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Keeping in view the versatile applications of castor oil in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and recently as renewable source, the present work is a step towards the commercialization of castor on large scale in Pakistan. The current study introduces a castor variety with high oil content. Initially seeds were physically examined for some physical paramete...
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The quality of biodiesel depend strongly on the reaction parameters or process variables. The parameters/variables such as methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and time, catalyst concentration and stirring rate have been explored in this study using the one variable at a time technique. The step by step exploration was carried out on t...
Castor oil methyl ester is a kind of biodiesel from castor oil. However, in those previous methods for biodiesel preparation using castor oil as feedstock, glycerol was the main by-product, which had a strong blocking effect on the immobilized enzyme activity and affected the mass transfer of reaction system. For avoiding the negative effect of gly...
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... These ranges were within those previously reported for castor seeds 34.6 -56.6 of varying genotypes 26 . Solvent extraction yielded higher amount of oil when compared to screw press and traditional methods, which agrees with earlier observation of Panhwar et al. 27 . The non-polar nature of the organic solvent used n-hexane contributed to its improved oil recovery capacity. ...
... In contrast to other quality parameters, saponification values SaV of the oils were not affected by varietal difference and methods of extraction. However, the ranges recorded in both varieties Gibsoni: 175 -185 mgKOH/g; Carmenicita: 177 -184 mgKOH/g Fig. 3a regardless of the extraction techniques, agree with ASTM standard limits 175 -187 mgKOH/g and other authors 14,27 . Díaz-Suárez et al. 28 observed higher SaV 194.12 -194.34 mgKOH/g for castor oils extracted using solvent and aqueous enzymatic extractions while Arawande & Akinnusotu 42 reported lower values 120 -124 mgKOH/g from castor oils of different geographical locations. ...
... Only the extraction method had a significant p 0.05 influence on this parameter. While solvent extraction produced oils of slightly higher iodine value 83 -87 gI 2 /100 g than others, the values are still within ASTM 82 -88 g I 2 /100 g and EN 14214 120 -140 g I 2 /100 g tolerant limits 27,45 . The relatively low IoV of castor oils could be attributed to the monounsaturated nature of its fatty acid mainly ricinoleic acid and minimum number of fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. ...
Composite flours were formulated from wheat and soybean and mixed together to formulate four blends WSY 1 (100%), WSY 2 (80%-20%), WSY 3 (70%-30%), WSY 4 (60%-40%), respectively to bake cookies. The cookies were investigated for their amino acid profiles, in vitro anti-inflammatory properties and consumer acceptability of the cookies using standard methods. The amino acid profiles of the cookies were well established with high biological values (>70%) in terms of their essential, non-essential and hydrophobic amino acids while glutamic acid served as the most abundant amino acid (19.15 – 28.69%) present in each of the cookies. Moreso, the in-vitro anti-inflammatory properties of the cookies showed more potency with low IC50 (~20 \(\mu\)g/ml) than the standard sodium diclofenac, a well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Overall, the cookie sample from the 60% wheat and 40% soybean composite flour was acceptable to the consumers as shown by their ratings and perceptions, which could be highly found useful as potential bioactive antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agents in the management of chronic inflammations.
... El índice de acidez representa la concentración de ácidos grasos libres y es expresado en mg KOH/g aceite, cuyo valor es uno de los principales indicadores de calidad de los aceites (Yeboah et al., 2020). Según lo reportado en la literatura lo valores de acidez para el aceite de higuerilla oscilan entre los 0,14 y 1,97 mg KOH/g aceite (Panhwar et al. 2016), aunque se han notificado valores de alrededor de 15 mg KOH/g aceite de aceite en semillas sembradas en Nigeria (Omohu y Omale, 2017). En nuestra investiga-ción se determinó un valor de índice de acidez de 3,842 mg KOH/g aceite sobrepasando el promedio de acidez del aceite crudo. ...
