamur Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) and Zeon Manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.] were sodded in 2016. Species were split with mowing treatments at 5 or 9 cm. Limited mowing effects on response variables led to pooling mowing heights for species. Supplemental irrigation supplied 69 and 173 mm of water from July to September in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Volumetric water content (VWC) in the upper 3.8 cm, canopy temperature, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and visual turf quality were recorded weekly. Drought stress symptoms were evident both years. Manilagrass experienced greatest drought stress, which lowered NDVI and turf quality with significant canopy temperature increase in 2017. Bermudagrass maintained lowest canopy temperature with greatest NDVI and turf quality with natural rainfall each year. Supplemental irrigation was required to lower canopy temperature and enhance NDVI and turf quality for other species. Results suggest bermudagrass maintains best functional and aesthetic quality under 123 mm rainfall. Japanese lawngrass and buffalograss improved with supplemental irrigation, but Manilagrass required supplemental irrigation to provide acceptable quality.
... (Carrow 1996). Baldwin et al. (2006) reported that the root weight of six well-irrigated bermudagrass cultivars was significantly greater than that of the same cultivars with less irrigation. Leaf wilting is a major visual phenotype caused by drought stress and several other biotic and/or abiotic stresses. ...
... In the same report, he also indicated that the ET rate of well-irrigated bermudagrass is lower than that of less well-irrigated bermudagrass. Consequently, drought tolerance has a direct effect on bermudagrass forage quality (Baldwin et al. 2006). ...
Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) is a common turfgrass found in parks, landscapes, sports fields, and golf courses. It is also grown as a forage crop for animal production in many countries. Consequently, bermudagrass has significant ecological, environmental, and economic importance. Like many other food crops, bermudagrass production also faces challenges from various abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review we will focus on abiotic stresses and their impacts on turfgrass quality and yield. Among the abiotic stresses, drought, salinity and cold stress are known to be the most damaging stresses that can directly affect the production of turfgrass worldwide. In this review, we also discuss the impacts of nutrient supply, cadmium, waterlogging, shade and wear stresses on bermudagrass growth and development. Detailed discussions on abiotic stress effects on bermudagrass morphology, physiology, and gene expressions should benefit our current understanding on molecular mechanisms controlling bermudagrass tolerance against various abiotic stresses. We believe that the rapid development of transcriptomics and proteomics, as well as bermudagrass stable transformation technologies will promote the production of new bermudagrass cultivars with desirable tolerance against abiotic stresses.
... The impacts of irrigation frequency on turfgrass quality for cool and warm-season turfgrasses are summarised in Figure 3. Overall, no major turfgrass quality impact was reported for intervals of up to 4 days. In contrast, when the irrigation interval was longer, the average turfgrass quality declined as irrigation frequency was lower (Baldwin, Liu, McCarty, Bauerle, & Toler, 2006;Fry & Butler, 1989;Peacock & Dudeck, 1984). Both cool and warm-season turfgrasses followed a similar trend of declining turfgrass quality as the interval between irrigation events became longer. ...
... Both cool and warm-season turfgrasses followed a similar trend of declining turfgrass quality as the interval between irrigation events became longer. The differences in turfgrass quality between studies with the same irrigation interval as shown in Figure 3 were caused by different (i) irrigation amounts (Aamlid, Kvalbein, & Pettersen, 2012;Fry & Butler, 1989), (ii) varieties of the same species (Baldwin et al., 2006) and (iii) years of study (Fry & Butler, 1989;Fu & Dernoeden, 2009a;Jordan et al., 2003); this last factor possibly being related to both weather conditions and turf age. ...
... However, those strategies, in addition to promoting deeper root systems, may also lead to a reduction in turfgrass quality. Baldwin et al. (2006) reported that the root biomass of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) was 46%, 61% and 78% greater when irrigated at 5-, 10-and 15-day intervals compared to daily irrigation. ...
In recent years, rising competition for water coupled with new environmental regulations has exerted pressure on water allocations for turfgrass irrigation. In this article, we reviewed published scientific and industry evidence on the agronomic and environmental impacts of turfgrass irrigation using a robust systematic review methodology. Our focus was on the links between (i) irrigation management (amount and frequency), (ii) agronomic responses to irrigation (turf quality, growth rates and rooting) and (iii) environmental impacts (nitrogen leaching). Based on an initial screening of 653 studies and data extracted from 83 papers, our results show that in most cases, under moderate levels of deficit irrigation (50%–60% of actual evapotranspiration), turf quality can be maintained at an acceptable level but with lower water consumption compared to irrigating back to field capacity. Irrigation beyond field capacity was found to increase the risk of nutrient leaching. However, evidence also showed that the concentration and total loss of NO3− in leachate were influenced more by nitrogen (N) rates, soil characteristics, turfgrass species and turfgrass growth rates than by irrigation practices. Our analyses suggest that turfgrass irrigation should be scheduled to apply water at moderate levels of deficit irrigation, sufficient to maintain turfgrass quality but limited to promote a deep and extensive rooting system. The findings provide new insights and valuable evidence for both scientists and practitioners involved in turfgrass research and management.
