Table 2 - uploaded by Ergin Arslan
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Objectives:
Breast density increases the risk of breast cancer, but also in the interpretation of mammography is also important. This study examine the risk factors affecting breast density in postmenopausal women.
Methods:
Between January 2013 and January 2014, 215 patients admitted to The Clinics of Gynecology and Obstetrics with complaints of...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... groups; the comparative results of gynecological hormones, complete blood count, biochemical parameters, serum lipid levels, thyroid function tests and bone density measurements are also seen in Table 2. There was no statistically significantly difference, in terms of FSH, LH, E2, TSH, hemogram sub parameters, liver enzymes, serum lipid levels (triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL), electrolyte levels and bone density in groups (P > 0.05). ...
Similar publications
Significance statement:
Hormone therapy after menopause is controversial. We tested the effects of hormone replacement in aged rhesus macaques, soon after surgically-induced menopause [ovariectomy (OVX)], on tests of memory and attention. Untreated ovarian-intact and OVX animals were compared with OVX animals receiving estradiol (E) alone or E wit...
Breast size as a risk factor of breast cancer has been studied extensively with inconclusive results. Here we examined the associations between breast size and breast cancer risk factors in 24,353 Asian women aged 50 to 64 years old enrolled in a nationwide mammography screening project conducted between October 1994 and February 1997. Information...
High mammographic density is a well‐known risk factor for breast cancer. This study aimed to search for a possible birth cohort effect on mammographic density, which might contribute to explain the increasing breast cancer incidence. We separately analyzed left and right breast density of Dutch women from a 13‐year period (2003–2016) in the breast...
Objectives:
To evaluate quantitative measurements of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on breast MRI and compare them with observer-based scores.
Methods:
BPE of 48 patients (mean age: 48 years; age range: 36-66) referred to 3.0T breast MRI between 2012 and 2014 was evaluated independently and blindly to each other by two radiologists. BP...
Objective:
In the REPLENISH trial, women receiving TX-001HR-an oral, softgel capsule, combining 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (E2 mg/P4 mg 1/100, 0.5/100), had significantly improved vasomotor symptoms, while having their endometrium protected from hyperplasia. The objective here was to describe P4 levels sufficient to counteract the potenti...
Citations
... MD varies throughout life but declines with age, with the biggest drop occurring during the shift to menopause (8). Low MD is associated with older age, higher body mass index (BMI), multiple pregnancies, and parity, whereas high MD is associated with younger age, lower BMI, nulliparity, older age at first birth, and use of hormone replacement therapy (9)(10)(11). It is unknown whether high MD leads to more aggressive BC forms (12), as it is unrelated to BRCA mutations (13), tumor hormone receptor status, or BC phenotypes (5). ...
Objective
The association between mammographic density (MD) and breast cancer (BC) recurrence and survival remains unclear. Patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) are in a vulnerable situation with the tumor within the breast during treatment. This study evaluated the association between MD and recurrence/survival in BC patients treated with NACT.
Methods
Patients with BC treated with NACT in Sweden (2005–2016) were retrospectively included (N=302). Associations between MD (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 5 th Edition) and recurrence-free/BC-specific survival at follow-up (Q1 2022) were addressed. Hazard ratios (HRs) for recurrence/BC-specific survival (BI-RADS a/b/c vs. d) were estimated using Cox regression analysis and adjusted for age, estrogen receptor status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, axillary lymph node status, tumor size, and complete pathological response.
Results
A total of 86 recurrences and 64 deaths were recorded. The adjusted models showed that patients with BI-RADS d vs. BI-RADS a/b/c had an increased risk of recurrence (HR 1.96 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–3.92)) and an increased risk of BC-specific death (HR 2.94 (95% CI 1.43–6.06)).
Conclusion
These findings raise questions regarding personalized follow-up for BC patients with extremely dense breasts (BI-RADS d) pre-NACT. More extensive studies are required to confirm our findings.