El aceite de higuerilla (Ricinnus communis) atrae el interés en la industria química porque puede emplearse como materia prima para producir productos químicos o fuentes de energía por medio de modificaciones químicas, como es el caso de la epoxidación. El presente estudio, de índole investigativa y experimental, se enfoca en la epoxidación del aceite de higuerilla de la variedad Portoviejo-67 de la provincia de Manabí- Ecuador por medio de la reacción de Prileschajew para evaluar las características fisicoquímicas del aceite crudo y epoxidado mediante las normas ASTM D-5558, EN 14111, NTC 2366 para índice de saponificación, índice de yodo e índice de acidez mediante técnicas de titulación, norma INEN 39 para contenido de humedad mediante pérdida por calentamiento, norma ASTM D-1217 para densidad por picnometría y viscosidad cinemática por medio de un viscosímetro capilar mediante la norma ASTM D-445 comparando los resultados con las especificaciones ASTM y DIN ISO 51605: 2010-09. Según los resultados, el aceite crudo y epoxidado cumplen las especificaciones ASTM y DIN ISO 51605: 2010-09 a excepción de la humedad y la acidez con valores superiores a 0,075 % y 2 mg KOH/g de aceite, respectivamente, representando una disminución en la calidad de los aceites, referente a la epoxidación se obtuvo una conversión del 81,34 % de las insaturaciones y de acuerdo a la viscosidad se pudo clasificar el aceite epoxidado con un grado ISO VG 320 ideal para lubricación de engranajes industriales. Se concluye que se logró alcanzar una alta conversión de los dobles enlaces a grupos epoxi, siendo el proceso ideal para obtener altos rendimientos.
... In Pakistan, castor is cultivated on a very small area in Punjab and Baluchistan, but large area of Sindh is still uncultivated. Since 1979, castor oil cultivation is continuously declining in the country [16]. Castor oil constitutes 90 % triglycerides of ricinoleic acid while the other fatty acids include 4.4 % linoleic acid, 2.8 % oleic acid, 0.9 % stearic acid, 0.7 % palmitic acid and 0.2 % linolenic acid. ...
This research presents the preparation and application of mussel shell based CaO doped with praseodymium as catalysts labelled as 3, 5, 7, 9 & 11 wt% for biodiesel production through transesterification reaction from castor oil. Pr-CaO catalysts were synthesized successfully using wet chemistry route and further used as a stable, active, and low-cost heterogeneous catalyst for environmentally benign and green biodiesel production through transesterification of castor oil and methanol. The characterization of catalysts was done using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs depicted the flower like morphology of 7 % Pr doped catalyst with an average crystallite size of < 16 nm and thermal stability below 900 °C. Catalyst testing was done according to ASTM standards for castor oil biodiesel production and found to be within specifications. The obtained catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity for biodiesel production through transesterification of castor oil and methanol. A fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 87.42 % was obtained through 7 % Pr-CaO mixed oxide catalyst at optimum reaction conditions (i.e., 2.5 wt% catalyst, methanol to oil ratio of 8:1 and 65 °C) while the yield of FAME obtained through undoped, calcined CaO was about 80 %.
... These ranges were within those previously reported for castor seeds 34.6 -56.6 of varying genotypes 26 . Solvent extraction yielded higher amount of oil when compared to screw press and traditional methods, which agrees with earlier observation of Panhwar et al. 27 . The non-polar nature of the organic solvent used n-hexane contributed to its improved oil recovery capacity. ...
... In contrast to other quality parameters, saponification values SaV of the oils were not affected by varietal difference and methods of extraction. However, the ranges recorded in both varieties Gibsoni: 175 -185 mgKOH/g; Carmenicita: 177 -184 mgKOH/g Fig. 3a regardless of the extraction techniques, agree with ASTM standard limits 175 -187 mgKOH/g and other authors 14,27 . Díaz-Suárez et al. 28 observed higher SaV 194.12 -194.34 mgKOH/g for castor oils extracted using solvent and aqueous enzymatic extractions while Arawande & Akinnusotu 42 reported lower values 120 -124 mgKOH/g from castor oils of different geographical locations. ...
