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Comparison of incidence of stool colors, consistency and stool mucus presented as mean percentages of total occurrences in the MF group (black column) and SF group (grey column), and BFR group (white column) at the postnatal age of 42 days, 4 months, 6 months, 8 months, and 12 months. A. Frequency of stool colors between the groups. B. Frequency of stool consistency between the groups, C. Frequency of stool mucus between the groups. *p < 0.05, **P < 0.005. MF: MFGM-enriched formula; SF: standard formula; BFR: breast-fed reference
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Background:
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), natural to breast milk, is essential for neonatal development, but lacking from standard infant formulas.
Objectives:
To evaluate the safety and tolerability of MFGM supplementation in formula for infants 0 to 12 months.
Methods:
In a prospective, multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial, health...
Similar publications
Background: Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), natural to breast milk, is essential for neonatal development, but lacking from standard infant formulas
Objectives: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of MFGM supplementation in formula for infants 0 to 12 months.
Methods: In a prospective, multicentre, double-blind, randomized trial, healthy term...
Citations
... Another published study [27] evaluated a partially hydrolyzed rice protein-based formula versus an intact cow's milk protein-based formula in healthy infants and reported a frequency of spit-up/vomit as a percent of feeding ranging between 16.3 and 37.6%. Spit-up/vomit is also common among breastfed infants and some publications have reported percents between 10% and 60% [16,28]. ...
Background: The purpose of this research was to assess the growth, tolerance, and compliance outcomes associated with the consumption of a hydrolyzed rice infant formula (HRF) enriched with 2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL) a Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO), and nucleotides in an intended population of infants. Methods: This was a non-randomized single-group, multicenter study. The study formula was a hypoallergenic HRF with 2′-FL, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Arachidonic acid (ARA), and nucleotides. Infants 0–90 days of age who were formula fed and experiencing persistent feeding intolerance symptoms, symptoms of suspected food protein (milk and/or soy) allergy, or other conditions where an extensively hydrolyzed infant formula was deemed an appropriate feeding option were recruited by pediatricians from their local populations. The primary outcome was maintenance of weight-for-age z-score. Weight, length, head circumference, formula intake, tolerance measures, clinical symptoms and questionnaires were collected. Thirty-three infants were enrolled, and 27 completed the study, on study product. Results: Weight-for-age z-scores of infants showed a statistically significant improvement from Visit 1 to Visit 4 (p = 0.0331). There was an adequate daily volume intake of 762 ± 28 mL/day, average daily number of stools of 2.1 ± 0.3, and mean rank stool consistency of 2.38 ± 0.18. After 28 days of switching to a HRF, 86.8 ± 5.9% of the symptoms resolved or got better by Visit 4 as reported by parents. Conclusions: HRF with 2′-FL HMO was safe, well tolerated, and supported weight gain in infants with suspected cow’s milk allergy or persistent feeding intolerance.
... One of the most important aspects to consider when carrying out clinical studies is the safety and tolerability of the products administered to the volunteers. In this sense, Jiang et al 60 Table 4. ...
In most parts of the world, life expectancy is increasing thanks to improved healthcare, public health policies, nutrition, and treatment. This increase in lifespan is often not accompanied by an...
... The development of typical behavioural and emotional skills is a key feature of early life associated with rapid central nervous system development that underpins mood stability later in life. Breastmilk is the gold standard of infant nutrition and is rich in nutrients and MFGMs [76]. Fortification of infant formula aims to bring formula composition closer to that of breastmilk [77,78]. ...
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) contains bioactive proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Polar lipids found in the MFGM play a critical role in maintaining cell membrane integrity and neuronal signalling capacity, thereby supporting brain health. This review summarises the literature on the MFGM and its phospholipid constituents for improvement of mental health across three key stages of the human lifespan, i.e., infancy, adulthood, and older age. MFGM supplementation may improve mental health by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neurotransmitter synthesis through the gut–brain axis. Fortification of infant formula with MFGMs is designed to mimic the composition of breastmilk and optimise early gut and central nervous system development. Early behavioural and emotional development sets the stage for future mental health. In adults, promising results suggest that MFGMs can reduce the negative consequences of situational stress. Preclinical models of age-related cognitive decline suggest a role for the MFGM in supporting brain health in older age and reducing depressive symptoms. While there is preclinical and clinical evidence to support the use of MFGM supplementation for improved mental health, human studies with mental health as the primary target outcome are sparce. Further high-quality clinical trials examining the potential of the MFGM for psychological health improvement are important.
... Changes in microbiota associated with formula feeding, for example an increase in the abundance of Clostridium spp., and in particular, C. difficile, have been associated with a higher risk to develop atopic symptoms like eczema, recurrent wheeze, allergic sensitization, and atopic dermatitis [14,15]. Thus, in recent years, efforts have been made to "close the gap" between infant formula and breast milk around the modulation of gut microbiota, mainly to increase the bifidogenic effect of the formulas [16,17]. ...
The gut microbiota of healthy breastfed infants is often dominated by bifidobacteria. In an effort to mimic the microbiota of breastfed infants, modern formulas are fortified with bioactive and bifidogenic ingredients. These ingredients promote the optimal health and development of infants as well as the development of the infant microbiota. Here, we used INFOGEST and an in vitro batch fermentation model to investigate the gut health-promoting effects of a commercial infant formula supplemented with a blend containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (20 mg/100 kcal), polydextrose and galactooligosaccharides (PDX/GOS) (4 g/L, 1:1 ratio), milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) (5 g/L), lactoferrin (0.6 g/L), and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12 (BB-12) (106 CFU/g). Using fecal inoculates from three healthy infants, we assessed microbiota changes, the bifidogenic effect, and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production of the supplemented test formula and compared those with data obtained from an unsupplemented base formula and from the breast milk control. Our results show that even after INFOGEST digestion of the formula, the supplemented formula can still maintain its bioactivity and modulate infants’ microbiota composition, promote faster bifidobacterial growth, and stimulate production of SCFAs. Thus, it may be concluded that the test formula containing a bioactive blend promotes infant gut microbiota and SCFA profile to something similar, but not identical to those of breastfed infants.
