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Comparison of brain imaging before and after treatment. (A) MRI before surgery showing an intracranial occupying lesion in the left occipital lobe, with edema and mottled nodular linear enhancement in the surrounding region. (B) CT result three months after surgery showing the disappearance of the nidus and fading of the edema. CT, computed tomography. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006171.g003
Citations
... In fresh water, they form miracidia which hatch and infect snails (4,5). Miracidium removes ciliated plates, develops into a mother sporocyst, which reproduces daughter sporocysts (4,6). Daughter sporocysts give rise to either cercaria or more daughter sporocysts (3). ...
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematodes (body flukes), affecting millions worldwide. However, its pulmonary manifestations are rare. We report a rare case of a 51-year-old People Living with HIV male, managed in a tertiary care hospital in west India in May 2023, vegetable vendor who was admitted with complaints of dysphagia, odynophagia, fever and chest pain for 3 days, cough and breathlessness for 1 month. Chest x-ray and CT scan were suggestive of hypodense fluid collection with rim enhancement along right lateral and posterior aspect of thoracic esophagus. All routine investigations and urine cultures were sent, which turned to be inconclusive. Upper Gastrointestinal scopy was suggestive of pangastritis. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was done with no structural abnormality or endobronchial mass. Bronchoalveolar lavage from right lower lobe was sent for CBNAAT, Gram and Ziehl Nelson staining and cultures, acid fast bacilli cultures and cytology which revealed parasitic infection with Schistosoma haematobium. The patient was treated with tablet praziquantel P/O 2400 mg in divided doses for 1 day followed up after two weeks when he experienced reduced symptoms. Sputum examination was repeated showed Schistosoma on wet mount and hence a repeat dose of tablet praziquantel 3000 mg in divided doses was given and was advised to follow up 2 weeks later, which showed resolution of right lower zone opacities.
... Schistosomiasis is endemic in China; however, as the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in China has improved, the overall schistosomal epidemic has declined (22,23). Although progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis, numerous new cases are reported every year (24,25). Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease mediated by immunity (26). ...
... It was found that there were patients with schistosomal CRC with a long history of schistosomiasis infection, which is considered chronic schistosomiasis. Malignant tumors are characterized by a short disease course, rapid progression and low survival rates (24). Additionally, patients with schistosomiasis have longer medical records associated with the disease compared with patients with CRC. ...
Patients with schistosomal colorectal cancer (CRC) and nonschistosomal CRC have different clinicopathological features, laboratory test results and survival rates. Long-term infection with schistosomiasis in patients with CRC may affect the pathogenesis and subsequently change the mechanisms of CRC in these patients, resulting in changes in the survival rates of patients with schistosomal and nonschistosomal CRC. In China, the most common type of schistosomiasis is S. japonicum. The present study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of schistosomal and nonschistosomal CRC. A total of 253 patients with schistosomal CRC and 2,885 patients with nonschistosomal CRC were analyzed and their symptoms, clinicopathological features and laboratory test results were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with CRC in the present study underwent radical resection at The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College between January 2012 and December 2018. A total of 3,138 patients with CRC were enrolled, 253 of whom were patients with schistosomal CRC. Patients were followed-up to examine differences in the 5-year survival rates between patients with schistosomal and nonschistosomal CRC to determine whether schistosomiasis impacted the prognosis of CRC. There were significant differences in age, sex, fecal occult blood positive, pathological T stage, and CA19-9, WBC, RBC and PLT levels between patients with schistosomal CRC and nonschistosomal CRC. For residents in areas with higher levels of schistosomiasis infections, especially middle-aged and elderly males, serum tumor markers and digestive tract endoscopy should be regularly evaluated to detect the presence of digestive tract tumors as early as possible.
... Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases [6]. About 240 million people worldwide are infected with schistosoma and 700 million are at potential risk [7]. Schistosomiasis mainly includes schistosomiasis mansoni, schistosomiasis japonicum and schistosomiasis haematobium. ...
... These are S haematobium, S intercalatum, S japonicum, S mansoni, and S mekongi . 3,4 Schistosomiasis infects more than 230 to 250 million people annually 3,5 and 779 million people are at risk of infection. 6 This disease causes 280,0 0 0 deaths annually, 2 and a worldwide burden of 3.3 million disability-adjusted life years. ...
Background:
Human schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by blood-worms that infect multiple organs, including the liver, intestine, bladder, and urethra. This disease may be eliminated with Praziquantel, vaccines, and gene therapy.
Aims:
In this review, the author describes the progress in a study of schistosomiasis that focused on the life cycle, diagnosis, and control.