... Only the extraction method had a significant p 0.05 influence on this parameter. While solvent extraction produced oils of slightly higher iodine value 83 -87 gI 2 /100 g than others, the values are still within ASTM 82 -88 g I 2 /100 g and EN 14214 120 -140 g I 2 /100 g tolerant limits 27,45 . The relatively low IoV of castor oils could be attributed to the monounsaturated nature of its fatty acid mainly ricinoleic acid and minimum number of fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. ...
Industrial application of castor oil is anchored on both agronomical and technological variables that intrinsically influence its quality properties. Therefore, castor oils of two varieties (Gibsoni and Carmenicita), extracted by screw press, solvent and traditional methods were compared in terms of oxidative stability indices, quality parameters and fatty acid distributions. General factorial analyses showed the significance of both factors on the oil yield, color intensity, moisture content, oxidative stability indices, most of the oil’s fatty acids and other quality parameters. Gibsoni variety yielded more oil at the range of 40.12 – 53.51%, especially in solvent extraction. The two oxidative stability indicators; peroxide value (PeV) and free fatty acids (FFA) favored traditional extraction and were significantly higher in oils of Carmenicita variety, at 4.26 – 7.21 meqO2/kg and 2.55 – 3.94%, respectively. In addition to ricinoleic acid (85.93 – 89.19%), other fatty acids characterized in the oils include, oleic (4.73 – 5.84%), stearic (1.41 – 2.50%), linoleic (1.08 – 3.41%), and palmitic acids (0.60 – 1.29%). Saponification (SaV) and iodine values (IoV) of the oils were unaffected by varietal differences or extraction processes and the ranges recorded in both varieties were within ASTM (175 – 187 mgKOH/g) and EN 14214 (120–140 g I2/100 g) acceptable limits. Principal component analysis (PCA) model built on the data of the oils further emphasized the significance of these two factors in quality characterization of castor oil.
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... These ranges were within those previously reported for castor seeds (34.6-56.6%) of varying genotypes 26) . Solvent extraction yielded higher amount of oil when compared to screw press and traditional methods, which agrees with earlier observation of Panhwar et al. 27) . The non-polar nature of the organic solvent used (n-hexane) contributed to its improved oil recovery capacity. ...
... 175-185 mgKOH/g; Carmenicita: 177-184 mgKOH/g) (Fig. 3a) regardless of the extraction techniques, agree with ASTM standard limits (175-187 mgKOH/g) and other authors 14,27) . Díaz-Suárez et al. 28) observed higher SaV (194. ...
... Only the extraction method had a signi cant (P < 0.05) in uence on this parameter. While solvent extraction produced oils of slightly higher iodine value (83-87 gI 2 /100g) than others, the values are still within ASTM (82-88 g I 2 /100g) and EN 14214 (120-140 g I 2 /100g) tolerant limits 27,45) . The relatively low IoV of castor oils could be attributed to the monounsaturated nature of its fatty acid (mainly ricinoleic acid) and minimum number of fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. ...
