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The paper deals with the relationship between the presence of world heritage sites in a country and the volume of international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts. World heritage sites are unique tourist attractions with enhanced attention paid to their protection, preservation and sustainability. The paper analyses whether the nee...
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... and receipts in the analysis. The present research attempts to analyse the impacts of cultural heritage sites, natural heritage sites and oral and intangible heritage practices as three separate variables in the same model. Besides this, our model also applies a short time lag, comparing the number of heritage sites and intangible practices of one year to the tourism performance variables of the following two years. The time span of our analy- sis is the years from 2014 to 2017, so our results can indicate the temporal robustness of earlier similar results. Another novelty is the segmentation of the analysed countries according to their geographical locations, and testing the impacts of heritage sites on these country segments. The research will show that the number of cultural and natural sites can significantly increase tourist arrival numbers and tourism receipts as well, but ...Context 2
... mass tourism is often called "hard" tourism (Fekete, 2006). Table 1 compares the main features of hard tourism and soft tourism. ...Context 3
... the following analysis countries are grouped according to their geographical regions and the formerly completed regression estimations are performed for each region separately. Results are presented in Table 9 and Table 10. As North America contains only two countries, Canada and the USA, they were analysed separately. ...Context 4
... model estimations should also be carried out for independent variables of 2014 and dependent variables of 2015 and 2016 to see the robustness of the above results. Table 10 presents the unstandardised regression variables for the regional estimations. Table 11 shows the relevant data of two countries of North America, and the countrywise averages for the Middle East & North Africa region. ...Context 5
... 10 presents the unstandardised regression variables for the regional estimations. Table 11 shows the relevant data of two countries of North America, and the countrywise averages for the Middle East & North Africa region. Canada and the USA are unusual in the sense that, besides their rather high numbers of cultural world heritage sites, they are also very rich in natural world heritage sites compared to the rest of the world. ...Context 6
... and receipts in the analysis. The present research attempts to analyse the impacts of cultural heritage sites, natural heritage sites and oral and intangible heritage practices as three separate variables in the same model. Besides this, our model also applies a short time lag, comparing the number of heritage sites and intangible practices of one year to the tourism performance variables of the following two years. The time span of our analy- sis is the years from 2014 to 2017, so our results can indicate the temporal robustness of earlier similar results. Another novelty is the segmentation of the analysed countries according to their geographical locations, and testing the impacts of heritage sites on these country segments. The research will show that the number of cultural and natural sites can significantly increase tourist arrival numbers and tourism receipts as well, but ...Context 7
... mass tourism is often called "hard" tourism (Fekete, 2006). Table 1 compares the main features of hard tourism and soft tourism. ...Context 8
... the following analysis countries are grouped according to their geographical regions and the formerly completed regression estimations are performed for each region separately. Results are presented in Table 9 and Table 10. As North America contains only two countries, Canada and the USA, they were analysed separately. ...Context 9
... model estimations should also be carried out for independent variables of 2014 and dependent variables of 2015 and 2016 to see the robustness of the above results. Table 10 presents the unstandardised regression variables for the regional estimations. Table 11 shows the relevant data of two countries of North America, and the countrywise averages for the Middle East & North Africa region. ...Context 10
... 10 presents the unstandardised regression variables for the regional estimations. Table 11 shows the relevant data of two countries of North America, and the countrywise averages for the Middle East & North Africa region. Canada and the USA are unusual in the sense that, besides their rather high numbers of cultural world heritage sites, they are also very rich in natural world heritage sites compared to the rest of the world. ...Citations
... The results show that cultural and environmental endowment positively affects the performance of Italian tourism destinations; also the presence of UNESCO's Sites exerts opposite effects. Bacsi and Tóth (2019) investigate the relationship between the presence of unique World Heritage Sites for tourist attractions and international tourism performance. Their empirical analysis for 129 countries over the period 2014-2017 shows that cultural and natural world heritage sites are generally strong tourist attractions and can contribute to increased tourism. ...
This paper brings empirical evidence on the role of cultural heritage assets in promoting economic growth. The case of Greece at regional level over the period 2000–2019 is taken as an example, owing to important cultural heritage endowment. Economic growth is approached by formulating a neoclassical growth model augmented with a dynamic cultural heritage index. The relationship between economic growth and cultural heritage is examined through a heterogeneous and cross-correlated panel data analysis. The empirical results reveal a positive impact of cultural heritage endowment on economic growth. Also, a significant positive influence of physical capital and a negative impact of unemployment on the economy are evidenced. The conclusions drawn could be useful to regions and countries to upgrade their cultural heritage endowment to accelerate economic growth.