... Likewise, Hjerkind et al. [52] used both percent and absolute VMD to measure mammographic density [52]. Further, Caglayan et al. [63] concluded that a longer duration of menopause (uninterrupted, smoother gradual) and high progesterone levels were found to cause an increase in breast density [63]. ...
... Likewise, Hjerkind et al. [52] used both percent and absolute VMD to measure mammographic density [52]. Further, Caglayan et al. [63] concluded that a longer duration of menopause (uninterrupted, smoother gradual) and high progesterone levels were found to cause an increase in breast density [63]. ...
While mammographic breast density (MBD) is a well-established independent risk factor for breast cancer and age at first full-term pregnancy (FFTP) has been identified as a protective factor, there are very few high-quality studies that address the relationship between these two variables. The goal of this work was to generate a systematic review of published studies that addresses the association between age at FFTP and MBD based on objective mammographic findings in postmenopausal women. The English-language literature published with a cutoff date 31 August 2022 in the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was searched using relevant keywords. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to assess the quality of all relevant studies identified in this search. Our search yielded 12 original publications (including one conference abstract) that focused on the impact of age at FFTP on MBD in studies that objectively evaluated this condition in women without any form of breast pathology. Of these, six studies revealed a direct association between older age at FFTP and higher MBD in postmenopausal women. The remaining six studies reported either no relationship between these parameters or revealed an inverse association between MBD and older age at FFTP. We concluded that half of the currently-published findings supported an association between older age at FFTP and higher MBD. However, substantial heterogeneity between FFTP and MBD might be explained by different racial clusters, lacking specific information of other reproductive factors and differences in methodology utilized. The goal of this work was to examine whether age at FFTP is associated with MBD in postmenopausal women.
... 8 Breast density differs in relation to ethnicity 10 and geographical location. 11 Planning population-based screening programs thus necessitates a knowledge of the MBD characteristics of the target population. The present study aimed to document the MBD distribution among women aged over 40 years in Sulaimaniyah city, and analyze the correlations between breast density and its potential determinants or risk factors. ...
Objective
Mammography is the gold standard screening procedure for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. This study aimed to determine the distribution of breast density among women older than 40 years in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq, and to examine the correlations between breast density and various risk factors.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 750 women who received routine mammographic breast screening at Sulaimaniyah Breast Center. Bilateral standard two-view mammographic images (craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections) were acquired and reported using a picture archiving and communication system. American College of Radiology (ACR) Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) assessment categories C and D were considered as dense.
Results
A total of 54.3% of breasts were classified as dense, with ACR-BI-RADS categories C or D. Breast density was significantly associated with age, body mass index, a family history of breast cancer, and pre-menopause, and women with no history of breastfeeding were more likely to have dense breasts than those with partial or complete breastfeeding.
Conclusions
This study revealed that women from Sulaimaniyah with a distinct breast-density profile at mammographic screening may have a significantly increased risk of breast cancer.
... 10 Therefore, determination of the risk factors that may lead to increased density in mammography and evaluation of patients with these risk factors will be important key in the early detection of breast cancer. 11 This study showed that the 27%of the women had dense breast. It is similar to that reported in Lebanon. ...
... Itis in agreement with others. 11,21 Evidence on the effect of smoking on mammographic density is controversial which might be due to timing of smoking (premenopausal or postmenopausal). 25,26 Body Mass Index (BMI) is significantly inversely associated with dense breasts. ...
... Women in menopausal and post-menopausal stage experience an increased level of stress due to its normal physiological changes and increased health risks. 2,3 Health disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and breast cancer are commonly found in these women. 4,5 In particular, breast cancer is the common cause of cancer death in midlife women. ...
Objectives
This study investigated the association between menopausal-specific quality of life (MENQOL) and breast cancer screening beliefs among Hong Kong Chinese menopausal and postmenopausal women.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was employed to collect data. The questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of 218 women aged above 45. The outcome variables were breast cancer screening beliefs and breast examination. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the effect of 4 domains in MENQOL (vasomotor, psycho-social, physical, and sexual symptom) and the health behaviors on the 2 outcome variables.