... The St. Augustinegrass cultivars were studied for their Augustinegrasses survived 60 days drought on shallow soil profile (10 cm). Baldwin et al. (2006) conducted a greenhouse experiment to study drought tolerance of six bermudagrass cultivars. The bermudagrass cultivars used in the study were: 'SWI-1012', 'Arizona Common', 'Tift No. 3', Tifsport, 'Aussie Green', and Celebration. ...
The objective of this study was to identify drought resistant experimental
genotypes or cultivars of four commonly used warm season grasses. Bermudagrass
(Cynodon spps.), zoysiagrass (Zoysia Willd.), St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum
secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) were
used in this study. In this project, drought resistance of the 13 bermudagrass, 13
zoysiagrass, 12 St. Augustinegrass, and 7 seashore paspalum lines were separately
studied by evaluating turf quality, leaf firing, normalized difference vegetation index
(NDVI), and percent green cover (digital image analysis). All of these parameters were
highly correlated. Although lines among the species were not compared, all grasses of the
four species responded within one week of stopping watering. Ratings during the dry
down cycle were collected until all grasses reached 30% green cover. Though all the
grasses were completely leaf fired by 28 days, drought stress was extended up to 90 days.
After 90 days of drought all the grasses were re-watered but no grass species survived.
The performance of experimental genotypes ‘OKC 1302’ (bermudagrass) and ‘UGP 10’
(seashore paspalum) were better than rest of the entries of each species. None of the
experimental genotypes of zoysiagrass and St. Augustinegrass performed better than the
commercial cultivar ‘Zeon’ and ‘Raleigh’ respectively
... It was based on studies that found higher ET rates for turfgrasses with higher fertilizer rates (Devitt et al., 1992;Barton et al., 2009) and positive correlations between ET rates and green leaf area (Barton et al., 2009) and shoot density (Atkins et al., 1991), two of the major components of visual turf quality ratings. A greenhouse study performed in Clemson, SC, found differences among six bermudagrass cultivars in ET rates, turfgrass quality, root weight, and volumetric soil water content during a 6-wk period for irrigation intervals that ranged from daily to every 15 d (Baldwin et al., 2006). The cultivar Celebration was able to maintain higher turfgrass quality for all irrigation intervals than was Arizona common and also had ET rates that were 30% higher when pooled across all irrigation interval treatments. ...
When droughts occur, restrictions on outdoor water use are a frequently used tactic for reducing demand but are not always as effective as desired and can have negative impacts on homeowners and businesses. Our objective was to develop a simulation model for use in comparing irrigation strategies in terms of water usage and changes in turfgrass quality under varying levels of water restriction. Based on data from several experiments, we have developed a model for St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze] and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] that calculates a turfgrass drought index and a turfgrass quality index (TQI) on a daily basis. Turfgrass water demand is modeled as a function of TQI and reference evapotranspiration. Actual turf water uptake depends on plant-available soil water as well as plant demand. Available soil water in the root zone is divided into two pools: an easily available pool and a less readily available pool. Turfgrass quality can increase when there is no drought stress and decline whenever drought stress exceeds a cultivar-specific threshold. We used the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation method to estimate five genetic coefficients for two cultivars of each species. The model was highly successful in predicting the observed values of TQI. Except for a few sample dates, simulated TQI was within the 95% confidence interval of the mean observed TQI. The model appears to respond accurately to both drought and irrigation and to capture species and cultivar differences in drought tolerance. © 2015 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585. Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved.
... Three cultivars of bermudagrass selected for this study were two common bermudagrass cultivars, Celebration and Premier, and a clonally propagated hybrid cultivar developed by Oklahoma State University, Latitude 36. Several researchers have reported that 'Celebration' is a top-performing drought-resistant cultivar with a deep root system, whereas 'Premier' has high visual quality but is a drought-sensitive cultivar (Baldwin et al., 2006;Poudel, 2010;Steinke et al., 2009). 'Latitude 36', tested as OKC1119, was an excellent performer among all cultivars in the 2007 to 2011 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) bermudagrass test and had high turf quality rating (NTEP, 2013). ...
Drought stress is a major limiting factor for warm-season turfgrass growth during the summer in the U.S. transition zone. Genotypic variation in drought resistance exists among bermudagrasses (Cynodon sp.), but the mechanisms of drought resistance are poorly understood. Our objectives were to investigate physiological changes in three bermudagrass cultivars under a well-watered condition and drought stress. to determine expression differences in soluble protein and dehydrin of the three cultivars under well-watered and drought stress conditions, and to identify the association between dehydrin proteins and drought tolerance. Grasses included a high drought-resistant cultivar, Celebration, a low drought-resistant cultivar, Premier, and a newly released cultivar, Latitude 36. In both well-watered and drought treatments, 'Latitude 36' had the highest visual quality and lower or medium electrolyte leakage among three cultivars. In the drought treatment, 16- and 23-kDa dehydrin proteins were observed in 'Latitude 36' but not in 'Celebration' or 'Premier'. Our results indicate that the 16- and 23-kDa dehydrin expressions could be associated with drought tolerance and contribute to drought tolerance in bermudagrass.