Methodology:
The author searched the PubMed Database at NCBI for articles on schistosomiasis published between 2014 and 2018. All articles were open access and in English.
Results:
The life cycle of this parasites involve two hosts: snails and mammals. Manifestations of schistosomiasis can be acute or chronic. Clinical manifestations of acute schistosomiasis can include fever and headache. Symptoms of chronic infections can include dysuria and hyperplasia. Infection can occur in several sites including the bile ducts, intestine, and bladder. The different sites of infection and symptoms seen are related to which of the species involved. Five species can infect humans. The three most commons are S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni. Detection tools for people with schistosomiasis can include the Kato-Katz and PCR. Praziquantel is at present the only effective treatment of this disease. In the future, vaccination or gene therapy may be used.
Conclusion:
Kato-Katz and PCR are tools for detecting schistosomiasis on humans. Praziquantel, diagnosis, vaccines, and gene therapy are useful methods for eliminating schistosomiasis.
Human schistosomiasis is caused by helminths of the genus Schistosoma . Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune regulation of this disease. These cells acquire different phenotypes depending on the type of stimulus they receive. M1 macrophages can be ‘classically activated’ and can display a proinflammatory phenotype. M2 or ‘alternatively activated’ macrophages are considered anti-inflammatory cells. Despite the relevance of macrophages in controlling infections, the role of the functional types of these cells in schistosomiasis is unclear. This review highlights different molecules and/or macrophage activation and polarization pathways during Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum infection. This review is based on original and review articles obtained through searches in major databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, ACS, PubMed, Wiley, Scielo, Web of Science, LILACS and ScienceDirect. Our findings emphasize the importance of S. mansoni and S. japonicum antigens in macrophage polarization, as they exert immunomodulatory effects in different stages of the disease and are therefore important as therapeutic targets for schistosomiasis and in vaccine development. A combination of different antigens can provide greater protection, as it possibly stimulates an adequate immune response for an M1 or M2 profile and leads to host resistance; however, this warrants in vitro and in vivo studies.
Schistosomiasis is one of the most deleterious parasitic diseases in the world and it is transmitted by aquatic snails. Consequently, there is a continuous need to search for new molluscicides to control the snails. The present study aimed to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of two bacterial diethyl ether extracts against adult Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. The present study indicated that LC50 and LC90 values were 193.734 and 280.670 mg/L for Bacillus aerius extract and 88.814 and 103.653 mg/L for Bacillus toyonensis extract against B. alexandrina snails after 48 h of exposure. After a 21‐day chronic exposure period, the results showed that the sublethal concentrations (LCo and LC10) of both B. aerius and B. toyonensis extracts significantly decreased the survival rates of B. alexandrina snails. Likewise, the sublethal concentration (LC10) caused biochemical changes, including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes, total protein, albumin, globulin, urea and creatinine and induced histopathological alterations in the digestive and hermaphrodite glands of exposed snails after 21 days. Despite negative effects on snails, we did not observe substantial morality in Artemia salina, a crustacean, after exposure to both extracts emphasizing that these extracts may be safe on other non‐target aquatic organisms. Ultimately, our research suggests that B. aerius and B. toyonensis extracts can be used as promising biocontrol agents of B. alexandrina snails.
Background
Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease that is caused by trematode worms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosoma haematobium ( S. haematobium ) is known to cause urogenital schistosomiasis. The disease is the second most common socio-economically devastating tropical parasitic disease after malaria in Africa. In Zambia, it affects over a million school going children, mostly in rural communities due to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation facilities. This study aimed to determine the presence of S. haematobium in urine specimens of school going children in Maramba compound of Livingstone and establish factors associated with the acquisition and spread of the parasite.
Methods
A structured questionnaire was administered on all children with signed consent from their guardians/parents and afterward spot urine specimens were collected in sterile containers for macroscopically/microscopically examination by an independent laboratory technologist.
Results
A total of 173 school going children participated in the study. Parasitic eggs were detected in 6 specimens providing a prevalence of 3.47% (p<0.01) and this had a strong association with presence of microscopic red blood cells (p<0.01), dysuria (p=0.026), washing in a stream (p=0.01), and the perception on bilharzia acquisition (p<0.01).
Conclusion
The prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis among school going children in Maramba compound was 3.47%, and the correlates of the infection included washing in a stream, older age and poor knowledge on schistosomiasis. Participants that had schistosomiasis often presented with hematuria and lacked knowledge on disease acquisition, health effects and preventive measures. This calls for more robust sensitization of school going children and periodic screening to curb the disease.