... On the other hand, some argue that soft tourism [60,61] is a starting point for the longterm sustainable preservation of cultural heritage [62], especially for local communities. This could be a path to preserving local identity and the identity of the entire nation, on which a brand could be built, as suggested by Paulino et al. [63], based on how tourists perceive the destination. ...
... (a) Length of accessible trails for so-called 'soft' form of tourism in the sense of Bacsi & Tóth [60] and Weaver & Lawton [95]; (b) Organic matter (biomass) production; (c) Reduction of fields' sections susceptible to water erosion; (d) Reduction of fields' sections prone to wind erosion; (e) Quantity of honey bee colonies that can be maintained. ...
This study outlines the creation of hiking routes in Slovakia’s cultural landscape, focusing on regions with marginal interest, low tourism engagement, and predominant monocultural blocks. The methodology was systematically applied to the Zemplín Geopark in eastern Slovakia, drawing upon historical cartographic records from the Josephine mapping period (1764–1787) to the present day. The investigation identified and delineated 14 hiking trails, offering historical and tourism significance while promoting multifunctionality. Our research introduces sustainable development avenues for regions with marginal interest, providing ecological and tourist benefits that enhance the overall quality of life. The findings align with the Common Agricultural Policy’s objectives for 2021–2027, addressing challenges related to large-scale field fragmentation. Two identified obstacles include property-legal challenges and issues arising from inadequate map registration, which current methods, unfortunately, fail to address.
... Both cultural and natural resources can contribute to enhanced visitor numbers and spending, though countries differ widely in this respect. European, Latin-American and Caribbean countries tend to mainly benefit from their cultural world heritage, while African and North American countries benefit more from their natural resources [30]. The African continent is particularly rich in unique cultural and natural resources, many of which are listed as World Heritage Sites [10,14]. ...
Eastern Africa is home to strikingly beautiful landscapes, unique wildlife and exotic cultural heritage that create outstanding tourism appeal. Unfortunately, these attractive features do not always translate to high tourism revenues. This paper focuses on analyzing the relationships between tourism performance indicators—arrivals, revenues and the revenue-based revealed comparative advantage (RCA)—and compare them to the components of destination facilities and endowments measured by the Tourism and Travel Competitiveness Index (TTCI). The analysis concentrates on Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, using secondary data from 2005 to 2017. The methodology applies correlation analysis and panel regression. As the results show, the TTCI and RCA are negatively correlated, but the components of the TTCI have different relationships to the RCA. Natural heritage positively influences the RCA, while cultural resources do not. The higher RCA values are also enhanced by better tourism services and better ground travel infrastructure. Similar analyses have been performed for Europe and some Asian countries, but not for Eastern Africa. The novelty of the present research is the fact that natural heritage resources can contribute considerably to tourism revenues, while cultural resources are not utilized to their full potential in terms of tourism success.
... Factors that influence tourism sector performance at the macro level have been examined extensively in the literature. Most of the studies adopted either tourist arrivals, tourism receipts, or both to examine the tourism sector's level of development (Albaladejo et al., 2020;Bacsi and T oth, 2019;Bayar and Yener, 2019;Seabra et al., 2020). Most of them used macro approaches to examine, for instance, the effect of policies on tourism development (Ozturk and Van Niekerk, 2014) or tourism and sustainable development (Nepal et al., 2019;Van Riel et al., 2019), the impact of the financial crisis on tourism sector performance (Purwomarwanto and Ramachandran, 2015), the repercussions of geopolitical risks (Demir et al., 2020) and the contribution of the tourism sector's performance to economic growth (Kadir and Kareem, 2012). ...
Purpose
This study investigated the micro–macro link in the hospitality and tourism (H&T) sector, specifically considering whether the gender diversity, independence and board attendance rates of H&T firms' boards, alongside the moderation effect of board policies, played a significant role in tourism sector performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The 2011–2018 data were retrieved from the World Bank and the Thomson Reuters Eikon databases, and fixed effects panel regression was conducted.
Findings
While female directors were a significant driver of tourism sector performance in terms of tourist arrivals and tourism receipts, independent directors were effective in improving tourist arrivals only. Furthermore, moderation analyses demonstrated the inefficacy of board policies in enhancing these directors' contributions to the sector's development. Moreover, the findings revealed the inefficiency of board meetings.
Practical implications
Concerning the efficacy of board policies, the results suggest that firms' boards should review and revise their policies. Surprisingly, while board-diversity policies made no difference to female directors' role in the sector's development (although females were influential), board-independence policies produced unexpected results. In the absence of a board-independence policy, independent directors are influential, but if a policy exists, they are not.
Originality/value
Although prior firm-level studies tested whether board characteristics enhanced firms' performance in the H&T sector, they did not investigate whether board characteristics promoted tourism sector performance. Moreover, the moderating effect of board policies on boards' structures and tourism sector performance has not yet been examined.
