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Comparison of shallow moonquake and intraplate earthquake activity. Modified from Oberst and Nakamura (1992).
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... was operational, it clearly demonstrated that the Moon was seismically active, albeit on a smaller scale than Earth (e.g., Nakamura, 1980;Nakamura et al., 1982). However, the Moon exhibits seismic activity on a similar scale to that of an intraplate setting on Earth (Nakamura, 1980;Goins et al., 1981;Oberst, 1987; Oberst and Nakamura, 1992; see Fig. 2). Four types of lunar seismic events have been defined from the Apollo PSE seismic ...
Context 2
... with distance and >1,700 events representing meteoroid masses between 0.1 and 1,000 kg were recorded between 1969 and 1977 (events generated by smaller impacts were too numerous to be counted - Duennebier and Sutton, 1974b;Duennebier et al., 1975Duennebier et al., , 1976Latham et al., 1978;Oberst andNakamura, 1989, 1991). 4) Shallow moonquakes (Fig. 2) -with inferred focal depths between 50 and 200 km, these are the strongest type of moonquake, with seven of the 28 recorded events being greater than magnitude 5 ( Nakamura et al., 1979: Nakamura, 1980Oberst, 1987;Oberst and Nakamura, ...
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... Some researchers tried to relate them to tidal influences caused by the interaction between the Moon and the Earth. More than 7,000 records of moonquakes were identified based on the Apollo data sets [Neal et al. (2006)]; 3. Seismic events due to meteoroid impactsexhibit characteristic amplitude variations a certain distance from the point of impact. More than 1,700 events were recognized in the Apollo measured data sets (from meteoroid masses ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 kg) between 1969 and 1977. ...
... Other earlier landing sites of Russian and American lunar probes are also included[Jablonski (2010),Neal et al. (2006),NASA (2009)]. ...
This paper has two main objectives: to review the current knowledge of the Moon's environmental conditions, and to derive from them, the top-level requirements for the assembly, integration, and testing (AIT) of lunar systems and structures. The lunar environmental conditions include temperature variation, radiation aspects, atmosphere and pressure, meteoroid impacts, the lunar gravitational field (including anomalies), lunar regolith (dust), moonquakes, and other lunar geophysical features depending on the location of the lunar scientific station and their impact on any lunar system or structure operating on the lunar surface for the required time range. This lunar system or structure must first be developed on Earth and then brought to the pre-selected lunar destination. Afterwards, the top-level AIT requirements for surface lunar systems/structures are derived and presented based on the current knowledge of lunar environmental conditions. Special attention is given to requirements associated with the thermal, atmosphere, radiation, micrometeoroid, and dust environments. This paper also includes conclusions and recommendations from a Canadian perspective.
... The Apollo geophysical network was clustered in the near equatorial regions of the Moon's near side. It had been proven through analyses performed mainly in 1980s that the Moon has seismic activities at the level similar to that of an intraplate setting on Earth [Nakamura, 1980;Goins, et al., 1981;Oberst, 1987;Oberst and Nakamura, 1988;Neal, et al., 2006;Neal, et al. 2009]. This is depicted in Fig. 2 , NASA, 2009]. ...
... The small seismic signals were generated by a number of sources one of which was assumed to be thermal and they were picked up by the seismometers at Apollo 14, 15 and 16 stations. Thermal moonquakes are the smallest moonquakes recorded [Duennebier and Sutton, 1974a;Neal, et al., 2006]. They are diurnal, beginning approximately two days after the lunar sunrise and ending after the lunar sunset [Latham, et al., 1971[Latham, et al., , 1973aDuennebier, 1972]. ...
... There is also the possibility that shallow moonquakes can originate from the interaction of the Moon with nuggets of high energy particles ("strange quark matter") originating from a fixed source outside the solar system [Nakamura and Frohlich, 2006;Neal, et al., 2006].The major distinguishing characteristics of HFT signals are their high-frequency content and relatively well-defined P and S wave arrivals . Figure 3 also demonstrates a seismogram from an HFT shallow moonquake recorded at Apollo 16 station. ...
The Earth's Moon is an important destination for research and planetary exploration. It has received renewed interest from national and international space agencies and international lunar scientific communities. A review of the technical aspects of seismicity on the Moon is a part of the understanding of the lunar environment. Lunar seismicity will have an impact on the future of lunar scientific investigations and lunar construction. This paper is the third paper of a series dealing with the environmental conditions on the Moon. It presents a short overview of lunar seismicity and its technical aspects based on scientific knowledge of the post-Apollo era, but with emphasis on current studies. Apollo Passive and Active Seismic Experiments (PSE and ASE) were part of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages (ALSEPs) and helped to build a current scientific knowledge of the Moon and its geophysical constraints. This paper covers moonquake characteristics, geophysical constraints, assessment of importance of moonquakes from the engineering point of view, and some initial planning aspects of seismic investigations for future Lunar Seismic Network. The future Lunar Seismic Network will be an important part of an international Lunar Geophysical Network. Recommendations for efforts associated with the Lunar Seismic Network and on the impact of lunar seismicity are included. Reference to a possible Canadian contribution into investigations of the lunar seismicity is made.
... Synergies: LLR is one of several instruments suitable for geophysical exploration of the lunar interior (Neal et al., 2009). Some synergies between the geophysical techniques follow. ...
Seventeen years of lunar ranging data have been analyzed to determine lunar second-degree moment differences, third-degree gravitational harmonics, Love number, rotational dissipation and retroreflector coordinates.
... Synergies: LLR is one of several instruments suitable for geophysical exploration of the lunar interior ( Neal et al., 2009). Some synergies between the geophysical techniques follow. ...
Lunar Laser Ranging studies the Moon's internal structure and properties by tracking the variations in the orientation and tidal distortion of the Moon as a function of time. Future missions to the Moon's surface should include new laser ranging instrumentation capable of im- proved range accuracy.