... The clinical growth equivalence and tolerance studies published to date show that MGFM, as an ingredient, can be safely added to IF, yet there is no evidence that the mere presence of MFGM in IF modulates infant growth trajectories or has a protective effect against overweight or metabolic disturbances. Several studies show similar growth patterns, both weight and height, at 4, 6, 12 and 18 months [64][65][66][68][69][70]. In addition, some studies show differences in plasma cholesterol and plasma and erythrocyte polar lipids between experimental and control IF, but these differences were no longer observed at 12 months [71]. ...
Human milk beneficially affects infant growth and brain development. The supramolecular structure of lipid globules in human milk i.e., large lipid globules covered by the milk fat globule membrane, is believed to contribute to this effect, in addition to the supply of functional ingredients. Three preclinical (mouse) experiments were performed to study the effects of infant formula mimicking the supramolecular structure of human milk lipid globules on brain and metabolic health outcomes. From postnatal day 16 to 42, mouse offspring were exposed to a diet containing infant formula with large, phospholipid-coated lipid droplets (structure, STR) or infant formula with the same ingredients but lacking the unique structural properties as observed in human milk (ingredient, ING). Subsequently, in Study 1, the fatty acid composition in liver and brain membranes was measured, and expression of hippocampal molecular markers were analyzed. In Study 2 and 3 adult (Western-style diet-induced) body fat accumulation and cognitive function were evaluated. Animals exposed to STR compared to ING showed improved omega-3 fatty acid accumulation in liver and brain, and higher expression of brain myelin-associated glycoprotein. Early exposure to STR reduced fat mass accumulation in adulthood; the effect was more pronounced in animals exposed to a Western-style diet. Additionally, mice exposed to STR demonstrated better memory performance later in life. In conclusion, early life exposure to infant formula containing large, phospholipid-coated lipid droplets, that are closer to the supramolecular structure of lipid globules in human milk, positively affects adult brain and metabolic health outcomes in pre-clinical animal models.
Milk fat globules or milk fat globule membranes (MFGs/MFGM) have been added to the infant formula to fortify the phospholipids and narrow the nutritional gap from breast milk. The main aim of this study was to profile the interfacial and thermal properties of MFGs/MFGM prepared from ultrasonicated bovine milk. Bovine milk was sonicated at ultrasonic intensities of 20 kHz and 40 kHz independently or synchronously with the duration time of 0 min (control), 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min (work/rest cycles = 5 s: 3 s). Ultrasonic treatments at 20 kHz/ 5 min and 20 + 40 kHz/ 5 min improved the volume density (%) of smaller particles (1–10 µm) while significantly decreasing the surface hydrophobicity (H0) (p < 0.05). 40 kHz/5 min samples showed significantly higher ζ- potential than the other samples (p < 0.05), which might be because more negative charges were detected. In comparison with control samples, ultrasonic treatments decreased the interfacial tension (π) between the air and MFGs/MFGM liquid phase. 20 kHz ultra-sonicated treatments decreased the diffusion rate (k diff) of MFGs/MFGM interfacial compositions significantly as the duration prolonged from 5 min to 15 min (p < 0.05) but did not affect the adsorption or penetration rate (k a) (p > 0.05). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that α-crystal peaks only existed in control and ultrasonicated 5 min samples but disappeared in all 15 min samples. According to the different scanning calorimetry (DSC), one or two new exothermic events (in the range of 17.29 – 18.81 ℃ and 22.14 – 25.21 ℃) appeared after ultrasonic treatments, which, however, were not found in control samples. Ultrasonic treatments resulted in the low-melting fractions (LMF) (TM1) peaks undetectable in MFGs/MFGM samples in which only peaks of medium-melting fractions (MMF) (TM2) and high-melting fractions (HMF) (TM3) were detected. Compared with the control, both enthalpies of crystallisation (ΔHC) and melting (ΔHM) decreased in ultrasonicated samples. In conclusion, ultrasonic treatment affects the interfacial and thermal properties of MFGs/MFGM.
Human milk beneficially affects infant growth and brain development. The supramolecular structure of lipid globules in human milk i.e., large lipid globules covered by the milk fat globule membrane, is believed to contribute to this effect, in addition to the supply of functional ingredients.
Three preclinical (mouse) experiments were performed to study the effects of infant formula mimicking the supramolecular structure of human milk lipid globules on brain and metabolic health outcomes. From postnatal day 16 to 42, mouse offspring were exposed to a diet containing infant formula with large, phospholipid-coated lipid droplets (structure, STR) or infant formula with the same ingredients but lacking the unique structural properties as observed in human milk (ingredient, ING). Subsequently, in Study 1, the fatty acid composition in liver and brain membranes was measured, and expression of hippocampal molecular markers were analyzed. In Study 2 and 3 adult (Western style diet-induced) body fat accumulation and cognitive function were evaluated.
Animals exposed to STR compared to ING showed improved omega-3 fatty acid accumulation in liver and brain, and higher expression of brain myelin-associated glycoprotein. Early exposure to STR reduced fat mass accumulation in adulthood; the effect was more pronounced in animals exposed to a Western style diet. Additionally, mice exposed to STR demonstrated better memory performance later in life.
In conclusion, early life exposure to infant formula containing large, phospholipid-coated lipid droplets, closer to the supramolecular structure of lipid globules in human milk, positively affects adult brain and metabolic health outcomes in pre-clinical animal models.