Results
This study found that the overall MENQOL scores (in particular psycho-social, and physical aspects) were significantly associated with positive attitudes toward health check-ups and better knowledge and perceptions in breast cancer. Regular exercise was also significantly related to breast examination.
Conclusions
MENQOL (especially psycho-social and physical domain) and regular exercise are important factors associated with breast cancer screening beliefs. The results of this study illuminate health care professionals to develop primary health care strategies to improve the quality of life of mid-life women.
... There are limited data on an association between hyperlipidemia and breast density in the literature, and the results are inconsistent. Caglayan et al. [16] found no relationship between lipid parameters and breast density in a study of 215 postmenopausal women, of whom 40 were classified as having dense tissue and 175 were categorized as having non-dense breast tissue. An association between mammographic density and some anthropometric and biochemical parameters, such as age, body mass index, cholesterol levels, and transaminases, was reported by Jihyekim et al. [17] Boudreau et al. [18] found a correlation between statin usage and high mammographic breast density in their study, and Wei et al. [19] reported that women who had a breast cancer diagnosis had a higher LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride level and a lower HDL-cholesterol level than the healthy control group in their study. ...
INTRODUCTION[|]Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in women. High mammographic breast density is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in women. The goal of this study was to investigate a possible association between mammographic breast density and hyperlipidemia.[¤]METHODS[|]This retrospective study was conducted using the records of patients from between January and December of 2016 who met the inclusion criteria: postmenopausal women between the ages of 50 and 65 years who did not have diabetes mellitus and who had a contemporaneous digital mammography performed and had the appropriate laboratory data. A total of 164 women were included.[¤]RESULTS[|]The mean age of the patients was 55.88+-4.49 years. According to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, 116 of the 164 patients (70.7%) were in the low-density group, and 28 patients (20.3%) were categorized as having a high-density result. The group with a high mammographic breast density had a significantly greater high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level than the group with a low breast density (55.35+-12.98 vs 51.14+-12.38 mg/dL, respectively; p=0.035). The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of the high-density tissue group was greater than that of the low-density group, but was not statistically significant (146.5+-37.22 vs 133.73+-33.97 mg/dL, respectively; p=0.052).[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]It was determined that a high HDL cholesterol level and older age were associated with breast density. There is a need for prospective, large-scale studies in this area.[¤]
Background
Early diagnosis of breast cancer is a challenging problem in high-risk patients with dense breast. The risk of breast cancer is many fold higher in dense breast as compared to nondense on one side with limited screening or diagnostic role of mammography on the other side. The aim of our study is to elaborate the role of high-resolution ultrasonography (HR-USG) as adjunct modality to overcome this limitation.
Materials and Methods
This is a prospective observational study conducted in the breast care clinic of a tertiary care cancer hospital. Totally, 2720 patients were enrolled for mammography. Out of these, 339 patients were reported according to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) as 0 (inconclusive) and were suggested for further evaluation by other modalities. All patients reported for mammography as BIRADS 0, were included in this study for HR-USG.
Results
On HR-USG, 33.4% of patients with dense breast were shown to have suspicious (BIRADS 5) lesions. 21.7% had simple cysts. Fibro adenomas and abscess were seen in 18% and in 15% of patients, respectively. Other findings were duct ectasia (4.3%) and galactocele (3.4%). 1.4% of patients were normal on HR-USG.
Conclusion
Our study showed HR-USG as a modality of choice that supersedes the diagnostic efficiency of mammography in patients with dense breasts thus enhances early detection and better treatment of breast cancer, decreasing mortality owning to delay in diagnosis.
Background:
Early detection of breast cancer is important in reducing mortality, morbidity, and high socioeconomic burden associated with it. Mammography is currently the primary imaging modality used as a screening tool to detect early breast cancer in women experiencing no symptoms as they are most curable in the early stage with availability of breast conservative therapies.