... They divide tourism by several criteria -such as according to the place of realization (domestic and foreign, active and passive), the way of participation and forms of reimbursement of costs (free and tied), the way and the organization of services (not organized and organized, often excluded tourism outside public forms -cabins, weekend houses, etc.), group sizes (group and individual), duration of participation (short and long term), time rhythm (daily, weekend, weekly and longer) and distribution during the year (seasonal, year-round) (Gjorgievski et al., 2013). Another classification is based on the means of transport used, the prevailing location (urban, suburban, rural, coastal, and mountainous, agro-tourism), the age of the participants or the impact on the environment (soft and hard) (Bacsi, & Tóth, 2019) and the use of natural and anthropogenic resources (mass, consumer, alternative and sustainable). ...
... However, large-scale agriculture achieved near-manufacturing-like efficiency and technology development, with standardised products and large volumes of outputs [42]. The same is true for the tourism industry, where mass tourism introduced the unified product turned out in bulk-as is seen in industrialised charter tourism directed typically to seasides and nature-related holidays [43]. This common feature makes it reasonable to deal with these two industries, focusing on their similarities or differences. ...
The paper compared the performance of firms in agriculture and in tourism in two countryside areas of Hungary, assessing 2613 firms for 16 years (2004–2019). The data are from tax reports of all firms of the analysed areas. Agriculture and countryside tourism depend on environmental factors, thus they are more seriously affected by adverse environmental events than other production or service industries. The research was aimed at identifying differences between the two industries, and reveal time patterns and size-related traits of performance. Labour force, sales revenues, total assets, labour productivity, and total factor productivity (TFP) were analysed with descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis. Results reveal that the performance of firms in these industries differ significantly regarding total assets, sales revenues, labour force, and labour productivity, but does not differ in TFP, and differences are associated either with average levels of indicator values or their temporal tendencies. Our results underline that firm performance considerably differs by firm size, smaller firms are generally more labour-efficient than larger ones, and labour efficiency is positively impacted by total asset level, but TFP is not. Agriculture was found to be not less efficient than tourism, contrary to general assumptions.
... The importance of cultural heritage sites in the tourism industry is highlighted with some studies revealing its relationship with international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts of the destination. According to these studies, there are significant relationships with the number of cultural heritage sites between tourist arrivals (Su and Lin, 2014) and tourism receipts (Bacsi and Tóth, 2019) having an impact on the economic development of destination countries (Farid, 2015). Visiting cultural heritage sites involves a tangible cultural element such as historic buildings and ancient sites, important archaeological or architectural sites, and remarkable monumental sculptures or paintings that induce tourists to travel destinations. ...
... Therefore environmentally conscious behaviour both by tourist service providers, and by tourists themselves, is crucial for the future sustainability of the tourism industry. Soft tourism is a form of tourism, that does not put too much load on the environment, and offers services and experiences that are sustainable compared to popular mass tourism activities (Bacsi & Tóth, 2019). Nature-based tourism includes such activities, and provides services that satisfy the requirements of environmentally sustainable tourism. ...
Issues related to the environment are of major global concern. Tourism, as an industry whose key resource is the natural landscape, will have to respond to environmental challenges, and action is expected not only from service providers, but from tourists, too. The paper assesses the relationship between concern for the environment and the preference of camping tourism as a form of nature-based tourism. The paper deals with the former socialist countries of the EU. and focuses on domestic tourism because we intend to reveal what tourists think about their own country and how it is reflected in their leisure behaviour. Results revealed, that higher preference for camping holidays among domestic tourists was negatively associated with the environmental concern of the population. Campers in the analysed countries are likely to assume a well maintained environment and environmentally responsible behaviour that puts less threat on the environment.
Tourism is a social activity that is related to the movement of peoples around the world for a variety of personal, commercial, and educational purposes. While there are different studies on tourism, few have investigated the causality relationship between international tourism arrivals and receipts in the Americas for a considerable extension of time to obtain more realistic results. This research applies simple linear regression analysis to study the bidirectional causality relationship between international tourism arrivals and receipts. This research uses the IBM SPSS Statistics software (version 27) for analysis. Public data from the World Bank Open Data on 17 states of the Americas covers 25 years of data from 1995 to 2019. The conclusion of this research is that while most of the states achieved a significant effect from international tourism arrivals to international tourism receipts and vice versa, only one country in the Americas demonstrated a bidirectional causality relationship without problems of autocorrelation. In that regard, the results show that more international tourism arrivals do not always mean more tourism income. Similarly, more tourism income does not always cause more international tourism arrivals.