Industrial application of castor oil is anchored on both agronomical and technological variables that intrinsically in uence its quality properties. Therefore, castor oils of two varieties (Gibsoni and Carmenicita), extracted by screw press, solvent and traditional methods were compared in terms of oxidative stability indices, quality parameters and fatty acid distributions. General factorial analyses showed the signi cance of both factors on the oil yield, color intensity, moisture content, oxidative stability indices, most of the oil's fatty acids and other quality parameters. Gibsoni variety yielded more oil at the range of 40.12-53.51%, especially in solvent extraction. The two oxidative stability indicators; peroxide value (PeV) and free fatty acids (FFA) favored traditional extraction and were signi cantly higher in oils of Carmenicita variety, at 4.26-7.21 meqO 2 /kg and 2.55-3.94%, respectively. In addition to ricinoleic acid (85.93-89.19%), other fatty acids characterized in the oils include, oleic (4.73-5.84%), stearic (1.41-2.50%), linoleic (1.08-3.41%), and palmitic acids (0.60-1.29%). Saponi cation (SaV) and iodine values (IoV) of the oils were unaffected by varietal differences or extraction processes and the ranges recorded in both varieties were within ASTM (175-187 mgKOH/g) and EN 14214 (120-140 g I 2 /100g) acceptable limits. Principal component analysis (PCA) model built on the data of the oils further emphasized the signi cance of these two factors in quality characterization of castor oil.
... However, presence of ricin and agglutinin is a major problem for using R. communis oil in nutritional applications (Ahmad, 2017). The fatty acid profiles of castor oil are oleic, stearic, palmitic, linoleic, linolenic acid, and ricinoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid dominant acid represents about 75 to 90% of the total oil composition (Beruk et al., 2018;Panhwar et al., 2016;Yusuf et al., 2015). Also, the fatty acid profile of castor has low amount of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and this enhance its stability (Yusuf et al., 2015), so castor oil shares a higher similarity with that of macadamia nut, palm kernel, olive, and sunflower oil (Nor Hayati et al., 2009;Sinanoglou et al., 2014), and those nutritional unsaturated acids play an important role in reducing individual risks associated with asthma, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes (Ganesan et al., 2018). ...
... . The high viscosity of castor oil in comparison to other edible oils is possibly due to chain length, hydroxyl group of its fatty acids and hydrogen bonding among the hydroxyl groups. Castor oil possesses long chain carbon atoms and hydroxyl group on 12th carbon in ricinoleic acid (Panhwar, et al., 2016). Low acid value 1.37 mg KOH/g suggest low free fatty acid (FFA) content in the oil 0.689%. ...
EFFECT OF SOLAR THERMAL RADIATION AND MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE FLOW OF CASSON FLUID
Abstract
In this paper, the behavior of the non-Newtonian fluid and heat transfer is considered in an
exponentially stretching surface in the occurrence of porous magnetic field, as it has vast
applications in the field of several industries. An explicit Finite difference method is applied
for the solution of governing equations. By considering governing equations of the
mathematical model as a platform non-linier differential equation have been reduced to
ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformations. BVP4C software
technique is used for finding the solutions and results are presented in the form of tables and
graphs for several equations. After simulation, it is found that the heat transfer rate decreases
with higher values of the magnetic field as well as the radiation. The temperature profile and
velocity profile of the Casson fluid flow is directly related to several parameters. Finally, it is
observed that several parameters such as Casson fluid parameter, radiation parameter, Prandtl
number, and Eckert number are stable at the point of convergence.
... The ricinoleic acid comprises over 89% of the fatty acid of the oil. Other fatty acids present are linoleic (4.2%), oleic (3.0%), stearic (1%), palmitic (1%), dihy-droxystearic acid (0.7%), linolenic acid (0.3%), and eicosanoic acid (0.3%) [5][6][7]. Due to its properties, it has been widely used in ointments, nylon, varnishes, airplane engine lubricants, hydraulic fluids, dyes, detergents, plastics, synthetic leather, cosmetics, perfumes, among others [4,[8][9][10]. On the other hand, castor oil exhibits an iodine value of 90 g Iodine/100 g, which classifies it as a non-drying oil. ...