Objective:
This study aimed at determining the mammographic breast density patterns and outcome in asymptomatic women who presented for mammographic examination in Abuja.
Materials and methods:
This descriptive cross-sectional study comprises of 113 asymptomatic women who presented for mammographic examination at the Radiology Department of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada from March 2015 to December 2018. Two basic views (craniocaudal and mediolateral views) of the breast were obtained using EXR-650 mammographic machine.
Results:
The mean age of study population was 40.72 ± 10.45 years with age range of 35 and 65 years. Base on mammographic breast density, breast imaging, reporting, and data system 1 and 2 were the most prevalent. There was a positive correlation between mammographic breast density and age of respondents. This relationship was statistically significant (Pearson correlation = 0.56, P = 0.000). The mammographic outcome among asymptomatic women who had mammographic examination was negative in 69 (61.1%) women and positive in 44 (38.9%). The positive outcome noted in mammograms of women examined was: benign mass in 18 (15.9%) women; 9 (8.0%) had benign calcification; 7 (6.2%) showed architectural distortion; 5 (4.4%) was inconclusive; focal asymmetry in 3 (2.6%); and suspicious mass in 2 (1.8%).
Conclusion:
In this study, screening of women reveals various benign and malignant breast pathologies which necessitate early interventions.
Background
Many women report low milk supply as the reason for premature breastfeeding cessation. Altered mammary gland development may impact a woman’s lactation ability.
Objective
This review identifies modern exogenous exposures which alter mammary gland development during embryonic life, puberty and pregnancy.
Methods
A systematic review was undertaken whereby Medline, CINAHL and Embase articles published from January 1 2005 to November 20 2020 were searched using the keywords puberty or embry* or fetal or foetal or foetus or fetus or pregnan* or gestation* AND "mammary gland development" or "breast development" or "mammary development" or "mammary gland function" or "mammary function" or "insufficient glandular tissue" or "mammary hypoplasia" or "breast hypoplasia" or "mammary gland hypoplasia" or "tubular breast*" or "tuberous breast*" or "glandular tissue" or "breast composition" or "mammary composition" or "mammary gland composition". After initial screening of 1207 records, 60 full texts were assessed for eligibility; 6 were excluded due to lack of information about exposure or outcome, leaving 54 studies.
Results
The review included results from 52 animal (rats and mice, monkeys, rabbits, sheep, goats pigs and cows) and 2 human studies. Various endocrine disrupting chemicals and an obesogenic diet were found to be associated with altered mammary gland morphology during key development stages.
Conclusions
To improve lactation outcomes, future studies need to focus on lactation as the endpoint and be conducted in a standardised manner to allow for a more significant contribution to the literature that allows for better comparison across studies.
Objective: To evaluate the determinants of breast density in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).
Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 163 women with POI undergoing mammography, percent mammographic density (PMD) was evaluated by digitizing the image. PMD was correlated with age, age at menarche, age at POI, time since POI, body mass index (BMI), gestational history and hormone therapy (HT) use (duration, dose, regimen).
Results: POI was diagnosed at a mean age of 32.3 ± 5.9 years. The mean age of the women at mammography was 41.3 ± 5.4 years; mean BMI was 27.4 ± 5.4 kg/m² and mean PMD was 24.3 ± 18.5. Mean PMD did not differ between the different age groups evaluated (29–39, 40–49 and 50–55 years) or between users and non-users of HT. Mean duration of HT use was 5.6 ± 4.7 years. PMD was higher in nulligravidas compared to women who had been pregnant (p = 0.0016); however, POI occurred earlier in nulligravidas (p < 0.0001). PMD correlated negatively with BMI (r = −0.27; p = 0.0005).
Conclusion: In women with POI, HT use had no effect on PMD, irrespective of the duration of use, dose or regimen. Pregnancy and BMI were consistently associated with PMD, with density being greater in nulligravidas and in women with lower BMI.