Due to its lower solubility, this work proposes the use of KHSO4 as a re-usable heterogeneous catalyst in the dehydration of castor oil. Refined and degummed castor oil were considered to determine the effect of the purification level. Re-usability tests of the catalyst were performed in five consecutive experiments, under the same reaction conditions. Fresh and used catalysts were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analyses (TGA and DTA) and acidity assays. The use of the KHSO4 catalyst afforded the desired yields, easy separation, and recovery for further use, which allows low environmental impact and low cost. Ultimately, the best dehydrated oil was evaluated in the production of an alkyd resin. Drying castor oil (iodine value 127.46 g I2/100 g) was obtained using KHSO4 at 230 °C and 190 min. KHSO4 catalyst can be re-used in the dehydration of castor oil with a low decrease in activity, i.e., a conversion of 81% was achieved after the 5th re-use. This activity loss can be compensated with a small addition of fresh catalyst. This slow deactivation of the catalyst was due to a decrease in its acidity, because KHSO4 was partially and slowly transformed into K2SO4 and K2S2O7 during the reaction, releasing water, SO3, and SO2. An alkyd resin was obtained from dehydrated castor oil, with an acid index lower than 10 mg KOH/g. This resin exhibits properties, such as Gardner color, nonvolatile compounds, and Garner viscosity, similar to a commercial resin. The film obtained from the dehydrated castor oil resin showed the same set-to-touch, dry-to-touch, dry-hard, and dry-to-handle times as those of a commercial resin.
... The fatty acid profiles present in castor oil are ricinoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic, linoleic, linolenic acid and among others. Among them, ricinoleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid is the dominant acid constituting about 75 to 90% of the total oil composition (Beruk et al., 2018;Panhwar et al., 2016;Yusuf et al., 2015). It is worth saying that, the castor oil is the sole oil with such a high amount of fatty acid and this makes it unique from other vegetable oils. ...
... With extraction of castor oil using n-hexane, the oil content vary from 34.6 to 56.6% (Panhwar et al., 2016;Sbihi et al., 2018;Severino et al., 2015). This variation may be attributed to changes in climatic conditions, geographical location, and type of variety (Severino et al., 2015). ...
... Table 2 shows that the percentage of ricinoleic acid in castor oilseed from India, China, Brazil, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, and Tanzania were 87. 3, 90.85, 88.2, 91.06, 94.59, 75.77, 86.96, and 87.8%, respectively. The ricinoleic acid in castor oil from Pakistan was the highest with 94.59% whereas Saudi Arabia was the least with 75.77% (Panhwar et al., 2016;Sbihi et al., 2018). Researchers have shown that ricinoleic acid is present in the endosperm and cotyledon of immature castor seed but not in developed male flowers (Brown et al., 2012). ...
Increasing world population has markedly increased the demand for vegetable oils for domestic and industrial purposes. Plant-based vegetable oils have been identified as one of the oils with high nutritive value. Castor plant is one of the oilseed with rich oil content owing to its high monounsaturated fatty acid and bioactive compounds. Its fatty acid profile constitutes mainly of ricinoleic acid and other minor acids such as stearic, palmitic, and oleic acid. Ricinoleic acid of castor oil is unique among all other vegetable oils, making it attractive for a wide spectrum of applications. The predominant triglyceride component in the oil is triricinolein. Minor biological compounds including carotenoid, tocopherol, tocotrienol, phytosterol, phospholipid, phytochemical, and phenolic compounds are present in castor oil. These compounds offer oxidation stability, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties to the oil. The acid, anisidine, iodine, viscosity, and saponification values indicate that castor has good oil quality compared to other vegetable oils. Castor oil composition is influenced by the area of production and method of extraction adopted. The chemical structure of castor oil is centered on the ricinoleic acid and three major functional groups linked by glycerol moiety. More research on the oil’s component is being investigated nevertheless efficient and eco-friendly extraction methods are required. This review, therefore, summarizes the castor oil composition namely the triglyceride, various fatty acids and bioactive compounds, extraction methods, as well as its physicochemical properties.
... A significant variability was found in the oil content of studied castor seed varieties that ranged from 44-48%. The obtained values showed less oil content than indigenous variety reported earlier [18]. Observed variations in the seed oil content may be due to castor seed genotypes, harvesting time, environmental and cultural aspects. ...
